Glycyphagidae

Glycyphagus sp., copyright Daktaridudu.

Belongs within: Astigmatina.

The Glycyphagidae are a diverse group of mites mostly associated with the nests of small mammals, mostly characterised by the presence of a series of external ridges on the venter of the subcapitulum (OConnor 2009).

Characters (from OConnor 2009): Ventral subcapitulum with prominent pattern of external transverse and oblique ridges (ridges reduced in heavily sclerotised Fusacarus); palpi reflexed inwards; empodial claws small or absent; condylophores very thin or absent; female usually with epigynal apodeme and often with external copulatory tube, oviporus longitudinal with genital valves fused to body anteriorly, free posteriorly; male without paranal suckers or modified setae on tarsus IV. Deutonymph with attachment organ with setae p1–p2 in the form of ribbed claspers, or if absent, then vestiges of their alveoli present as small sclerotised rings (Baloghella), or attachment organ reduced and tibiae III–IV with large ventral, comblike setae; coxal setae 3a and 4a absent; posterior coxal apodemes with distinct edges.

<==Glycyphagidae [Glycyphagina] O09
    |--Labidophorus P90 [Labidophorinae O09]
    |--Marsupialichus [Marsupialichinae] O09
    |    `--M. johnstoni O09
    |--Baloghella [Melesodectinae] O09
    |    `--B. melis [incl. Melesodectes auricularis] O09
    |--Fusacarinae [Fusacaridae] O09
    |    |--Fusacarus O09
    |    `--Xenoryctes krameri O09, GHG91
    |--Metalabidophorinae O09
    |    |--Metalabidophorus O09
    |    |--Paralabidophorus O09
    |    `--Neolabidophorus yucatanensis Pence & Genoways 1974 O09, QV01
    |--Lophuromyopus [Lophuromyopodinae] O09
    |    `--L. schoutedeni O09
    `--Glycyphagus Hering 1838 H98 [incl. Lepidoglyphus Zakhvatkin 1936 H98; Glycyphaginae O09]
         |--G. destructor (Schrank 1781) W91 (see below for synonymy)
         |--G. domesticus (de Geer 1778) [=Acarus domesticus, Glyciphagus (l. c.) domesticus] H98
         |--G. hypudaei O09
         |--G. latipes Berlese 1910 V25
         |--G. ornatus (Kramer 1881) W91
         `--G. spinipes P94

Glycyphagidae incertae sedis:
  Dermacarus O09
    |--D. hypudaei GHG91
    |--D. ornatus Fain 1967 QV01
    `--D. tamiasciuri O09
  Prolepidoglyphus M-PV-G01
  Gohieria Oudemans 1939 [incl. Ferminia Oudemans 1928 (preoc.)] H98
    `--G. fusca (Oudemans 1902) [=Glycyphagus fuscus, Ferminia fuscus] H98
  Zibethacarus P90
  Ctenoglyphus Berlese 1884 [=Cthenoglyphus] H98
    `--C. plumiger (Koch 1835) [=Acarus plumiger, Cthenoglyphus plumiger, Glycyphagus plumiger] H98
  Orycteroxenus soricis O09
  Dipodomyopus P90
  Mediolabidophorus P90
  Microlabidopus P90
  Scalopacarus P90
  Neoxenoryctes P90
  Rodentopus sciuri O09, WK09
  Grammolichus malukuensis O09
  Pycnoglycyphagus O09
  Lophioglyphus liciosus [incl. Apodemopus apodemi] O09
  Diamesoglyphus intermedius O09
  Cryptomyopus zachvatkini O09

Glycyphagus destructor (Schrank 1781) W91 [=Acarus destructor H98, Lepidoglyphus destructor W91; incl. A. cadaverum Schrank 1781 H98, G. cadaverum H98]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[GHG91] Gállego, M., E. Hidalgo & J. Ginés. 1991. Mites of the house mouse, Mus musculus L., in the north-eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula in Spain. In: Schuster, R., & P. W. Murphy (eds) The Acari: Reproduction, development and life-history strategies pp. 453–454. Chapman & Hall: London.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[M-PV-G01 Montiel-Parra, G., G. A. Villegas-Guzman, M. Vargas & O. J. Polaco. 2001. Mites associated with nests of Neotoma albigula Hartley, 1894 (Rodentia: Muridae) in Durango, México. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 586–593. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[O09] OConnor, B. M. 2009. Cohort Astigmatina. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 565–657. Texas Tech University Press.

