Asterales

Water snowflake Nymphoides indica, copyright Alex Popovkin.

Belongs within: Campanulidae.
Contains: Campanulaceae, Stylidiaceae, Goodeniaceae, Asteraceae.

The Asterales are a diverse clade of flowering plants including the composite-flowered plants, bellflowers and related taxa, characterised by the possession of notably small seeds (mobot.org).

Characters (from mobot.org): Starch generally absent; apotracheal parenchyma absent; leaves spiral; corolla apiculi inflexed; stamens free from corolla; pollen grains often tricellular; orbicules absent; nectary present; style long; ovules many/carpel, integument >7 cells across, endothelium present, hypostase absent; antipodal cells ephemeral; embryo suspensor filamentous, micropylar and chalazal endosperm haustoria present; x = 9; mitochondrial rpl2 gene lost. Asterales [Asteranae, Asteriflorae, Campanulales, Campanulanae]
    |  i. s.: Donatia Forster & Forster 1776 A61 [Donatiaceae T00]
    |           |--*D. fascicularis A61
    |           `--D. novae-zealandiae Hooker 1853 A61
    |--+--Campanulaceae K03
    |  `--Rousseaceae CM16
    |       |--Roussea simplex CM16
    |       `--+--Carpodetus Forster & Forster 1776 CM16, A61
    |          |    `--C. serratus Forster & Forster 1776 A61 [incl. C. dentatus C06, C. forsteri C06]
    |          `--+--Abrophyllum ornans CM16
    |             `--Cuttsia viburnea CM16
    `--+--Pentaphragma [Pentaphragmataceae] CM16
       |    `--P. ellipticum CM16
       `--+--+--+--Phelline [Phellinaceae] CM16
          |  |  |    |--P. comosa K03
          |  |  |    `--P. lucida CM16
          |  |  `--Argophyllaceae K03
          |  |       |--Argophyllum T00
          |  |       `--Corokia Cunn. 1839 CM16, A61
          |  |            |--C. buddleoides Cunn. 1839 A61
          |  |            |    |--C. b. var. buddleoides A61
          |  |            |    `--C. b. var. linearis Cheesem. 1925 A61
          |  |            |--C. cotoneaster Raoul 1844 A61
          |  |            |--C. macrocarpa Kirk 1899 A61
          |  |            `--C. × virgata Turrill 1912 (see below for synonymy) A61
          |  `--Alseuosmiaceae K03
          |       |--Periomphale T00
          |       |--Crispiloba T00
          |       |--Wittsteinia [incl. Memecylanthus] T00
          |       `--Alseuosmia Cunn. 1839 A61
          |            |--A. atriplicifolia Cunningham 1839 A61
          |            |--A. banksii Cunningham 1839 A61
          |            |--A. ligustrifolia Cunningham 1839 [=A. linariifolia var. ligustrifolia] A61
          |            |--A. linariifolia Cunningham 1839 [incl. A. hookeria Colenso 1846] A61
          |            |--A. macrophylla Cunningham 1839 A61
          |            |--A. palaeiformis Cunningham 1839 A61
          |            |--A. pusilla Colenso 1885 [incl. A. quercifolia var. glauca Kirk 1899] A61
          |            `--A. quercifolia Cunningham 1839 [incl. A. ilex Cunningham 1839] A61
          `--+--Stylidiaceae CM16
             `--+--+--Goodeniaceae CM16
                |  |--Asteraceae K03
                |  `--Boopis [Calyceraceae] K03
                |       |--B. anthemoides K03
                |       `--B. graminea K03
                `--Menyanthaceae [Menyanthoideae] K03
                     |--Menyanthes trifoliata K03
                     |--Liparophyllum Hooker 1847 A61
                     |    `--L. gunnii Hooker 1847 [=Limnanthemum gunnii Hooker 1860] A61
                     |--Nymphoides Hill 1756 K03, BR65
                     |    |--N. aurantiaca LK14
                     |    |--N. beaglensis LK14
                     |    |--N. crenata LK14
                     |    |--N. disperma LK14
                     |    |--N. geminata K03
                     |    |--N. indica K03 [=Limnanthemum indicum P88]
                     |    |--N. minima LK14
                     |    |--N. parviflorum YG03
                     |    |--N. parvifolia LK14
                     |    |--N. peltatum K03
                     |    `--N. quadriloba LK14
                     |--Limnanthemum Gmelin 1791 (nom. cons. prop.) BR65
                     |    |--L. crenatum BR65
                     |    |--L. cristatum C55
                     |    |--L. exiliflorum BR65
                     |    |--L. forbesianum C55
                     |    |--L. geminatum BR65
                     |    `--L. stygium BR65
                     `--Villarsia Bosc 1798 BR65, B98
                          |--*V. aquatica Bosc 1798 B98
                          |--V. albiflora GK00
                          |--V. capitata GK00
                          |--V. exaltata (Sims) Mueller 1868 (see below for synonymy) BR65
                          |--V. nymphoides [=Limnanthemum nymphoides, Menyanthes nymphoides] C55
                          |--V. parnassiifolia (see below for synonymy) BR65
                          |--V. submersa GK00
                          `--V. violifolia GK00

