Hylesininae

Black pine bark beetle Hylastes ater, copyright Aleksandrs Balodis.

Belongs within: Curculionidae.
Contains: Hylurgini, Hylesinini, Polygraphini, Crypturgini, Corthylini, Cryphalus, Xyloctonini, Hypoborini, Ipini, Dryocoetini, Xyleborini.

The name Hylesininae is available for a clade of bark beetles usually classified in recent years within the subfamily Scolytinae but suggested to be distinct by recent molecular phylogenies (e.g. Mugu et al. 2018).

<==Hylesininae W86
    |--+--+--Hylurgini MPJ18
    |  |  `--Hylastes Erichson 1836 M94 [Hylastini GC-P14, Hylastinides]
    |  |       |--*H. ater (Paykull 1800) [=Bostrichus ater, Hylesinus ater] M94
    |  |       |--H. brunneus RW02
    |  |       |--H. cunicularius RW02
    |  |       |--H. glabratus C01
    |  |       `--H. nigrinus W86
    |  `--Hylesinini GC-P14
    `--+--+--Polygraphini GC-P14
       |  `--Crypturgini GC-P14
       `--+--+--Corthylini GC-P14
          |  `--+--Cryphalus GC-P14
          |     `--Xyloctonini GC-P14
          `--+--Hypoborini GC-P14
             `--+--+--Premnobius Eichhoff 1878 W86 [incl. Premnophilus Browne 1962 W86; Premnobiini GC-P14]
                |  |    |--*P. cavipennis W86
                |  |    `--P. joveri [=Xyleborus joveri, *Premnophilus joveri] W86
                |  `--Ipini GC-P14
                `--+--Dryocoetini MPJ18
                   `--Xyleborini GC-P14

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Bogarak [Coleopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 75–120. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[GC-P14] Gillett, C. P. D. T., A. Crampton-Platt, M. J. T. N. Timmermans, B. H. Jordal, B. C. Emerson & A. P. Vogler. 2014. Bulk de novo mitogenome assembly from pooled total DNA elucidates the phylogeny of weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Molecular Biology and Evolution 31 (8): 2223–2237.

[M94] May, B. M. 1994. An introduction to the immature stages of Australian Curculionoidea. In: Zimmerman, E. C. Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) vol. 2. Brentidae, Eurhynchidae, Apionidae and a chapter on immature stages by Brenda May pp. 365–728. CSIRO Australia.

[MPJ18] Mugu, S., D. Pistone & B. H. Jordal. 2018. New molecular markers resolve the phylogenetic position of the enigmatic wood-boring weevils Platypodinae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny 76 (1): 45–58.

[RW02] Reay, S. D., & P. J. Walsh. 2002. Relative attractiveness of some volatiles to the introduced pine bark beetles, Hylastes ater and Hylurgus ligniperda (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). New Zealand Entomologist 25: 51–56.

[W86] Wood, S. L. 1986. A reclassification of the genera of Scolytidae (Coleoptera). Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 10: 1–126.

Stenochiinae

Derosphaerus sp., from Matthews & Bouchard (2008).

Belongs within: Tenebrionidae.
Contains: Strongylium, Hypaulax, Omolipus, Apterotheca, Promethis.

The Stenochiinae are a group of often metallic-coloured darkling beetles that are most diverse in tropical regions.

Characters (from Matthews & Bouchard 2008): Labrum transverse, tormae with mesal extremities not or only slightly expanded, epitorma present, setal pattern symmetrical. Eye reniform. Antennae with scattered complex stellate sensoria on last 5–7 segments. Mandibular mola with fine striations. Corpotentorium present, more or less flat, sometimes sinuate. Procoxal cavities internally closed. Mesocoxal cavities closed in part by mesepimera. Elytral striae nine plus scutellary striole, sometimes effaced. Wing with large radial cell, long RP, diffuse apical flecks, often no medial fleck, with vein CuA₁ usually anastomosed with MP₃₊₄ for greater or lesser distance producing characteristic X configuration, apical field about one-quarter of wing length, wings sometimes absent. Legs not fossorial. Claws simple. Metendosternite without laminae. Dorsal edge of last abdominal ventrite with angular inner edge, or simply rounded. Defensive reservoirs usually transversely annulated by thickening of cuticle, with ample common volume, not eversible, glands draining by a single or more ducts. Ovipositor nearly always greatly modified, with coxite lobe 1 elongate and its baculus longitudinal, paraproct baculi transverse and often articulating at their outer extremities with ends of additional sclerites which articulate in turn with proctigeral baculi. Female tract often without primary bursa, although secondary bursa occasionally present, with long filamentous accessory gland apically expanded into spherical or fusiform spermatheca, without vaginal sclerites. Aedeagus with tegmen usually dorsal or lateral (rotated 60° to 90°), with median lobe adnate to tegmen, with well-developed alae formed as extensions of apical piece.