[P90] Philips, J. R. 1990. Acarina: Astigmata (Acaridida). In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 757–778. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[P94] Pugh, P. J. A. 1994. Non-indigenous Acari of Antarctica and the sub-Antarctic islands. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 110: 207–217.

[QV01] Quintero, M. M. T., M. Vargas, B. S. Hernández, P García & N. J. Otero. 2001. Ectoparasitic mites on Heteromys gaumeri in the south of Yucatan, Mexico. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 583–585. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[V25] Vitzthum, H. 1925. Fauna sumatrensis. (Beitrag no. 5). Acarinae. Supplementa Entomologica 11: 1–79.

[WK09] Walter, D. E., & G. W. Krantz. 2009. Oviposition and life stages. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 57–63. Texas Tech University Press.

[W91] Walzl, M. G. 1991. Comparison of the sclerotized structures of Acaridae and Glycyphagidae used for copulation. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 283–286. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

Calenduleae

Cape marguerite Osteospermum ecklonis, copyright Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz.

Belongs within: Asteroideae.

The Calenduleae are a group of composite-flowered plants in which the receptacle is naked and which lack a pappus (Black & Robertson 1965).

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Heads heterogamous-radiate; disk flowers usually bisexual but sterile; styles of sterile disk flowers shortly bifid or entire at summit; receptacle nake; anthers acute or acuminate at base; achenes comparatively large, variable in shape; pappus absent; leaves alternate.

<==Calenduleae BR65
    |--Eriachaenium S06
    |--Dimorphotheca (Vaillant) Moench. 1794 [incl. Gattenhoffia von Necker 1790 (nom. rej.)] BR65
    |    |--D. pluvialis [incl. D. annua] BR65
    |    `--D. sinuata H93
    |--Calendula BR65
    |    |--C. arvensis BR65
    |    `--C. officinalis BR65
    |--Chrysanthemoides Medik. 1789 BR65
    |    `--C. monilifera [=Osteospermum moniliferum] BR65
    |         |--C. m. ssp. monilifera WFS04
    |         `--C. m. ssp. rotundata WFS04
    `--Osteospermum BR65
         |--O. calendulaceum [=Oligocarpus calendulaceus] BR65
         |--O. clandestinum [=Tripteris clandestina] BR65
         |--O. ecklonis [=Dimorphotheca ecklonis] H93
         |--O. montanum CV06
         `--O. muricatum CV06
              |--O. m. ssp. muricatum CV06
              `--O. m. ssp. longiradiatum CV06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[S06] Stuckert, T. 1906. Distribución geográfica de la flora Argentina. Géneros de la familia de las compuestas. Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 303–309.

[WFS04] Winks, C. J., S. V. Fowler & L. A. Smith. 2004. Invertebrate fauna of boneseed, Chrysanthemoides monilifera ssp. monilifera (L.) T. Norl. (Asteraceae: Calenduleae), an invasive weed in New Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist 27: 61–72.

Lumbricidae

Bimastos parvus, from here.

Belongs within: Lumbricoidea.

The Lumbricidae are a cosmopolitan family of earthworms including many human-associated species such as the nightcrawler Lumbricus terrestris.

Characters (from Schwert 1990): Clitellum beginning on or behind segment 19; male pores present on segment 15 (rarely segment 13); female pores on segment 14; eight setae per segment in regular longitudinal ranks.