Corokia × virgata Turrill 1912 [C. buddleoides × C. cotoneaster; incl. C. cheesemanii Carse 1913] A61

Villarsia exaltata (Sims) Mueller 1868 [=Limnanthemum exaltatum (Sims) Mueller 1875, Menyanthes exaltata (Solander) Sims 1807; incl. Villarsia reniformis Brown 1810, Limnanthemum reniforme (Brown) Tate 1890] BR65

Villarsia parnassiifolia [=Swertia parnassiifolia Labillardière 1804, Limnanthemum parnassiifolia (Labillardière) Mueller 1875] BR65

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[B98] Bosc, C. 1798. Description du Villarsia. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 1 (16): 121–122.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CM16] Crowl, A. A., N. W. Miles, C. J. Visger, K. Hansen, T. Ayers, R. Haberle & N. Cellinese. 2016. A global perspective on Campanulaceae: biogeographic, genomic, and floral evolution. American Journal of Botany 103 (2): 233–245.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[K03] Kårehed, J. 2003. The family Pennantiaceae and its relationships to Apiales. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 1–24.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[YG03] Yadav, S. R., & S. P. Gaikwad. 2003. A revision of the Indian Aponogetonaceae. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 39–76.

Wahlenbergia

Wahlenbergia gloriosa, copyright Murray Fagg.

Belongs within: Campanuloideae.

Wahlenbergia is a genus of herbs and subshrubs found primarily in the southern temperate regions (Black & Robertson 1965).

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Annual and perennial herbs and undershrubs. Flowers usually blue, pedunculate, often in terminal, dichotomous leafy panicles. Calyx and corolla-lobes mostly 5, rarely 4 or in abnormal flowers 6 to 10; corolla regular, campanulate, seldom almost rotate; stamens 5, free; ovary inferior, 3–5-celled, rarely 2-celled; capsule loculicidal, opening by apical valves surrounded by persistent calyx-teeth.

Wahlenbergia Schrad. 1814 A61
    |--W. capensis CM16
    `--+--W. lobelioides CM16
       `--+--W. marginata CM16 [=Campanula marginata Thunberg 1784 P97]
          `--+--W. angustifolia CM16
             `--W. gloriosa CM16

Wahlenbergia incertae sedis:
  W. acaulis CM16
  W. adpressa CM16
  W. akaroa CM16
  W. albomarginata Hooker 1852 [incl. W. flexilis Petrie 1917] A61
  W. androsacea LY82
  W. annularis CM16
  W. axillaris CM16
  W. bicolor Lothian 1947 BR65
  W. brockiei Hay in Allan 1961 A61
  W. capillacea CM16
  W. cartilaginea Hooker 1864 A61
  W. caryophylloides LK14
  W. ceracea Lothian 1956 P97
  W. cernua CM16
  W. cinerea CM16
  W. colensoi Brown 1913 (n. d.) P97
  W. communis (see below for synonymy) P97
  W. congesta (Cheeseman) Brown 1913 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--W. c. ssp. congesta CM16
    `--W. c. ssp. haastii CM16
  W. cuspidata CM16
  W. densicaulis CV06
  W. densifolia CM16
  W. depressa CM16
  W. desmantha CM16
  W. ecklonii CM16
  W. eriophiloides CV06
  W. exilis CM16
  W. fruticosa CM16
  W. gracilenta Lothian 1947 [incl. W. quadrifida Black 1934 non (Brown) de Candolle 1830] BR65
  W. gracilis (Forster) De Candolle 1830 (see below for synonymy) P97
  W. gymnoclada [incl. Campanula littoralis Labillardière 1804, C. gracilis var. littoralis] P97
  W. intricata [incl. Lightfootia dinteri] CV06
  W. krebsii CM16
  W. littoricola LM98
  W. longifolia CM16
  W. luteola P27 [incl. W. consimilis Lothian 1947 BR65, W. trichogyna Stearn 1951 P27]
  W. matthewsii Cockayne 1915 A61
  W. multicaulis BR65
  W. neorigida CM16
  W. oxyphylla CM16
  W. paniculata CM16
  W. parvifolia CM16
  W. planiflora CM16
  W. polyantha CM16
  W. preissii GK00
  W. procumbens CM16
  W. psammophila CM16
  W. pygmaea Colenso 1899 A61
    |--W. p. var. pygmaea A61
    `--W. p. var. laxa (Simpson) Allan 1961 [=W. laxa Simpson 1952] A61
  W. quadrifida (Brown) de Candolle 1830 BR65 [=Campanula quadrifida Brown 1810 P97]
  W. queenslandica LK14
  W. ramosa Simpson 1945 [incl. Campanula polymorpha var. juncea ms] P97
  W. rupestris Simpson 1952 P97
  W. rupicola CM16
  W. saxicola A61 [=Campanula saxicola C06; incl. Streleskia montana Hook.f. 1847 C06]
  W. sieberi de Candolle 1830 BR65
  W. simpsonii Hay in Allan 1961 A61
  W. subulata CM16
  W. subumbellata CV06
  W. tadgellii Lothian 1947 BR65
  W. telfordii CM16
  W. tenella CM16
  W. tenerrima CM16
  W. thunbergiana CM16
  W. tumidifructa G04
  W. undulata CM16
  W. vernicosa [incl. Campanula polymorpha var. diffusa ms] P97
  W. violacea Petterson 1997 (see below for synonymy) P97
  W. virgata CM16