<==Stenochiinae [Coelometopinae] B14
    |  i. s.: Polposipus herculeanus Solier 1848 B14
    |         Alobates MB08
    |         Taraxides MB08
    |--Stenochiini [Strongyliini] B14
    |    |--Strongylium MB08
    |    |--Cuphotes B14
    |    `--Eutherama Carter 1914 MB08
    |         |--*E. cyaneum Carter 1914 MB08
    |         `--E. coeruleum Carter 1939 MB08
    `--Cnodalonini [Coelometopini] B14
         |--Xylopinus B14
         |--Coelocnemis B14
         |--Coelometopus B14
         |--Hypaulax MB08
         |--Omolipus MB08
         |--Apterotheca MB08
         |--Oenopion MB08
         |--Promethis MB08
         |--Neotheca Carter 1930 MB08
         |    `--*N. fusca Carter 1930 MB08
         |--Oectosis Pascoe 1869 MB08
         |    `--*O. cylindrica (Germar 1848) [=Upis cylindrica; incl. Menephilus longicollis Carter 1920] MB08
         |--Espites Pascoe 1882 MB08
         |    `--*E. basalis Pascoe 1882 [incl. Eucyrtus aurobasalis Fairmaire 1893] MB08
         |--Cnodalon Latreille 1802 L02
         |    |--*C. amethystinum L02
         |    `--C. viride [=Bolitophagus (Cnodalon) viridis] G20
         |--Upis B14
         |    |--U. ceramboides (Linnaeus 1758) B14
         |    `--U. lottinii Dupont in Boisduval 1835 B35
         |--Hydissus Pascoe 1869 [=Hydisus Gemminger & Harold 1870] MB08
         |    |--*H. feronioides (Pascoe 1866) [=Nyctobates feronioides] MB08
         |    `--H. vulgaris (Olliff 1889) [=Meneristes vulgaris] MB08
         |--Metisopus Bates 1873 MB08
         |    |--*M. purpureipennis Bates 1873 MB08
         |    `--M. curtulus (Olliff 1889) [=Meneristes curtulus, Hydissus curtulus] MB08
         |--Cuemus Bouchard 2000 MB08
         |    |--*C. monteithi Bouchard 2000 MB08
         |    `--C. cooki Bouchard 2000 MB08
         |--Campolene Pascoe 1863 MB08
         |    |--*C. nitida Pascoe 1863 MB08
         |    |--C. cyanea Carter 1927 MB08
         |    `--C. nitidior Carter 1937 MB08
         |--Bradymerus Perroud 1864 [incl. Isostira Pascoe 1870] MB08
         |    |--*B. tuberculatus Perroud 1864 MB08
         |    |--B. crenatus (Pascoe 1870) [=*Isostira crenata; incl. B. granaticollis Fairmaire 1883] MB08
         |    `--B. raucipennis (Blackburn 1892) [=Isostira raucipennis; incl. B. seriatus Gebien 1920] MB08
         |--Kaszaba Matthews & Doyen 1989 MB08
         |    |--*K. corvina (Erichson 1842) [=Tenebrio corvinus; incl. T. cyanipennis Hope 1843] MB08
         |    |--K. coerulescens (Haag-Rutenberg 1878) [=Menephilus coerulescens] MB08
         |    |--K. laeta (Carter 1914) [=Menephilus laetus] MB08
         |    `--K. pulchra (Carter 1924) [=Menephilus pulcher] MB08
         |--Chariotheca Pascoe 1860 [=Chariothes Carter 1914, Charitotheca Agassiz 1846 (n. n.)] MB08
         |    |--*C. coruscans Pascoe 1860 MB08
         |    |--C. planicollis (Fairmaire 1849) (see below for synonymy) MB08
         |    |--C. striatopunctata (Macleay 1887) (see below for synonymy) MB08
         |    `--C. subviolacea (Carter 1914) [=Chariothes subviolacea] MB08
         |--Androsus Gebien 1920 MB08
         |    |--*A. violaceus (Pascoe 1887) [=Chariotheca violacea] MB08
         |    |--A. brevis (Carter 1914) [=Menephilus brevis] MB08
         |    |--A. hackeri Carter 1933 MB08
         |    |--A. varipennis (Carter 1925) [=Chariothes varipennis] MB08
         |    `--A. wasselli Carter 1932 MB08
         |--Scotoderus Perroud 1864 [incl. Dechius Pascoe 1866, Gonespites Gebien 1920, Pelecypalpus Hinton 1947] MB08
         |    |--*S. cancellatus (Montrouzier 1860) (see below for synonymy) MB08
         |    |--‘*Pelecypalpus’ medon Hinton 1947 MB08
         |    |--S. scissicollis (Bates 1868) [=Dechius scissicollis] MB08
         |    |--‘*Gonespites’ subcrenatus Gebien 1920 MB08
         |    `--S. torridus (Carter 1911) (see below for synonymy) MB08
         |--Zophophilus Fairmaire 1881 [incl. Sphenothorax Gebien 1906, Teremenes Carter 1914] MB08
         |    |--*Z. curticornis Fairmaire 1881 [incl. Meneristes dentipes Carter 1914, Z. raptor Gebien 1920] MB08
         |    |--Z. lobatus (Carter 1928) [=Meneristes lobatus] MB08
         |    |--Z. longipennis (Hope 1843) [=Tenebrio longipennis] MB08
         |    |--Z. nigerrimus (Boisduval 1835) (see below for synonymy) MB08
         |    |--‘Tenebrio’ nitidulus Fabricius 1801 [=*Sphenothorax nitidulus] MB08
         |    |--Z. quadratus (Carter 1928) [=Meneristes quadratus] MB08
         |    `--Z. socius (Carter 1914) [=Teremenes socius] MB08
         |--Tetragonomenes Chevrolat 1878 [=Tetragonomecus Rye 1880; incl. Obriomaia Gebien 1927] MB08
         |    |--*T. semiviridis Chevrolat 1878 MB08
         |    |--T. aeneus (Carter 1905) [=Menephilus aeneus] MB08
         |    |--T. azuripennis (Carter 1914) [=Menephilus azuripennis] MB08
         |    |--T. intercoxalis (Kulzer 1951) [=Obriomaia intercoxalis] MB08
         |    |--T. ocularis (Kulzer 1951) [=Obriomaia ocularis] MB08
         |    |--T. ruficornis (Champion 1894) (see below for synonymy) MB08
         |    `--‘Eucyrtus’ subcostatus Fairmaire 1893 [=*Obriomaia subcostata] MB08
         `--Derosphaerus Thomson 1858 MB08
              |--*D. gibbicollis Thomson 1858 MB08
              |--D. atroviridis (Macleay 1887) [=Cholipus atroviridis] MB08
              |--D. bornemisszai Kaszab 1987 MB08
              |--D. excisipes (Carter 1914) [=Encyalesthus excisipes] MB08
              |--D. lawrencei Kaszab 1987 MB08
              |--D. matthewsi Kaszab 1987 MB08
              |--D. punctipennis (Pascoe 1866) MB08 [=Cholipus punctipennis MB08, Encyalesthus punctipennis M86]
              `--D. trochantericus Kaszab 1987 MB08