Lumbricidae
    |--Eumenescolex proclitellatus Pérez-Onteniente & Rodríguez-Babío 2004 F05
    |--Spermophorodrilus albanianus Bouché 1975 S90
    |--Helodrilus J31
    |    |--H. constrictus [=Bimastus constrictus] J31
    |    `--H. roseus F92
    |--Eiseniella S90
    |    |--E. intermedius Jackson 1931 J31
    |    `--E. tetraedra (Savigny 1826) S90 [=Helodrilus (Eiseniella) tetraedrus M13]
    |--Eisenoides S90
    |    |--E. carolinensis (Michaelsen 1910) S90
    |    `--E. lonnbergi (Michaelsen 1894) S90
    |--Proctodrilus H09
    |    |--P. antipai (Michaelsen 1881) H09
    |    `--P. tuberculatus (Černosvitov 1935) H09
    |--Octolasion S90
    |    |--O. cyaneum (Savigny 1826) S90
    |    |--O. lacteum (Örley 1881) H09
    |    `--O. tyrtaeum (Savigny 1826) S90
    |--Dendrobaena S90
    |    |--D. mammalis (Savigny 1826) S90
    |    |--D. octaedra (Savigny 1826) S90
    |    `--D. rubida (Savigny 1826) [=Dendrodrilus rubidus] S90
    |--Allolobophora S90
    |    |--A. australiensis (Fletcher 1886) [=Lumbricus (Allolobophora) australiensis] F86b
    |    |--A. chlorotica (Savigny 1826) S90
    |    |--A. subrubicunda [incl. A. arborea] R89
    |    `--A. turgida G62
    |--Eisenia S90
    |    |--E. andrei Bouché 1972 RP07
    |    |--E. eiseni (Levinsen 1884) [=Lumbricus eiseni] S90
    |    |--E. fetida (Savigny 1826) S90 [=Allobophora foetidus J31, E. foetida S90]
    |    |--E. hortensis (Michaelsen 1890) S90
    |    |--E. rosea (Savigny 1826) S90 [=Aporrectodea rosea GH91]
    |    `--E. zebra Michaelsen 1902 S90
    |--Lumbricus Linnaeus 1758 L58
    |    |--L. castaneus (Savigny 1826) S90
    |    |--L. festivus (Savigny 1826) S90
    |    |--L. novaehollandiae Kinberg 1866 F86a
    |    |--L. olidus F86a
    |    |--L. orthostichon F86a
    |    |--L. rubellus Hoffmeister 1843 S90
    |    `--L. terrestris Linnaeus 1758 S90
    |--Aporrectodea S90
    |    |--A. caliginosa (Savigny 1826) S90 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--A. icterica (Savigny 1826) S90
    |    |--A. limicola (Michaelsen 1890) S90
    |    |--A. longa (Ude 1885) S90
    |    |--A. muldali (Omodeo 1956) S90
    |    |--A. trapezoides (Dugès 1828) S90 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--A. tuberculata (Eisen 1874) S90
    `--Bimastos S90
         |--B. beddardi (Michaelsen 1894) S90
         |--B. gieseleri (Ude 1895) S90
         |--B. heimburgeri Smith 1928 S90
         |--B. longicinctus Smith & Gittins 1915 S90
         |--B. palustris Moore 1893 S90
         |--B. parvus (Eisen 1874) S90 [=Helodrilus parvus J31]
         |--B. tumidus (Eisen 1874) S90
         |--B. welchi (Smith 1917) S90
         `--B. zeteki Smith & Gittins 1915 S90

Aporrectodea caliginosa (Savigny 1826) S90 [=Allolobophora caliginosa S90, Helodrilus (Allolobophora) caliginosus J31, M07; incl. Aporrectodea turgida (Eisen 1873) S90]

Aporrectodea trapezoides (Dugès 1828) S90 [=Lumbricus trapezoides MR99, Allolobopora trapezoides MR99, Helodrilus (Allolobophora) caliginosus f. trapezioides M13]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[F86a] Fletcher, J. J. 1886a. Notes on Australian earthworms. Part I. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (2): 523–574, pls 8–9.

[F86b] Fletcher, J. J. 1886b. Notes on Australian earthworms. Part II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (3): 943–973, pl. 13.

[G62] Gates, G. E. 1962. Miscellanea megadrilogica. V–VI. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 137–144.

[GH91] Gjelstrup, P., & N. B. Hendriksen. 1991. Histiostoma murchiei Hughes & Jackson (Anoetidae) as a parasite in the cocoons of some Danish earthworms. In: Schuster, R., & P. W. Murphy (eds) The Acari: Reproduction, development and life-history strategies pp. 441–445. Chapman & Hall: London.