Wahlenbergia communis [incl. Campanula gracilis var. capillaris Brown 1810, W. gracilis var. capillaris (Brown) De Candolle 1830] P97

Wahlenbergia congesta (Cheeseman) Brown 1913 [=W. saxicola var. congesta Cheeseman 1906; incl. W. morganii Petrie 1914] A61

Wahlenbergia gracilis (Forster) De Candolle 1830 [=Campanula gracilis Forster 1786, W. marginata var. neo-caledonica; incl. W. marginata var. australis Hatch 1952, W. gracilis var. polymorpha De Candolle 1830] P97

Wahlenbergia violacea Petterson 1997 [incl. Campanula polymorpha var. elongata ms, C. polymorpha var. tenella ms] P97

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[CM16] Crowl, A. A., N. W. Miles, C. J. Visger, K. Hansen, T. Ayers, R. Haberle & N. Cellinese. 2016. A global perspective on Campanulaceae: biogeographic, genomic, and floral evolution. American Journal of Botany 103 (2): 233–245.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[LM98] Lange, P. J. de, & B. G. Murray. 1998. Senecio repangae (Asteraceae): a new endemic species from the north-eastern North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 36: 509–519.

[LY82] Lloyd, D. G., & J. M. A. Yates. 1982. Intrasexual selection and the segregation of pollen and stigmas in hermaphrodite plants, exemplified by Wahlenbergia albomarginata (Campanulaceae). Evolution 36 (5): 903–913.

[P97] Petterson, J. A. 1997. Identity of the original Wahlenbergia gracilis (Campanulaceae) and allied species. An historical review of early collections. New Zealand Journal of Botany 35: 55–78.

Campanula

Carpathian bellflower Campanula carpatica, copyright Ghislain Chenais.

Belongs within: Campanuloideae.
Contains: Jasione, Edraianthus, Githopsis, Asyneuma, Phyteuma, Adenophora.

Campanula, harebells, is a diverse genus of herbs found in the Northern Hemisphere with tubular to bell-shaped flowers (Hickman 1993). Phylogenetic analysis indicates the genus to be extensively non-monophyletic with many taxa treated as distinct genera arising within it.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annual or perennial, from taproot, fibrous roots, or rhizome, glabrous to densely hairy. Stem reclining or erect, branched, 5–150 cm, four-angled. Leaves cauline, sometimes also basal, generally lanceolate to ovate, thin, fleshy, or leathery, entire to toothed, sessile or petioled. Inflorescence a raceme, panicle, or flowers solitary, terminal or axillary. Flower with corolla cylindric to funnel- or bell-shaped, white to deep blue, lobes linear to triangular; ovary inferior, hemispheric to obconic. Fruit dehiscing by two or three lateral pores. Seeds 2 mm, oblong.