Chariotheca planicollis (Fairmaire 1849) [=Thesilea planicollis; incl. Augolesthus australasiae Motschulsky 1872, Chariotheca cupripennis Pascoe 1860, Thesilea impressicollis Fairmaire 1879, Olisthaena oblonga Blanchard 1853] MB08

Chariotheca striatopunctata (Macleay 1887) [=Decialma striatopunctata; incl. Chariothes doddi Carter 1924, D. viridipennis Macleay 1887] MB08

*Scotoderus cancellatus (Montrouzier 1860) [=Tenebrio (Iphthinus) cancellatus; incl. *Dechius aphodioides Pascoe 1866] MB08

Scotoderus torridus (Carter 1911) [=Alphitobius torridus, Pseuduloma torrida, Ulomimus torridus; incl. Scotoderus ulomoides Kaszab 1973] MB08

Tetragonomenes ruficornis (Champion 1894) [=Menephilus ruficornis; incl. M. insularis Lea 1908, Daedrosis rufipes Carter 1934] MB08

Zophophilus nigerrimus (Boisduval 1835) [=Tenebrio nigerrimus; incl. T. convexiusculus Hope 1843, Meneristes servulus Pascoe 1869] MB08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B35] Boisduval, J. B. 1835. Voyage de Découvertes de l’Astrolabe. Exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Faune entomologique de l'océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage vol. 2. Coléoptères et autres ordres. J. Tastu: Paris.

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[M86] Masters, G. 1886. Catalogue of the described Coleoptera of Australia. Part IV. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (2): 259–380.

[MB08] Matthews, E. G., & P. Bouchard. 2008. Tenebrionid Beetles of Australia: Descriptions of tribes, keys to genera, catalogue of species. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Raphidiidae

Raphidia ophiopsis, copyright Guido Bohne.

Belongs within: Raphidioptera.

The Raphidiidae are a group of snakeflies characterised by the presence of three ocelli and a tube-like pronotum laterally covering the pleural region (Aspöck & Aspöck 1991).

<==Raphidiidae
    |--Agulla Navás 1914 VM20, A02
    |    |--A. adnixa K67
    |    |--A. astuta RD77
    |    `--A. bicolor WHW10
    `--+--Mongoloraphidia VM20
       |    |--M. eklipes GE05
       |    |--M. martynovae WHW10
       |    `--M. sororcula VM20
       `--+--+--+--Ohmella VM20
          |  |  |    |--O. baetica VM20
          |  |  |    |    |--O. b. baetica VM20
          |  |  |    |    `--O. b. bolivari VM20
          |  |  |    `--O. coffini Nel 1993 E02
          |  |  `--Atlantoraphidia maculicollis VM20
          |  `--+--Xanthostigma VM20
          |     |    |--X. gobicola VM20
          |     |    `--X. xanthostigma PK17
          |     `--+--Puncha Navás 1915 VM20, S63
          |        |    `--P. ratzeburgi VM20
          |        `--Venustoraphidia nigricollis VM20
          `--+--+--+--Subilla Navás 1916 VM20, S63
             |  |  |    |--S. confinis VM20
             |  |  |    |--S. schneideri S63
             |  |  |    |--S. sericea S63
             |  |  |    `--S. sulfuricosta Steinmann 1963 S63
             |  |  `--Phaeostigma VM20
             |  |       |--P. divina VM20
             |  |       |--P. major VM20
             |  |       `--P. robusta AA91
             |  `--+--Turcoraphidia amara VM20
             |     `--+--Parvoraphidia microstigma VM20
             |        `--Ornatoraphidia flavilabris VM20
             `--+--Dichrostigma flavipes VM20
                `--Raphidia Linnaeus 1758 E02 (see below for synonymy)
                     |--*R. ophiopsis Linnaeus 1758 E02
                     |--R. baltica Carpenter 1956 AA04
                     |--R. creedei Carpenter 1936 E02
                     |--R. elegans (Cockerell 1907) [=*Megaraphidia elegans] E02
                     |--R. euxina Navas 1915 [=R. (*Pretzmannia) euxina] E02
                     |--R. exhumata Cockerell 1909 [incl. R. pulveris Cockerell 1914] E02
                     |--R. flaviceps K01
                     |--R. funerata GE05
                     |--R. mediterranea VM20
                     |--R. mortua Rohwer 1909 E02
                     |--R. notata RD77
                     |--R. nuchensis Aspöck, Aspöck & Martynova 1968 [=R. (*Aserbeidshanoraphidia) nuchensis] E02
                     |--R. oblita A99
                     |--R. palaeoformis Aspöck & Aspöck 1968 [=R. (*Nigroraphidia) palaeoformis] E02
                     |--R. tranquilla Scudder 1890 [=Archiraphidia tranquilla; incl. Inocellia somnolenta Scudder 1890] E02
                     |--R. tumulata (Scudder 1890) (see below for synonymy) E02
                     `--R. veterana (Scudder 1890) [=Inocellia veterana, *Dictyoraphidia veterana] E02