[H09] Höser, N. 2009. Die Regenwurmfauna (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) in zwei Querschnitten durch die Aue der Pleiße bei Windischleuba. Mauritiana 20 (3): 579–586.

[J31] Jackson, A. 1931. The Oligochaeta of south-western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 17: 71–136.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M07] Michaelsen, W. 1907. Oligochaeta. Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens 1 (2): 115–232, 2 pls.

[M13] Michaelsen, W. 1913. Die Oligochäten von Neu-Caledonien und den benachbarten Inselgruppen. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 3 pp. 173–280. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[MR99] Mischis, C. C. de, & G. Righi. 1999. Contribution to knowledge of the oligochaete fauna (Annelida, Oligochaeta) from Argentina. Gayana 63 (2): 63–65.

[R89] Rosa, D. 1889. I lombrichi della Spedizione Antarctica Italiana del 1882. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 137–146.

[RP07] Rousset, V., F. Pleijel, G. W. Rouse, C. Erséus & M. E. Siddall. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of annelids. Cladistics 23: 41–63.

[S90] Schwert, D. P. 1990. Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 341–356. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

Helichrysum

Helichrysum bellidioides, copyright Ghislain118.

Belongs within: Gnaphalieae.

Helichrysum is a genus of everlastings widespread throughout the Old World (Black & Robertson 1965). Members of the section Xerochlaena are prostrate creepers with herbaceous or very softly woody stems (Allan 1961).

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Involucre from hemispherical to cylindrical, of many unequal bracts in several rows, bracts usually rigid and sometimes with spreading small or conspicuous coloured laminae; flowers either all bisexual, or majority bisexual with comparatively few female ones in usually one outer row; flowers usually shorter than or not longer than involucre; rarely heads clustered without any general involucre. Pappus-bristles simple or barbellate or sometimes plumose towards summit but not plumose from base, usually united in a short ring.

<==Helichrysum Linnaeus 1753 A61
    `--H. sect. Xerochlaena A61
         |--H. bellidioides (Forster) Willd. 1800 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |    |--H. b. var. bellidioides A61
         |    |--H. b. var. gracile Allan 1961 A61
         |    `--H. b. var. prostratum (Hooker) Kirk 1899 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |--H. filicaule Hooker 1853 A61 [=Gnaphalium filicaule Hooker 1864 A61; incl. G. parviflorum Col. 1884 C06]
         `--H. × purdiei Petrie 1890 C06, A61 [H. bellidioides × H. glomeratum A61]

Helichrysum incertae sedis:
  *H. orientale A61
  H. adenophorum BR65
  H. adnatum [=Ozothamnus adnatus Candolle 1837] BR65
  H. ambiguum Turczaninow 1851 [=Leptorhynchos ambiguus; incl. H. semicalvum von Mueller 1861] BR65
    |--H. a. var. ambiguum BR65
    `--H. a. var. paucisetum BR65
  H. amboense CV06
  H. angustifolium B28
  H. anthemoides M99
  H. apiculatum BR65
    |--H. a. var. apiculatum BR65
    |--H. a. var. occidentale BR65
    `--H. a. var. racemosum BR65
  H. arenarium BR65
  H. ayersii BR65
  H. basedowii [incl. Leptorhynchos tetrachaetus var. penicillatus] BR65
  H. baxteri BR65
  H. bilobum Wakefield 1951 [incl. Ozothamnus retusus Sonder & von Mueller 1852 non H. retusum] BR65
    |--H. b. var. bilobum BR65
    `--H. b. var. scabrum (von Mueller) Robertson in Black & Robertson 1965 (see below for synonymy) BR65
  H. blandowskianum BR65
  H. bracteatum (Ventenat) Andrews 1805 BR65 (see below for synonymy)
  H. cassinianum [=Schoenia cassiniana] BR65
  H. catadromum Wakefield 1951 (see below for synonymy) BR65
  H. cinereum [=Ozothamnus cinereus] BR65
  H. corymbiflorumm M99
  H. cymosum C06
  H. deserticola CV06
  H. dockeri BR65
  H. erubescens CV06
  H. ferrugineum [=Ozothamnus ferrugineus] BR65
  H. floribundum M99
  H. foetidum C55
  H. × fowerakeri Cockayne 1916 [Ewartia sinclairii × H. bellidioides] A61
  H. frigidum C55
  H. gatesii BR65
  H. grandiflorum A27
  H. lentii PB27
  H. leucopsidium BR65
  H. luteoalbum LK14
  H. marlothianum CV06
  H. mellorianum BR65
  H. microglossum M99
  H. moschatum M99
  H. obtusifolium von Mueller & Sonder 1852 (see below for synonymy) BR65
  H. podolepideum BR65
  H. ramosissimum M99
  H. robustum PB27
  H. roseum (Lindley) Druce 1917 (see below for synonymy) BR65
    |--H. r. var. roseum BR65
    `--H. r. var. davenportii BR65
  H. rupestre R-CT01
  H. rupicola B00
  H. rutidolepis BR65
  H. scorpioides BR65
  H. semifertile BR65
  H. semipapposum BR65
  H. stoechas (Linnaeus) Moench 1794 PL04
    |--H. s. ssp. stoechas PL04
    `--H. s. ssp. barrelieri (Tenore) Nyman 1879 PL04
  H. strictum M99
  H. stuhlmannii PB27
  H. tephrodes Sweet 1827 BR65
  H. tepperi BR65