Campanula [incl. C. sect. Medium subsect. Involucratae (Fomin) Fedorov 1957] H98
    |--+--+--‘Wahlenbergia’ hederacea CM16
    |  |  `--Jasione CM16
    |  `--+--+--C. lactiflora CM16
    |     |  `--Gadellia lactiflora CM16
    |     `--+--C. peregrina CM16
    |        `--+--C. primulifolia CM16
    |           `--Musschia CM16
    |                |--M. aurea CM16
    |                `--M. wollastonii CM16
    `--+--+--+--Trachelium caeruleum CM16
       |  |  `--+--C. fruticulosa CM16
       |  |     `--+--C. asperuloides CM16
       |  |        `--C. pubicalyx CM16
       |  `--+--+--+--C. pinatzii CM16
       |     |  |  `--+--C. erinus CM16
       |     |  |     `--+--C. creutzburgii CM16
       |     |  |        `--C. drabifolia CM16
       |     |  `--+--+--C. dimorphantha CM16
       |     |     |  `--+--C. balfourii CM16
       |     |     |     `--C. filicaulis [=C. spatulata ssp. filicaulis] CM16
       |     |     `--+--+--C. vidalii CM16
       |     |        |  `--Azorina vidalii CM16
       |     |        `--+--Feeria angustifolia CM16
       |     |           `--+--C. dichotoma CM16
       |     |              `--+--C. edulis CM16
       |     |                 `--C. mollis CM16
       |     `--+--+--+--C. jacquinii CM16
       |        |  |  `--+--C. rumeliana CM16
       |        |  |     `--Diosphaera rumeliana CM16
       |        |  `--+--C. semisecta CM16
       |        |     `--+--C. macrostyla CM16
       |        |        `--C. propinqua CM16
       |        `--+--+--C. barbata CM16
       |           |  `--C. hofmannii CM16
       |           `--+--+--+--C. alliariifolia CM16
       |              |  |  `--+--+--C. sibirica CM16
       |              |  |     |  `--+--C. grossheimii CM16
       |              |  |     |     `--+--C. bononiensis CM16
       |              |  |     |        `--C. rapunculoides CM16
       |              |  |     `--+--C. pendula CM16
       |              |  |        `--+--C. saxifraga [=C. bellidifolia ssp. saxifraga] CM16
       |              |  |           `--+--C. aucheri [=C. bellidifolia ssp. aucheri] CM16
       |              |  |              `--+--C. bellidifolia CM16
       |              |  |                 `--C. tridentata CM16
       |              |  `--+--C. mirabilis CM16
       |              |     `--+--+--C. chamissonis [=C. dasyantha ssp. chamissonis] CM16
       |              |        |  |--C. collina CM16
       |              |        |  |--C. dasyantha CM16
       |              |        |  `--C. sarmatica CM16
       |              |        `--+--+--C. punctata CM16
       |              |           |  `--+--C. ‘glomerata’ var. dahurica CM16
       |              |           |     `--C. takesimana CM16
       |              |           `--+--C. latifolia Linnaeus 1753 CM16, CD07
       |              |              `--+--C. sect. Campanula [incl. C. sect. Eucodon] H98
       |              |                 |    `--C. trachelium CM16
       |              |                 |         |--C. t. ssp. trachelium H98
       |              |                 |         `--C. t. ssp. athoa H98
       |              |                 `--C. sect. Elatae [incl. C. sect. Cordifoliae] H98
       |              |                      `--C. sclerotricha CM16
       |              `--+--+--C. (ser. Glomeratae) glomerata H98, CM16
       |                 |  `--C. subcapitata CM16
       |                 `--+--+--C. ptarmicifolia CM16
       |                    |  `--+--‘Edraianthus’ dalmaticus CM16
       |                    |     `--‘Edraianthus’ graminifolius CM16
       |                    `--+--+--+--Petkovia orphanidea CM16
       |                       |  |  `--C. petraea CM16
       |                       |  `--+--C. scoparia CM16
       |                       |     |--+--C. spicata CM16
       |                       |     |  `--C. thyrsoides CM16
       |                       |     `--+--C. stricta CM16 (see below for synonymy)
       |                       |        |    |--C. s. ssp. stricta P97
       |                       |        |    `--‘Wahlenbergia’ s. ssp. alternata P97
       |                       |        `--C. zangezura CM16
       |                       `--+--+--C. karakuschensis CM16
       |                          |  |--C. saxatilis CM16
       |                          |  |--+--C. conferta CM16
       |                          |  |  `--C. involucrata CM16
       |                          |  `--+--+--Michauxia CM16
       |                          |     |  |    |--M. campanuloides CM16
       |                          |     |  |    |--M. laevigata CM16
       |                          |     |  |    |--M. nuda CM16
       |                          |     |  |    `--M. tchihatcheffii CM16
       |                          |     |  `--+--C. hierapetrae CM16
       |                          |     |     `--+--C. foliosa CM16
       |                          |     |        `--C. incurva CM16
       |                          |     `--+--C. lanata CM16
       |                          |        `--+--C. carpatha CM16
       |                          |           `--+--+--C. laciniata CM16
       |                          |              |  `--C. tubulosa CM16
       |                          |              `--+--C. pelviformis CM16
       |                          |                 `--C. quercetorum CM16
       |                          `--+--+--‘Edraianthus’ hercegovinus CM16
       |                             |  `--+--‘Edraianthus’ dinaricus CM16
       |                             |     `--C. ser. Cervicariae H98
       |                             |          |--C. cervicaria CM16
       |                             |          `--C. macrostachya H98
       |                             `--+--+--+--C. betulifolia CM16