Raphidiidae incertae sedis:
  Succinoraphidia Aspöck & Aspöck 2004 [Succinoraphidiinae] AA04
    `--*S. exhibens Aspöck & Aspöck 2004 AA04
  Lesna Navás 1915 S63
    |--L. adanana S63
    |--L. belinayi S63
    |--L. biroi S63
    |--L. caucasica S63
    |--L. davidi S63
    |--L. hungarica S63
    |--L. laticaput Steinmann 1963 S63
    |--L. longicauda S63
    |--L. lestica Steinmann 1963 S63
    |--L. major S63
    |--L. navasi Steinmann 1963 S63
    |--L. notata S63
    |--L. parnassia S63
    |--L. pilicollis S63
    `--L. stigmata Steinmann 1963 S63
  Glavia Navás 1916 S63
  Alena Navás 1916 S63
  Rhaphidilla Navás 1915 S63
  Navasana Steinmann 1963 S63
    `--*N. perumbrata Steinmann 1963 S63
  Harraphidia Steinmann 1963 S63
    `--*H. harpyia Steinmann 1963 S63

Raphidia Linnaeus 1758 E02 [=Rhaphidia Burmeister 1839 S63; incl. Archiraphidia Handlirsch 1910 E02, Aserbeidshanoraphidia Aspöck & Aspöck 1968 E02, Dictyoraphidia Handlirsch 1910 E02, Megaraphidia Cockerell 1907 E02, Nigroraphidia Aspöck & Aspöck 1968 E02, Pretzmannia Aspöck & Aspöck 1968 E02; Raphidiinae]

Raphidia tumulata (Scudder 1890) [=Inocellia tumulata, *Archiraphidia tumulata; incl. Inocellia eventa Scudder 1890, Archiraphidia eventa] E02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A02] Aspöck, U. 2002. Phylogeny of the Neuropterida (Insecta: Holometabola). Zoologica Scripta 31: 51–55.

[AA91] Aspöck, H., & U. Aspöck. 1991. Raphidioptera (snake-flies, camelneck-flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 521–524. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[AA04] Aspöck, U., & H. Aspöck. 2004. Two significant new snakeflies from Baltic amber, with discussion on autapomorphies of the order and its included taxa (Raphidioptera). Systematic Entomology 29: 11–19.

[A99] Ax, P. 1999. Das System der Metazoa II. Ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik. Gustav Fisher Verlag: Stuttgart (transl. 2000. Multicellular Animals: The phylogenetic system of the Metazoa vol. 2. Springer).

[E02] Engel, M. S. 2002. The smallest snakefly (Raphidioptera: Mesoraphidiidae): a new species in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, with a catalogue of fossil snakeflies. American Museum Novitates 3363: 1–22.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[K01] Klapálek, F. 1901. Neuropteroidák [Neuropteroiden]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 203–221. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[K67] Koch, L. E. 1967. The genus Chasmoptera (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae), with the description of a new species from Western Australia. Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society, London (B) 36 (9–10): 137–146.

[PK17] Peters, R. S., L. Krogmann, C. Mayer, A. Donath, S. Gunkel, K. Meusemann, A. Kozlov, L. Podsiadlowski, M. Petersen, R. Lanfear, P. A. Diez, J. Heraty, K. M. Kjer, S. Klopfstein, R. Meier, C. Polidori, T. Schmitt, S. Liu, X. Zhou, T. Wappler, J. Rust, B. Misof & O. Niehuis. 2017. Evolutionary history of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology 27 (7): 1013–1018.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S63] Steinmann, H. 1963. Raphidiopterological studies I. Navasana gen. n. from Hungary, Harraphidia gen. n. from Morocco, new Lesna Nav. and Subilla Nav. species from Europe. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 9 (1–2): 183–198.

[VM20] Vasilikopoulos, A., B. Misof, K. Meusemann, D. Lieberz, T. Flouri, R. G. Beutel, O. Niehuis, T. Wappler, J. Rust, R. S. Peters, A. Donath, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Mayer, D. Bartel, A. Böhm, S. Liu, P. Kapli, C. Greve, J. E. Jepson, X. Liu, X. Zhou, H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck. 2020. An integrative phylogenomic approach to elucidate the evolutionary history and divergence times of Neuropterida (Insecta: Holometabola). BMC Evolutionary Biology 20: 64.

[WHW10] Winterton, S. L., N. B. Hardy & B. M. Wiegmann. 2010. On wings of lace: phylogeny and Bayesian divergence time estimates of Neuropterida (Insecta) based on morphological and molecular data. Systematic Entomology 35: 349–378.

Raphidioptera

Fibla hesperica, copyright Thijs Valkenburg.

Belongs within: Neuropterida.
Contains: Baissopteridae, Mesoraphidiidae, Raphidiidae.

The Raphidioptera, snakeflies, are a Holarctic group of predatory insects characterised by a remarkably elongate pronotum giving a appearance of a distinct 'neck'.

Characters (from Aspöck & Aspöck 1991): Mandibulate, endopterygote Neoptera; antennae multisegmented; compound eyes always present; ocelli present only in Raphidiidae; prothorax elongate; with two pairs of subequal wings; ovipositor long. Larvae terrestrial; with biting mouth-parts and lateral ocelli. Pupae decticous.