Helichrysum bellidioides (Forster) Willd. 1800 [=Xeranthemum bellidioides Forster 1786, Gnaphalium bellidioides Hooker 1853; incl. H. bellidioides var. erectum Kirk 1899] A61

Helichrysum bellidioides var. prostratum (Hooker) Kirk 1899 [=H. prostratum Hooker 1844, Gnaphalium prostratum Hooker 1853] A61

Helichrysum bilobum var. scabrum (von Mueller) Robertson in Black & Robertson 1965 [=Ozothamnus scaber von Mueller 1852, H. adnatum var. scabrum, H. decurrens var. scabrum] BR65

Helichrysum bracteatum (Ventenat) Andrews 1805 BR65 [=Xeranthemum bracteatum Ventenat 1804 BR65, Bracteantha bracteata B00; incl. Elichrysum lucidum Henckel 1806 BR65]

Helichrysum catadromum Wakefield 1951 [incl. Ozothamnus decurrens von Mueller 1857, H. decurrens von Mueller 1873 non Moench 1794] BR65

Helichrysum obtusifolium von Mueller & Sonder 1852 [incl. Ozothamnus tephrodes Turczaninow 1851 non H. tephrodes Sweet 1827] BR65

Helichrysum roseum (Lindley) Druce 1917 [=Lawrencella rosea Lindley 1839; incl. H. lawrencella von Mueller 1866] BR65

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Allan, H. H. 1927. The vegetation of Mount Peel, Canterbury, New Zealand. Part 2.—The grassland and other herbaceous communities. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 73–89.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[B28] Betrem, J. G. 1928. Monographie der Indo-Australischen Scoliiden mit zoogeographischen Betrachtungen. H. Veenman & Zonen: Wageningen.

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[R-CT01] Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 522–529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

Last updated: 25 March 2020.

Anaphalis

Pearl everlasting Anaphalis margaritacea, photographed by Pendragon39.

Belongs within: Gnaphalieae.

Anaphalis, the pearl everlastings, is a primarily Asian genus of composite-flowered plants whose inflorescences bear many scarious, usually white bracts surrounding the disk florets.