       |                                |  |  `--C. radula CM16
       |                                |  `--+--C. seraglio CM16
       |                                |     `--+--C. affinis CM16
       |                                |        `--C. speciosa CM16
       |                                `--+--Edraianthus CM16
       |                                   `--+--C. armena CM16
       |                                      `--+--C. radicosa CM16
       |                                         `--C. tymphaea CM16
       `--+--+--Peracarpa carnosa CM16
          |  |    |--P. c. var. carnosa CM16
          |  |    `--P. c. var. circaeoides CM16
          |  `--+--+--C. aparinoides CM16
          |     |  `--+--+--C. prenanthoides CM16
          |     |     |  `--C. wilkinsiana CM16
          |     |     `--+--C. exigua CM16
          |     |        `--+--Heterocodon rariflorum CM16
          |     |           `--Githopsis CM16
          |     `--+--+--C. pterocaula CM16
          |        |  `--+--C. persicifolia CM16
          |        |     `--C. stevenii CM16
          |        `--+--+--Legousia CM16
          |           |  |    |--L. pentagonia CM16
          |           |  |    `--+--L. hybrida CM16
          |           |  |       `--L. speculum-veneris CM16
          |           |  `--+--‘Legousia’ falcata CM16
          |           |     `--+--C. americana CM16
          |           |        `--+--C. reverchonii CM16
          |           |           `--Triodanis CM16
          |           |                |--T. biflora H93
          |           |                |--T. coloradoensis CM16
          |           |                |--T. leptocarpa CM16
          |           |                `--T. perfoliata H93
          |           `--+--+--C. cretica CM16
          |              |  `--Asyneuma CM16
          |              `--+--+--‘Asyneuma’ japonicum CM16
          |                 |  `--C. uniflora CM16
          |                 `--+--Petromarula pinnata CM16
          |                    `--+--Phyteuma CM16
          |                       `--Physoplexis comosa CM16
          `--+--Homocodon CM16
             |    |--H. brevipes CM16
             |    `--H. pedicellatus CM16
             `--+--+--C. fastigiata CM16
                |  `--Adenophora CM16
                `--+--C. aizoides CM16
                   `--+--+--C. elatines Linnaeus 1759 CM16, CD07
                      |  `--+--C. garganica CM16
                      |     `--C. poscharskyana CM16
                      `--+--+--C. lusitanica CM16
                         |  `--+--C. spatulata CM16
                         |     `--+--C. rapunculus CM16
                         |        `--+--C. olympica CM16
                         |           `--+--C. patula CM16
                         |              `--C. sparsa CM16
                         |                   |--C. s. ssp. sparsa CM16
                         |                   `--C. s. ssp. sphaerothrix CM16
                         `--+--+--C. hawkinsiana CM16
                            |  `--C. waldsteiniana CM16
                            `--+--C. decumbens CM16
                               `--+--+--C. carpatica CM16
                                  |  `--+--C. pyramidalis CM16
                                  |     `--C. versicolor CM16
                                  `--+--C. scouleri CM16
                                     `--+--+--C. piperi CM16
                                        |  `--+--C. lasiocarpa CM16
                                        |     `--+--C. divaricata CM16
                                        |        |--C. parryi CM16
                                        |        |    |--C. p. var. parryi CM16
                                        |        |    `--C. p. var. idahoensis CM16
                                        |        `--+--C. aurita CM16
                                        |           `--C. scabrella CM16
                                        `--+--+--C. cenisia CM16
                                           |  `--+--C. elatinoides CM16
                                           |     `--+--C. arvatica CM16
                                           |        `--C. herminii CM16
                                           `--+--+--C. fragilis CM16
                                              |  |    |--C. f. ssp. fragilis CM16
                                              |  |    `--C. f. ssp. cavolinii CM16
                                              |  `--+--C. caespitosa CM16
                                              |     `--C. cochleariifolia CM16
                                              `--+--C. excisa CM16
                                                 `--+--+--+--C. appenina CM16
                                                    |  |  `--C. rotundifolia CM16
                                                    |  `--+--+--C. moravica CM16
                                                    |     |  `--C. witasekiana CM16
                                                    |     `--+--C. rhomboidalis CM16
                                                    |        |--C. scheuchzeri CM16
                                                    |        `--C. stenocodon CM16
                                                    `--+--+--C. marchesetti CM16
                                                       |  `--+--C. forsythii CM16
                                                       |     `--C. macrorrhiza CM16
                                                       `--+--C. carnica CM16
                                                          |--C. bertolae CM16
                                                          |--C. brixiensis CM16
                                                          `--C. sabatia CM16