<==Raphidioptera [Raphidiida, Raphidiodea]
    |  i. s.: Archiinocellia Handlirsch 1910 E02
    |           `--*A. oligoneura Handlirsch 1910 E02
    |         Arariperaphidia Martins-Neto & Vulcano 1989 E02
    |           `--*A. rochai Martins-Neto & Vulcano 1989 E02
    |         Erma Navás 1918 [Ermidae] S63
    |--Priscaenigmatomorpha EWB18
    |    |--Chrysoraphidiidae EWB18
    |    `--Priscaenigmatidae AA04
    |         |--Priscaenigma Whalley 1985 AA04
    |         |    `--*P. obtusa Whalley 1985 E02
    |         `--Hondelagia Bode 1953 E02
    |              `--*H. reticulata Bode 1953 [=Mesoraphidia reticulata] E02
    `--Raphidiomorpha E02
         |--Juroraphidiidae EWB18
         `--+--Baissopteridae GE05
            `--+--Mesoraphidiidae GE05
               |--Alloraphidiidae GE05
               |    |--Pararaphidia Willmann 1994 E02
               |    |    |--P. deserta (Ponomarenko 1988) [=Alloraphidia deserta] E02
               |    |    `--P. vitimica (Martynova 1961) [=Proraphidia vitimica, Alloraphidia vitimica] E02
               |    |--Archeraphidia Ponomarenko 1988 E02
               |    |    |--*A. yakowlewi Ponomarenko 1988 E02
               |    |    |--A. baisensis Ponomarenko 1993 E02
               |    |    `--A. hosbayari Ponomarenko 1988 E02
               |    `--Alloraphidia Carpenter 1967 E02
               |         |--*A. dorfi Carpenter 1967 E02
               |         |--A. anomala Ren 1997 E02
               |         |--A. asiatica Ponomarenko 1993 E02
               |         `--A. petrosa Ponomarenko 1988 E02
               `--Raphidioidea [Neoraphidioptera, Raphidiina] AA04
                    |--Raphidiidae AA04
                    `--Inocelliidae AA04
                         |  i. s.: Parainocellia Aspöck & Aspöck 1968 AA04
                         |           |--P. bicolor WHW10
                         |           `--P. ressli AA91
                         |         Electrinocellia Engel 1995 E02
                         |           `--*E. peculiaris (Carpenter 1956) [=Inocellia peculiaris] E02
                         |         Succinofibla Aspöck & Aspöck 2004 AA04
                         |           `--*S. aperta Aspöck & Aspöck 2004 AA04
                         |         Sininocellia Yang 1985 AA04
                         |--Negha Navás 1916 VM20, AA04
                         |    `--N. meridionalis TW05
                         `--+--Inocellia Schneider 1843 VM20, AA04
                            |    |--I. crassicornis VM20
                            |    `--I. japonica VM20
                            `--Fibla Navás 1915 [incl. Burcha Navás 1915, Estoca Navás 1919] E02
                                 |  i. s.: F. erigena (Menge 1856) AA04 [=Raphidia erigena AA04, R. (Inocellia) erigena E02]
                                 |         F. exusta (Cockerell & Custer 1925) AA04 [=Inocellia exusta E02]
                                 |         F. maclachlani (Albarda 1891) VM20, E02 (see below for synonymy)
                                 |         ‘*Estoca’ peyerimhoffi Navás 1919 E02
                                 |--F. (Fibla) AA04
                                 |    |--*F. (F.) hesperica Navás 1915 E02
                                 |    `--F. (F.) carpenteri Engel 1995 AA04
                                 `--F. (Reisserella) Aspöck & Aspöck 1971 [incl. Miofibla Nel 1993] E02
                                      |--F. (*R.) pasiphae Aspöck & Aspöck 1971 [=Inocellia (R.) pasiphae] E02
                                      `--F. (R.) cerdanica (Nel 1993) [=Miofibla cerdanica] E02

Fibla maclachlani (Albarda 1891) VM20, E02 [=Inocellia maclachlani E02, *Burcha maclachlani E02]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AA91] Aspöck, H., & U. Aspöck. 1991. Raphidioptera (snake-flies, camelneck-flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 521–524. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[AA04] Aspöck, U., & H. Aspöck. 2004. Two significant new snakeflies from Baltic amber, with discussion on autapomorphies of the order and its included taxa (Raphidioptera). Systematic Entomology 29: 11–19.

[E02] Engel, M. S. 2002. The smallest snakefly (Raphidioptera: Mesoraphidiidae): a new species in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, with a catalogue of fossil snakeflies. American Museum Novitates 3363: 1–22.

[EWB18] Engel, M. S., S. L. Winterton & L. C. V. Breitkreuz. 2018. Phylogeny and evolution of Neuropterida: where have wings of lace taken us? Annual Review of Entomology 63: 531–551.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[S63] Steinmann, H. 1963. Raphidiopterological studies I. Navasana gen. n. from Hungary, Harraphidia gen. n. from Morocco, new Lesna Nav. and Subilla Nav. species from Europe. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 9 (1–2): 183–198.

[TW05] Terry, M. D., & M. F. Whiting. 2005. Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects. Cladistics 21: 240–257.

[VM20] Vasilikopoulos, A., B. Misof, K. Meusemann, D. Lieberz, T. Flouri, R. G. Beutel, O. Niehuis, T. Wappler, J. Rust, R. S. Peters, A. Donath, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Mayer, D. Bartel, A. Böhm, S. Liu, P. Kapli, C. Greve, J. E. Jepson, X. Liu, X. Zhou, H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck. 2020. An integrative phylogenomic approach to elucidate the evolutionary history and divergence times of Neuropterida (Insecta: Holometabola). BMC Evolutionary Biology 20: 64.