Characters (from Flora of China): Herbs, perennial, rarely annual or biennial, or subshrubs with somewhat woody rhizome. Stems erect or rosette-forming, simple or branching, densely white or ash-gray cottony tomentose. Leaves simple, alternate, rarely subopposite to opposite, sessile or petiolate or decurrent, oblong or lanceolate, entire. Capitula with many florets, 3-15 mm in diam., subglobose campanulate or subfunnelform, arranged in corymbiform or paniculate-corymbiform branched synflorescences, rarely solitary or 2 or 3 per synflorescence. Plants dioecious or heterogamous, having different types of florets: bisexual sterile florets with predominance of female florets arranged in many marginal rows and 1 to few central male florets, or many marginal rows of male florets and a few central female florets. Involucre campanulate, turbinate, or semispherical, base tomentose; phyllaries many seriate, imbricate, erect or expanding, scarious, lower parts brown, 1-veined, upper parts usually scarious, white or yellowish white or rarely pinkish. Receptacle subconvex or flat, alveolate, without squamules. Male florets: corolla tubular, 5-denticulate; stamens basally arrow-shaped with acerose tail; stigma with 2 short lobes, apex truncate. Female florets: corolla filiform, basally slightly dilated, 2-4-denticulate; style branches long, apex subrounded. Achene oblong or subrounded, with glandular hairs or mammilla or almost glabrous, in predominantly female capitula; achenes of male florets vestigial and usually absent in predominantly male capitula. Pappus in both florets consisting of 1 row of free deciduous white hairs, almost equal to corolla, scabrid, pinnate-incrassate at tip of apex in male florets, filiform and almost smooth or slightly scabrid at tip in female florets.

<==Anaphalis
    |--A. cavei O88
    |--A. contorta O88
    |    |--A. c. var. contorta O88
    |    `--A. c. var. flavescens O88
    |--A. keriensis B93
    |--A. margaritacea BS97
    |--A. royleana O88
    |--A. rupestris BS97
    |--A. subrigida B93
    |--A. subumbellata O88
    |--A. tenella O88
    |--A. trinervis BS97
    |--A. triplinervis B93
    |    |--A. t. var. triplinervis O88
    |    |--A. t. var. intermedia O88
    |    `--A. t. var. monocephala O88
    |--A. xylorhiza O88
    `--A. yunnanensis O88
         |--A. y. var. yunnanensis O88
         `--A. y. var. muliensis O88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B93] Breitwieser, I. 1993. Comparative leaf anatomy of New Zealand and Tasmanian Inuleae (Compositae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 111: 183–209.

[BS97] Breitwieser, I., & F. B. Sampson. 1997. Pollen characteristics of New Zealand Gnaphalieae (Compositae) and their taxonomic significance. Grana 36: 80–95.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

Raoulia

Raoulia australis, copyright Ghislain118.

Belongs within: Gnaphalieae.

Raoulia is an Australasian genus of low-growing, often mat- or cushion-forming herbs and subshrubs (Allan 1961).

Characters (from Allan 1961): Low-growing tufted or creeping and rooting herbs or subshrubs, often forming cushions or mats, with small, usually crowded leaves. Capitula heterogamous, discoid, solitary, sessile or subsessile, terminal. Phyllaries scarious to membranous, with or without radiate, usually white, tips. Receptacle small, alveolate, nude. Outer florets pistillate, filiform, 2–5-toothed. Anthers sagittate at base, cells produced into fine tails. Style-arms of disk-florets truncate and papillate. Achenes more or less oblong, glabrous to pubescent or setose to papillose. Pappus-hairs in several series, 50–150, or 15–25 in one series.