Campanula incertae sedis:
  C. abietina CM16 [=C. patula ssp. abietina H09]
  C. acarnanica CM16
  C. acutiloba CM16
  C. afra CM16
  C. aizoon CM16
  C. akgulii CM16
  C. alaskana CM16
  C. alata CM16
  C. algida C55b
  C. alpina CM16
  C. alsinoides CM16
  C. anchusiflora CM16
  C. andina CM16
  C. andrewsii CM16
  C. angustiflora H93
  C. aprica CM16
  C. ardonensis CM16
  C. argaea CM16
  C. argentea CM16
  C. argyrotricha O88
  C. ariena CM16
  C. aristata O88
  C. armazica CM16
  C. autraniana CM16
  C. axillaris CM16
  C. balansae CM16
  C. baumgartenii CM16
  C. bayerniana CM16
  C. beckiana CM16
  C. benthamii CM16
  C. betonicifolia CM16
  C. bluemelii CM16
  C. bohemica CM16
  C. bravensis CM16
  C. broussonetiana CM16
  C. buseri CM16
  C. cabezudoi CM16
  C. calamenthifolia CM16
  C. calcarata CM16
  C. calcicola CM16
  C. californica H93
  C. camptoclada CM16
  C. cana CM16
  C. candida CM16
  C. cashmeriana CM16
  C. caucasica CM16
  C. cecilii CM16
  C. celsii CM16
  C. cephallenica CM16
  C. choruhensis CM16
  C. ciliata CM16
  C. circassica CM16
  C. colorata CM16
  C. columnaris CM16
  C. constantini CM16
  C. coriacea CM16
  C. crassipes CM16
  C. crenulata CM16
  C. crispa CM16
  C. cymaea CM16
  C. cymbalaria CM16
  C. daghestanica CM16
  C. damascena CM16
  C. damboldtiana CM16
  C. darialica CM16
  C. davisii CM16
  C. debarensis CM16
  C. delavayi CM16
  C. delicatula PT98
  C. demirsoyii CM16
  C. dieckii CM16
  C. dolomitica CM16
  C. dzaaku CM16
  C. dzyschrica CM16
  C. ekimiana CM16
  C. euboica CM16
  C. evolvulacea CM16
  C. fedorovii CM16
  C. fenestrellata CM16
  C. flaccidula CM16
  C. floridana CM16
  C. formanekiana CM16
  C. gieseckiana CM16
  C. goulimyi CM16
  C. grandis CM16
  C. griffinii [incl. C. angustiflora var. exilis] H93
  C. hagielia CM16
  C. haradjanii CM16
  C. hedgei CM16
  C. hercegovina CM16
  C. heterophylla CM16
  C. hierosolyminata CM16
  C. hispanica CM16
  C. hohenackeri CM16
  C. humillima CM16
  C. hypopolia CM16
  C. iconia CM16
  C. incanescens CM16
  C. isaurica CM16
  C. isophylla [incl. C. floribunda] C55a
  C. jacobaea CM16
  C. justiniana CM16
  C. kadargavica CM16
  C. kenya CM16
  C. kermanica CM16
  C. khorasanica CM16
  C. kirikkaleensis CM16
  C. kolenatiana CM16
  C. komarovi CM16
  C. koyunceri CM16
  C. kremeri CM16
  C. kryophila CM16
  C. lambertiana CM16
  C. lamondiae CM16
  C. langsdorffiana CM16
  C. lavrensis CM16
  C. ledebouriana CM16
  C. legionensis CM16
  C. lehmaniana CM16
  C. leucantha CM16
  C. leucoclada CM16
  C. leucosiphon CM16
  C. lingulata CM16
  C. longistyla CM16
  C. lourica CM16
  C. luristanica CM16
  C. lyrata PT98
  C. macrochlamys CM16
  C. mardinensis CM16
  C. massakskyi CM16
  C. mekongensis CM16
  C. micrantha CM16
  C. modesta O88
  C. moesiaca CM16
  C. morettiana CM16
  C. myrtifolia CM16
  C. nakaoi O88
  C. nuristanica CM16
  C. odontosepala CM16
  C. oligosperma CM16
  C. oreadum CM16
  C. orphanidea CM16
  C. ossetica CM16
  C. pallida O88
  C. pamphylica CM16
  C. pangea Hartvig 1998 H98
  C. papillosa CM16
  C. paradoxa CM16
  C. perpusilla CM16
  C. peshmenii CM16
  C. petrophila CM16
  C. phryga CM16
  C. phyctidocalyx CM16
  C. pinnata CM16
  C. pinnatifida CM16
  C. podocarpa CM16
  C. polyclada CM16
  C. pontica CM16
  C. portenschlagiana CM16
  C. pseudostenocodon CM16
  C. psilostachya CM16
  C. pulla CM16
  C. pulvinaris CM16
  C. radchensis CM16
  C. raddeana CM16
  C. raineri CM16
  C. ramosissima CM16
  C. reatina CM16
  C. recta CM16
  C. reiseri CM16
  C. reuteriana CM16
  C. rhodensis CM16
  C. robinsiae CM16
  C. romanica CM16
  C. rupestris Sibthorp & Smith 1806 PL04
  C. rupicola CM16
  C. ruprechti CM16
  C. samothracica CM16
  C. sartorii CM16
  C. savalanica CM16
  C. saxanorum CM16
  C. saxifragoides CM16
  C. schimaniana CM16
  C. schitica CM16
  C. scopelia CM16
  C. scutellata CM16
  C. secundiflora CM16
  C. serrata CM16
  C. sharsmithiae H93
  C. shettleri CM16
  C. siegizmundii CM16
  C. similans CM16
  C. sosnowskyi CM16
  C. specularioides CM16
  C. stellaris CM16
  C. stenosiphon CM16
  C. strigillosa CM16
  C. strigosa CM16
  C. svanetica CM16
  C. takhtadzhianii CM16
  C. tanfanii CM16
  C. telephioides CM16
  C. telmesii CM16
  C. teucrioides CM16
  C. thessala CM16
  C. tokurii CM16
  C. tomentosa CM16
  C. tommasiniana CM16
  C. topaliana CM16
  C. trachyphylla CM16
  C. transtagana CM16
  C. trichocalycina CM16
  C. tristis CM16
  C. troegerae CM16
  C. turczaninovii CM16
  C. uyemurae CM16
  C. velebitica CM16
  C. veneris CM16
  C. wilkommii CM16
  C. xylocarpa CM16
  C. xylopoda CM16
  C. yaltirikii CM16
  C. yildirimlii CM16
  C. zoysii CM16