[WHW10] Winterton, S. L., N. B. Hardy & B. M. Wiegmann. 2010. On wings of lace: phylogeny and Bayesian divergence time estimates of Neuropterida (Insecta) based on morphological and molecular data. Systematic Entomology 35: 349–378.

Neuropterida

Fore wing of Permithone belmontensis, from Kukalová-Peck (1991).

Belongs within: Holometabola.
Contains: Raphidioptera, Megaloptera, Coniopterygidae, Euneuroptera.

The Neuropterida are a clade of largely predatory insects whose wings are often densely veined. Members are united by possession of a medially divided metapostnotum, the first abdominal tergum having a caudally bifid longitudinal sulcus, the fusion of the gonoplacs in the ovipositor, and a proventriculus with an unpaired diverticulum (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). Modern Neuroptera have been divided between three orders, the Raphidioptera, Megaloptera and Neuroptera. The Neuroptera, lacewings, are characterised by having the ninth gonocoxites associated with the gonarcus, and larvae with sucking mouthparts in which the maxillae and mandibles form a tube (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). Relationships between the three orders have been subject to debate but Megaloptera and Neuroptera may be united in a clade Eidoneuroptera by the integration of the larval cardines into the head capsule and the structure of the male genitalia. Characters shared between Megaloptera and Raphidioptera such as chewing mandibles in the larvae and exarate (mobile) pupae are likely to be plesiomorphies of the clade as a whole.

Potential fossil representatives of the Neuropterida include the Protoneuroptera that may represent stem-representatives of the Eidoneuroptera and/or Neuroptera alone (Engel et al. 2018). The Permian–Jurassic Glosselytrodea were generally small insects with subequal pairs of wings bearing numerous crossveins. The fore wings were tegminous and possessed an expanded precostal area forming a prominent bulge at the wing base (Grimaldi & Engel 2005).

<==Neuropterida [Hemerobini, Myrmeleontidea, Neuropteroidea] GE05
    |  i. s.: Ororaphidia megalocephala WHW10
    |--Glosselytrodea [Jurinida] GE05
    |    |--Archoglossopterum R02 [Archoglossopteridae GE05]
    |    |--Uskatelytrum R02 [Uskatelytridae GE05]
    |    |--Mongolojurina RJ93 [Polycytellidae GE05]
    |    |    `--M. altaica Ponomarenko 1988 RJ93
    |    |--Glosselytron R02 [Glosselytridae GE05]
    |    |    `--G. martynovae R02
    |    |--Glossopterum R02 [Glossopteridae GE05]
    |    |    `--G. martynovae R02
    |    `--Jurinidae GE05
    |         |--Jurina marginata GE05
    |         `--Eoglosselytrum KN13
    |              |--E. perfectum R02
    |              `--E. perplexa (Riek 1953) KN13
    `--+--+--Parasialidae EWB18
       |  |    |--Parasialis latipennis MW15, P02
       |  |    `--Sonjanasialis MW15
       |  `--+--Nanosialidae EWB18
       |     `--Raphidioptera GE05
       `--+--Protoneuroptera EWB18
          |    |--Permoberotha GE05 [Permoberothidae EWB18, Protoneuroptera]
          |    |    `--P. villosa GE05
          |    `--Permithonidae [Permopsychopidae] EWB18
          |         |--Sylvasenex lacrimabundus P02
          |         |--Permithonopsis enormis P02
          |         |--Permosisyra paurovenosa P02
          |         |--Permopsychops belmontensis Tillyard 1926 [incl. Permithone venosa Davis 1943] F71
          |         |--Permipsythone panfilovi RJ93
          |         |--Tschekardithonopsis oblivius B11
          |         `--Permithone K-P91
          |              |--P. belmontensis Tillyard 1922 [incl. Permosmylus pincombeae Tillyard 1926] F71
          |              |--P. neoxenus Riek 1953 F71
          |              `--P. oliarcoides Tillyard 1926 F71
          `--Eidoneuroptera EWB18
               |--Megaloptera GE05
               `--Neuroptera [Euneuropteroidea, Hemerobiiformia, Myrmeleontida, Planipennia] GE05
                    |  i. s.: Mesopolystoechotidae REL02
                    |           |--Mesopolystoechus Martynov 1937 REL02
                    |           `--Megapolystoechus magnificus RJ93
                    |         Archegetes neuropterum W13
                    |         Megapolystoechotes Tillyard 1933 REL02
                    |         Cratosisyrops gongazai Martins-Neto 1997 NM03
                    |         Grammosmylidae GE05
                    |         Barrowiella Smithers 1984 T13
                    |           `--B. butleri Smithers 1984 T13
                    |         Sialidopsis [Sialidopsidae] R70
                    |           `--S. kargalensis R70
                    |         Palaemerobiidae RJ93
                    |         Vatiga illudens M99
                    |         Chrysoleonites P02
                    |--Coniopterygidae EWB18
                    `--Euneuroptera EWB18

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B11] Bashkuev, A. S. 2011. Nedubroviidae, a new family of Mecoptera: the first Paleozoic long-proboscid scorpionflies. Zootaxa 2895: 47–57.

[EWB18] Engel, M. S., S. L. Winterton & L. C. V. Breitkreuz. 2018. Phylogeny and evolution of Neuropterida: where have wings of lace taken us? Annual Review of Entomology 63: 531–551.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[KN13] Kirejtshuk, A. G. & A. Nel. 2013. Skleroptera, a new order of holometabolous insects (Insecta) from the Carboniferous. Zoosystematica Rossica 22 (2): 247–257.