<==Raoulia Hooker 1846 A61
    |--R. subg. Raoulia BW98 [incl. R. subg. Euraoulia Beauverd 1912 A61]
    |    |--R. sect. Raoulia BW98 [incl. R. sect. Radiatae A61]
    |    |    |--*R. australis Hooker in Raoul 1846 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    |    |--R. glabra Hooker 1853 A61
    |    |    |--R. parkii Buchan. 1882 A61
    |    |    `--R. subsericea Hooker 1853 A61
    |    `--R. sect. Eradiatae BW98
    |         |--R. albosericea Colenso 1888 BW98, A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--R. apicinigra Kirk 1879 BW98, A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--R. beauverdii BW98
    |         |--R. cinerea Petrie 1913 A61
    |         |--R. haastii Hooker 1864 A61
    |         |--R. hookeri Allan 1961 A61
    |         |    |--R. h. var. hookeri A61
    |         |    `--R. h. var. laxa Allan 1961 A61
    |         |--R. monroi Hooker 1864 [incl. R. cheesemanii Beauverd 1912] A61
    |         `--R. tenuicaulis Hooker 1853 A61
    |              |--R. t. var. tenuicaulis A61
    |              |--R. t. var. dimorpha Allan 1961
    |              `--R. t. var. pusilla Kirk 1899 A61
    |--R. subg. Mistura Allan 1961 A61
    |    `--R. (subg. *M.) petriensis Kirk 1877 A61
    `--R. subg. Psychrophyton BW98
         |--R. sect. Acuminatae Allan 1961 A61
         |    `--R. (sect. *A.) subulata Hooker 1864 [=Psychrophyton subulatum Beauverd 1910] A61
         |--R. sect. Rotundatae BW98
         |    |--R. bryoides Hooker 1855 [=Psychrophyton bryoides Beauverd 1910] A61
         |    |--R. eximia Hooker 1864 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |    `--R. mammillaris Hooker 1864 [=Psychrophyton mammillare Beauverd 1910] A61
         |--R. sect. Trinerves BW98
         |    |--R. grandiflora Hooker 1853 (see below for synonymy) A61
         |    |--R. hectori Hooker 1864 [=Psychrophyton hectori Beauverd 1910] A61
         |    |    |--R. h. var. hectori A61
         |    |    `--R. h. var. mollis Buchan. in Kirk 1899 A61
         |    `--R. youngii (Hooker) Beauverd 1912 (see below for synonymy) A61
         `--R. sect. Truncatae BW98
              |--R. buchananii Kirk 1899 A61
              |--R. goyenii Kirk 1884 [=Psychrophyton goyeni Beauverd 1910] A61
              `--R. rubra Buchan. 1882 [=Psychrophyton rubrum Beauverd 1910] A61

Raoulia albosericea Colenso 1888 BW98, A61 [=R. australis var. albo-sericea Kirk 1899 A61, R. hookeri var. albo-sericea (Colenso) Allan 1961 A61]

Raoulia apicinigra Kirk 1879 BW98, A61 [=R. australis var. apice-nigra Kirk 1899 A61, R. hookeri var. apice-nigra (Kirk) Allan 1961 A61; incl. R. beauverdii Cockayne 1914 A61, R. monroi Beauverd 1912 non Hooker 1864 A61]

*Raoulia australis Hooker in Raoul 1846 [incl. R. australis var. lutescens Kirk 1899, R. lutescens Beauverd 1910] A61

Raoulia eximia Hooker 1864 [=Psychrophyton eximium Beauverd 1910; incl. R. brownii Kirk 1899, Haastia greenii Hooker in Kirk 1899, R. eximia var. lata Kirk 1899] A61

Raoulia grandiflora Hooker 1853 [=Psychrophyton grandiflorum Beauverd 1910; incl. Gnaphalium (Helichrysum) fasciculatum Buchan. 1877, Raoulia grandiflora var. fasciculata (Buchan.) Cheeseman 1925] A61

Raoulia youngii (Hooker) Beauverd 1912 [=Gnaphalium (Helichrysum) youngii Hooker 1864, Helichrysum youngii Kirk 1899, Psychrophyton youngii Beauverd 1910] A61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BW98] Breitwieser, I., & J. M. Ward. 1998. Leaf anatomy of Raoulia Hook. f. (Compositae, Gnaphalieae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 126: 217–235.

Aster

Michaelmas daisy Aster amellus, copyright Hectonichus.

Belongs within: Astereae.

Aster is a Holarctic genus of composite-flowered herbs. Members include the Michaelmas daisy Aster amellus, a perennial species most commonly found in calcareous, rocky soils that has become widely grown as an ornamental.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annual or perennial from caudex or rhizome. Stem generally erect, 1–20 dm. Leaves basal, cauline, or both, alternate, generally entire; basally generally petioled. Inflorescence with heads generally radiate, solitary or in a cyme or panicle; involucre obconic to hemispheric; phyllaries in 2–6 series, outer generally smaller than inner, free, at least inner with pale, papery margins; receptacle more or less flat, naked. Ray florets 0–many; corolla violet to pink or white. Disk florets many; corolla and anthers generally yellow, tube generally narrower than throat; anther tips more or less triangular; style branches flat on inner face, base more or less warty, tip acute, hairy. Fruit generally rounded, more or less ribbed, more or less brown; pappus of bristles, white to brownish.