Campanula stricta CM16 [=C. gracilis var. stricta Brown 1810 P97, Wahlenbergia gracilis var. stricta P97; incl. C. erecta Sweet 1830 (n. n.) P97, C. vincaeflora Ventenat 1803 P97, C. gracilis var. vincaeflora P97, Wahlenbergia vincaeflora (Ventenat) Decaisne 1849 P97]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[CM16] Crowl, A. A., N. W. Miles, C. J. Visger, K. Hansen, T. Ayers, R. Haberle & N. Cellinese. 2016. A global perspective on Campanulaceae: biogeographic, genomic, and floral evolution. American Journal of Botany 103 (2): 233–245.

[H98] Hartvig, P. 1998. Campanula pangea, a new species of C. sect. Involucratae from Mt. Pangeon, NE Greece. Willdenowia 28: 65–68.

[H09] Heltmann, H. 2009. Der Königstein (Piatra Craiului), die Perle der Burzenländer Gebirge. Mauritiana 20 (3): 515–527.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.

[P97] Petterson, J. A. 1997. Identity of the original Wahlenbergia gracilis (Campanulaceae) and allied species. An historical review of early collections. New Zealand Journal of Botany 35: 55–78.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

Stylidiaceae

Stylidium turleyae, copyright William Archer.

Belongs within: Asterales.
Contains: Stylidium subgenus Tolypangium.

The Stylidiaceae are a Gondwanan group of mostly herbaceous plants in which flowers have the stamens and style fused in a central column. In members of the genus Stylidium, trigger-plants, the column is long and usually exserted, and curved so that when the corolla lobes are touched the column moves between the labellum and posterior lobes so as to deposit and collect pollen on pollinators (Black & Robertson 1965)

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Mostly herbs, with simple alternate or rosulate leaves usually without stipules. Flowers irregular, bisexual; sepals 5, persistent, inserted at summit of hollow adnate receptacle; corolla deeply five-lobed, tube short, lower or anterior lobe (labellum) smaller than others and different in shape; stamens 2, lateral, filaments connate with style in a column or gynostemium; anthers sessile at summit of column, two-celled, opening outwards, often concealing entire or two-lobed stigma; ovary inferior, more or less two-celled or almost one-celled, with numerous or few anatropous ovules; fruit a capsule opening from summit in two valves; seeds small, embryo minute, enclosed in fleshy albumen.