[K-P91] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1991. Fossil history and the evolution of hexapod structures. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 141–179. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[MW15] McKenna, D. D., A. L. Wild, K. Kanda, C. L. Bellamy, R. G. Beutel, M. S. Caterino, C. W. Farnum, D. C. Hawks, M. A. Ivie, M. L. Jameson, R. A. B. Leschen, A. E. Marvaldi, J. V. McHugh, A. F. Newton, J. A. Robertson, M. K. Thayer, M. F. Whiting, J. F. Lawrence, A. Ślipiński, D. R. Maddison & B. D. Farrell. 2015. The beetle tree of life reveals that Coleoptera survived end-Permian mass extinction to diversify during the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution. Systematic Entomology 40 (4): 835–880.

[M99] Moraes, G. J. de. 1999. Pest status of the cassava green mite in Brazil and strategies for its control. In: Needham, G. R., R. Mitchell, D. J. Horn & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 2. Symposia pp. 287–291. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[NM03] Nel, A., J.-J. Menier, A. Waller, G. Hodebert & G. de Ploëg. 2003. New fossil spongilla-flies from the lowermost Eocene amber of France (Insecta, Neuroptera, Sisyridae). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 109–117.

[P02] Ponomarenko, A. G. 2002. Superorder Myrmeleontidea Latreille, 1802 (=Neuropteroidea Handlirsch, 1903). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 176–189. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[R02] Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2002. Order Jurinida M. Zalessky, 1928 (=Glosselytrodea Martynov, 1938). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 189–192. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[REL02] Ren, D., M. S. Engel & W. Lü. 2002. New giant lacewings from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China (Neuroptera: Polystoechotidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 75 (3): 188–193.

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Fossil history. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 168–186. Melbourne University Press.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[T13] Taylor, C. K. 2013. Annotated bibliography for Barrow Island terrestrial invertebrates. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 135–144.

[WHW10] Winterton, S. L., N. B. Hardy & B. M. Wiegmann. 2010. On wings of lace: phylogeny and Bayesian divergence time estimates of Neuropterida (Insecta) based on morphological and molecular data. Systematic Entomology 35: 349–378.

[W13] Witton, M. P. 2013. Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

Osmylidae

Porismus strigatus, copyright Donald Hobern.

Belongs within: Euneuroptera.

The Osmylidae are a diverse group of lacewings distinguished by the presence of more or less distinct ocelli (New 1991).

Characters (from New 1991): Generally medium to large (fore wing length 12-30 mm or more), with wings often patterned with grey or brown and rather broad; antennae usually less than half as long as fore wing; three ocelli present, at least represented by raised tubercles on vertex; female genitalia with enlarged gonocoxite 9, and 2 spermathecae. Larvae long and fusiform, with long tapering straight jaws.

Osmylidae
    |--Spilosmylomorpha EWB18
    |    |--Gumilla A69 [Gumillinae EWB18]
    |    |--Spilosmylinae RY03
    |    |    |--Spilosmylus flavicornis RD77
    |    |    `--Conchylosmylus triseriatus R70b
    |    `--Protosmylinae EWB18
    |         |--Paryphosmylus ornatus A69
    |         `--Protosmylus P92
    `--Osmylomorpha EWB18
         |  i. s.: Eidoporismus N91 [Eidoporisminae EWB18]
         |           `--E. pulchellus N91
         |--Osmylinae RY03
         |    |--Plethosmylus A69
         |    `--Osmylus Latreille 1802 WHW10, L02
         |         |--*O. maculatus [=Hemerobius maculatus] L02
         |         |--O. chrysops A99
         |         |--O. fulvicephalus GE05
         |         `--O. strigosus G27
         `--Kempyninae EWB18
              |  i. s.: Clydosmylus N91
              |--Australysmus lacustris WHW10
              `--+--Kempynus WHW10
                 |    |--K. falcatus A69
                 |    `--K. kimminsi WHW10
                 `--+--Porismus [Porisminae] WHW10
                    |    `--P. strigatus N91
                    `--Stenosmylinae EWB18
                         |--Euporismus albatrox N91
                         |--Oedosmylus brevis WHW10
                         |--Stenosmylus N91
                         |--Carinosmylus N91
                         |--Stenolysmus N91
                         |--Isostenosmylus A69
                         `--Phymatosmylus Adams 1969 A69
                              `--*P. caprorum Adams 1969 A69

Osmylidae incertae sedis:
  Mesosmylus atalantus P02
  Kazakhstania fasciata P02
  Epiosmylus Panfilov 1980 RY02
    |--E. longicornis RY02
    `--E. panfilovi Ren & Yin 2002 RY02
  Euporismites R70a
  Sogjuta speciosa RJ93
  Kalosmylinae R70b
  Archeosmylus RJ93 [Archeosmylidae, Archeosmylinae EWB18]
    `--A. complexus Whalley 1988 RJ93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A69] Adams, P. A. 1969. A new genus and species of Osmylidae (Neuroptera), from Chile and Argentina, with a discussion of planipennian genitalic homologies. Postilla 141: 1–11.

[A99] Ax, P. 1999. Das System der Metazoa II. Ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik. Gustav Fisher Verlag: Stuttgart (translated: 2000. Multicellular Animals: The phylogenetic system of the Metazoa vol. 2. Springer).

[EWB18] Engel, M. S., S. L. Winterton & L. C. V. Breitkreuz. 2018. Phylogeny and evolution of Neuropterida: where have wings of lace taken us? Annual Review of Entomology 63: 531–551.