<==Aster
    |--*A. amellus Linnaeus 1753 P01, CD07
    |--A. abbreviatus C55
    |--A. ageratoides MH98
    |--A. albescens O88
    |--A. alpigenus H93
    |    |--A. a. var. alpigenus H93
    |    `--A. a. var. andersonii H93
    |--A. alpinus H09
    |--A. altaicus O88
    |--A. ascendens [=A. adscendens] H93
    |--A. asteroides O88
    |--A. barbellatus O88
    |--A. bellidiflorus C55
    |--A. bernardinus H93
    |--A. breweri [=Chrysopsis breweri] H93
    |--A. brickellioides H93
    |--A. brumalis C55
    |--A. campestris H93
    |--A. canescens S72
    |--A. chilensis H93
    |--A. chinensis R00
    |--A. concinnatus C55
    |--A. diplostephioides O88
    |--A. dumosus C55
    |--A. eatonii H93
    |--A. engelmannii H93
    |--A. falconeri O88
    |    |--A. f. ssp. falconeri O88
    |    `--A. f. ssp. nepalensis O88
    |--A. flaccidus O88
    |--A. foliaceus H93
    |    |--A. f. var. foliaceus H93
    |    |--A. f. var. lyallii H93
    |    `--A. f. var. parryi [incl. A. foliaceus var. apricus] H93
    |--A. frondosus H93
    |--A. greatae [=A. greatai] H93
    |--A. heliopsis O88
    |--A. himalaicus O88
    |--A. imbricatus C06
    |--A. indamellus O88
    |--A. integrifolius H93
    |--A. laevigatus C55
    |--A. laevis C55
    |--A. lanceolatus V09
    |    |--A. l. ssp. lanceolatus H93
    |    `--A. l. ssp. hesperius H93
    |--A. ledophyllus H93
    |--A. lentus [=A. chilensis var. lentus; incl. A. chilensis var. sonomensis] H93
    |--A. leucanthemus C55
    |--A. mutabilis C55
    |--A. novae-angliae MS98
    |--A. novi-belgii C55
    |--A. occidentalis H93
    |    |--A. o. var. occidentalis [incl. A. o. var. delectabilis, A. o. var. intermedius, A. o. var. parishii] H93
    |    `--A. o. var. yosemitanus [incl. A. paludicola] H93
    |--A. oregonensis [incl. A. oregonensis ssp. californicus] H93
    |--A. parviflorus C55
    |--A. pauciflorus H93
    |--A. peirsonii H93
    |--A. radulinus H93
    |--A. rubricaulis C55
    |--A. salicifolius C55
    |--A. scopulorum H93
    |--A. squamatus Y98
    |--A. stracheyi O88
    |--A. subulatus BR65
    |    |--A. s. var. subulatus H93
    |    `--A. s. var. ligulatus H93
    |--A. tanacetifolius BT72
    |--A. tricephalus O88
    |--A. tripolium CS77
    `--A. versicolor C55

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BT72] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1972. New species and further notes on the Tetranychoidea mostly from the southwestern United States (Acarina: Tetranychidae and Tenuipalpidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 116: 1–37.

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1–E44.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[H09] Heltmann, H. 2009. Der Königstein (Piatra Craiului), die Perle der Burzenländer Gebirge. Mauritiana 20 (3): 515–527.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[MS98] Margulis, L., & K. V. Schwartz. 1998. Five Kingdoms: An Illustrated Guide to the Phyla of Life on Earth 3^rd ed. W. H. Freeman and Company: New York.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[P01] Pennisi, E. 2001. Linnaeus’s last stand? Science 291: 2304–2307.

[R00] Ramond, C. 1800. Suite des plantes inédites des Hautes-Pyrénées. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 2 (42): 140–141.

[S72] Shields, O. 1972. Flower visitation records for butterflies (Lepidoptera). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48 (3): 189–203.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the Wild Fauna and Flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

[Y98] Yannitsaros, A. 1998. Additions to the flora of Kithira (Greece) I. Willdenowia 28: 77–94.

Last updated: 30 December 2021.