<==Stylidiaceae [Stylidieae]
    |--Oreostylidium Bergg. 1878 A61, ME70
    |    `--O. subulatum (Hooker) Bergg. 1878 A61, ME70 (see below for synonymy)
    |--Phyllachne Forster & Forster 1776 A61
    |    |--P. clavigera (Hooker) Muell. 1873 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--P. colensoi (Hooker) Bergg. 1877 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--P. rubra (Hooker) Cheeseman 1906 [=Helophyllum rubrum Hooker 1864] A61
    |    `--P. uliginosa CL85
    |--Levenhookia BR65
    |    |--L. dubia BR65
    |    |--L. leptantha LK00
    |    |--L. pusilla BR65
    |    `--L. stipitata OS04
    |--Forstera Linn. f. 1780 A61
    |    |--F. bidwillii Hooker 1853 [incl. F. major Colenso 1899, F. truncatella Colenso 1888] A61
    |    |    |--F. b. var. bidwillii A61
    |    |    `--F. b. var. densifolia Mild. 1908 A61
    |    |--F. mackayi Allan 1935 A61
    |    |--F. sedifolia Forster 1780 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--F. tenella Hooker 1853 A61
    `--Stylidium Swartz 1805 [incl. Candollea Labillardière 1805] BR65
         |  i. s.: S. adenophorum LK14
         |         S. adnatum GK00
         |         S. affine RL05
         |         S. amoenum LK00
         |         S. arenicola W05
         |         S. assimile GK00
         |         S. breviscapum G04b
         |         S. brunonianum GK00
         |           |--S. b. ssp. brunonianum GK00
         |           `--S. b. ssp. minor GK00
         |         S. caespitosum GK00
         |         S. calcaratum BR65
         |         S. caricifolium OS04
         |         S. carnosum OS04
         |         S. ceratophorum LK14
         |         S. choreanthum W05
         |         S. ciliatum [=S. piliferum var. ciliatum] BR65
         |         S. claytonioides LK14
         |         S. cordifolium LK14
         |         S. corymbosum GK00
         |         S. costulatum LK14
         |         S. crassifolium GK00
         |         S. diceratum LK14
         |         S. dichotomum OS04
         |         S. dielsianum W05
         |         S. dunlopianum LK14
         |         S. ecorne GK00
         |         S. emarginatum GK00
         |         S. eriopodum OS04
         |         S. fimbriatum LK14
         |         S. fissilobum LK14
         |         S. floodii LK14
         |         S. floribundum LK14
         |         S. fluminense LK14
         |         S. glabrifolium LK00
         |         S. graminifolium Swartz 1807 K03, BR65
         |         S. guttatum GK00
         |         S. hirsutum OS04
         |         S. hispidum GK00
         |         S. inaequipetalum Black 1938 BR65
         |         S. induratum G04a
         |         S. junceum GK00
         |           |--S. j. ssp. junceum GK00
         |           `--S. j. ssp. brevius GK00
         |         S. laricifolium C08
         |         S. lepidum GK00
         |         S. leptocalyx LK00
         |         S. leptophyllum OS04
         |         S. leptorrhizum LK14
         |         S. limbatum W05
         |         ‘Candollea’ linearis M87
         |         S. longicornu LK14
         |         S. luteum OS04
         |           |--S. l. ssp. luteum OS04
         |           `--S. l. ssp. clavatum OS04
         |         S. majus (Smith) Druce 1917 [=Ventenatia majus Smith 1805] BR65
         |         S. mimeticum GK00
         |         S. miniatum GK00
         |         S. mucronatum LK14
         |         S. multiscapum LK14
         |         S. muscicola LK14
         |         S. pachyrrhizum LK14
         |         S. paulineae LK00
         |         S. periscelianthum GK00
         |         S. perizostera LK14
         |         S. perpusillum BR65
         |         S. petiolare OS04
         |         S. piliferum OS04
         |         S. productum M99
         |         S. prophyllum LK14
         |         S. pubigerum OS04
         |         S. pulchellum GK00
         |         S. pulviniforme W05
         |         S. repens OS04
         |         S. rhipidium GK00
         |         S. rhynchocarpum OS04
         |         S. rivulosum LK14
         |         S. roseonanum GK00
         |         S. rotundifolium LK14
         |         S. rubriscapum LK14
         |         S. scandens GK00
         |         S. schizanthum LK14
         |         S. schoenoides GK00
         |         S. sejunctum G04b
         |         S. semipartitum LK14
         |         S. spathulatum GK00
         |         S. spinulosum GK00
         |         S. squamellosum OS04
         |         S. tepperianum [=Candollea tepperiana] BR65
         |         S. turbinatum LK14
         |         S. uniflorum OS04
         |         S. violaceum GK00
         |         S. yilgarnense G04a
         |--S. subg. Nitrangium W05
         |    |--S. turleyae Lowrie & Kenneally 2004 W05
         |    `--S. validum Wege 2005 W05
         `--S. subg. Tolypangium LK00

Forstera sedifolia Forster 1780 A61 [=Phyllachne sedifolia C06; incl. F. sedifolia var. oculata Cheeseman 1906 A61]

Oreostylidium subulatum (Hooker) Bergg. 1878 A61, ME70 [=Stylidium subulatum Hooker 1864 A61, Phyllachne (Forstera) subulata Muell. 1878 C06; incl. O. affine Colenso 1888 A61]

Phyllachne clavigera (Hooker) Muell. 1873 A61 [=Forstera clavigera Hooker 1844 A61, Helophyllum clavigerum C06; incl. F. aretiastrifolia Homb. & Jacq. ex Decne 1853 A61]

Phyllachne colensoi (Hooker) Bergg. 1877 A61 [=Helophyllum colensoi Hooker 1864 A61; incl. P. haastii Bergg. 1880 A61, P. colensoi var. haastii C06, H. muscoides Colenso 1894 A61]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CL85] Cokendolpher, J. C., & D. Lanfranco L. 1985. Opiliones from the Cape Horn Archipelago: New southern records for harvestmen. Journal of Arachnology 13: 311–319.

[G04a] Gibson, N. 2004a. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[G04b] Gibson, N. 2004b. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[K03] Kårehed, J. 2003. The family Pennantiaceae and its relationships to Apiales. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 1–24.

[LK00] Lowrie, A. & K. F. Kenneally. 2000. Three new species of Stylidium (Stylidiaceae) from south-west Western Australia. Nuytsia 13: 293–302.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[M87] Mueller, F. von. 1887. Some hitherto undescribed plants of New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1105–1110.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[W05] Wege, J. A. 2005. Stylidium validum (Stylidiaceae): a new trigger plant from southern Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (1): 13–16.

Last updated: 28 March 2020.