[G27] Girault, A. A. 1927. Thysanoptera nova Australiensis. II. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 214–215).

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[N91] New, T. R. 1991. Neuroptera (lacewings). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 525–542. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[P02] Ponomarenko, A. G. 2002. Superorder Myrmeleontidea Latreille, 1802 (=Neuropteroidea Handlirsch, 1903). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 176–189. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[RY02] Ren D. & Yin J.-C. 2002. [A new Middle Jurassic species of Epiosmylus from Inner Mongolia, China (Neuroptera: Osmylidae)]. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 27 (2): 274–277.

[RY03] Ren, D., & J. Yin. 2003. New ‘osmylid-like’ fossil Neuroptera from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 111 (1): 1–11.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[R70a] Riek, E. F. 1970a. Fossil history. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 168–186. Melbourne University Press.

[R70b] Riek, E. F. 1970b. Neuroptera (lacewings). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 472–494. Melbourne University Press.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WHW10] Winterton, S. L., N. B. Hardy & B. M. Wiegmann. 2010. On wings of lace: phylogeny and Bayesian divergence time estimates of Neuropterida (Insecta) based on morphological and molecular data. Systematic Entomology 35: 349–378.

Megaloptera

New Zealand dobsonfly Archichauliodes diversus, copyright Steve Reekie.

Belongs within: Neuropterida.

The Megaloptera, alderflies and dobsonflies, are a group of long-winged insects with aquatic predatory larvae.

Characters (from Theischinger 1991): Mandibulate, endopterygote Neoptera, with two pairs of subequal, functional membranous wings and very soft abdomen. Larvae aquatic; mandibulate, with large prothorax, functional legs and lateral abdominal gills. Pupae decticous and exarate.

<==Megaloptera [Corydalida, Sialoidea]
    |  i. s.: Chauliosialis sukatshevae K-P91, S02
    |         Tychtodelopterum [Tychtodelopteridae] MW15
    |--Euchauliodes [Euchauliodidae] GE05
    |    `--E. distinctus K-P91
    |--Sialidae GE05
    |    |--Indosialis P02
    |    |--Austrosialis ignicollis T91, ZS10
    |    |--Stenosialis T91
    |    |--Protosialis R70
    |    |--Dobbertinia [Dobbertiniidae] GE05
    |    |    `--D. reticulata GE05
    |    `--Sialis Latreille 1802 L02
    |         |--*S. lutaria L02, VM20 [=Semblis lutaria L02]
    |         |--S. californica WHW10
    |         |--S. fuliginosa RD77
    |         |--S. hamata TW05
    |         |--S. mohri WHW10
    |         `--S. strausi S02
    `--Corydalidae GE05
         |  i. s.: Parachauliodes YS01
         |--+--Corydalus Latreille 1802 L02 [Corydalinae T91]
         |  |    |--*C. cornutus (Linnaeus 1758) L02, L58 [=Hemerobius cornutus L02]
         |  |    `--C. armatus WHW10
         |  `--Protohermes VM20
         |       |--P. grandis K-P83
         |       `--P. xanthodes VM20
         `--Chauliodinae [Chauliodidae] T91
              |  i. s.: Cretochaulus lacustris P02
              |         Neohermes californicus WHW10
              |         Nigronia WHW10
              |           |--N. fasciatus HR11
              |           `--N. serricornis WHW10
              `--Chauliodini R70
                   |--Chauliodes Latreille 1802 L02
                   |    |--*C. pectinicornis [=Hemerobius pectinicornis] L02
                   |    `--C. prisca Pictet 1854 P92
                   |--Protochauliodes T91
                   |    |--P. biconicus T91
                   |    `--P. kirramae T91
                   `--Archichauliodes T91
                        |  i. s.: A. dubitatis H74
                        |--A. (Archichauliodes) T91
                        |    |--A. (A.) anagaurus T91
                        |    |--A. (A.) deceptor T91
                        |    |--A. (A.) diversus T91
                        |    |--A. (A.) guttiferus T91
                        |    |--A. (A.) polypastus T91
                        |    `--A. (A.) uncinatus T91
                        `--A. (Apochauliodes) cervulus T91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H74] Helson, G. A. H. 1974. Insect Pests: Identification, life history, and control of pests of farms, horticulture, gardens, and public health. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[HR11] Heraty, J., F. Ronquist, J. M. Carpenter, D. Hawks, S. Schulmeister, A. P. Dowling, D. Murray, J. Munro, W. C. Wheeler, N. Schiff & M. Sharkey. 2011. Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 60: 73–88.

[K-P83] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1983. Origin of the insect wing and wing articulation from the arthropodan leg. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 1618–1669.

[K-P91] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1991. Fossil history and the evolution of hexapod structures. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 141–179. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MW15] McKenna, D. D., A. L. Wild, K. Kanda, C. L. Bellamy, R. G. Beutel, M. S. Caterino, C. W. Farnum, D. C. Hawks, M. A. Ivie, M. L. Jameson, R. A. B. Leschen, A. E. Marvaldi, J. V. McHugh, A. F. Newton, J. A. Robertson, M. K. Thayer, M. F. Whiting, J. F. Lawrence, A. Ślipiński, D. R. Maddison & B. D. Farrell. 2015. The beetle tree of life reveals that Coleoptera survived end-Permian mass extinction to diversify during the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution. Systematic Entomology 40 (4): 835–880.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[P02] Ponomarenko, A. G. 2002. Superorder Myrmeleontidea Latreille, 1802 (=Neuropteroidea Handlirsch, 1903). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 176–189. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

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