Prostanthera

Pink-flowered variety of round-leaved mintbush Prostanthera rotundifolia, copyright Brian Walters.

Belongs within: Lamiaceae.

Prostanthera, mintbush, is a genus of often strongly-scented shrubs endemic to Australia.

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Shrubs or undershrubs, mostly strongly scented, with opposite leaves which sometimes appear clustered; flowers usually solitary and axillary with two narrow bracteoles on peduncle. Calyx usually campanulate, two-lipped, about ten-nerved, the lips entire or the lower one slightly notched; corolla-tube short, dilated into a broad two-lipped limb, the upper lip erect, broadly two-lobed and more or less hooded, the lower lip spreading, three-lobed, the middle lobe larger and usually obtusely notched; stamens 4, in pairs; anthers two-celled, usually with two linear appendages penicillate at summit and attached to back of cells, the upper part of each appendage adnate to the cell, the lower part of one appendage often protruding like a short spur below the base of the cell, the other appendage remaining very short; style long and slender, often curved, the two terminal lobes sometimes minute; nutlets reticulate-rugose.

<==Prostanthera
    |  i. s.: P. althoferi G04
    |         P. grylloana G04
    |         P. lasianthos BR65
    |--P. sect. Euprostanthera R65
    |    |--P. baxteri BR65
    |    |    |--P. b. var. baxteri BR65
    |    |    |--P. b. var. crassifolia BR65
    |    |    `--P. b. var. sericea BR65
    |    |--P. behriana BR65
    |    |--P. eurybioides BR65
    |    |--P. nudula Black ex Robertson 1965 R65
    |    |--P. rotundifolia BR65
    |    |--P. spinosa BR65
    |    |--P. striatiflora BR65
    |    `--P. wilkieana BR65
    `--P. sect. Klanderia BR65
         |--P. aspalathoides Cunn 1836 [incl. P. coccinea Mueller 1856] BR65
         |--P. calycina BR65
         |--P. chlorantha BR65
         |--P. microphylla [=Cryphia microphylla] BR65
         `--P. serpyllifolia [=Cryphia serpyllifolia] BR65

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae-Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35-47.

[R65] Robertson, E. L. 1965. Diagnoses to new taxa. In Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae-Compositae (Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson) pp. 946. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

Elsholtzieae

Northern horsebalm Collinsonia canadensis, copyright Michael Hough.

Belongs within: Lamiaceae.

The Elsholtzieae are a group of herbs and shrubs with an asymmetric floral disc and globose nutlets (Harley et al. 2004).

Characters (from Harley et al. 2004): Annual or perennial herbs or shrubs. Stems often four-angled. Leaves opposite, usually petiolate. Inflorescence usually an often secund raceme-like thyrse or panicle of 1(-3)-flowered cymes in the axils of usually much reduced bracts, sometimes conspicuous, broad, imbricate, often venose, bracteoles usually absent. Calyx ± 10-lobed, five-nerved (3/2), often more or less actinomorphic at anthesis, usually accrescent in fruit and usually becoming more distinctly two-lipped, corolla ± 2-lipped, 4-5-lobed (1-2/3), lobes usually with short, scarcely spreading lobes, posterior lip 1-2-lobed, anterior lip 3-lobed, corolla-tube often short. Stamens 4 or 2 by reduction, often exserted, weakly didynamous, divergent, filaments glabrous, anthers 2-thecous, thecae parallel to divergent, separate or apically confluent. Style with two usually equal, subulate stigma-lobes. Disc asymmetrical with anterior lobe elongate. Nutlets usually globose, sometimes reduced to one by abortion, smooth, reticulate or foveolate, abscission-scar very small, often circular.

<==Elsholtzieae
    |--Elsholtzia O88
    |    |--E. densa O88
    |    |--E. eriostachya O88
    |    |--E. fruticosa O88
    |    `--E. strobilifera O88
    `--Collinsonia Linnaeus 1753 [incl. Keiskea Miquel 1865] HPR03
         |--*C. canadensis HPR03
         |--C. australis (Wu & Li) Harley in Harley, Paton & Ryding 2003 [=Keiskea australis Wu & Li 1977] HPR03
         |--C. elsholtzioides (Merr.) Harley in Harley, Paton & Ryding 2003 [=Keiskea elsholtzioides Merr. 1937] HPR03
         |--C. glandulosa (Wu) Harley in Harley, Paton & Ryding 2003 [=Keiskea glandulosa Wu 1965] HPR03
         |--C. japonica (Miquel) Harley in Harley, Paton & Ryding 2003 [=*Keiskea japonica Miquel 1865] HPR03
         |--C. macrobracteata (Masam.) Harley in Harley, Paton & Ryding 2003 [=Keiskea macrobracteata Masam. 1940] HPR03
         |--C. sinensis (Diels) Harley in Harley, Paton & Ryding 2003 [=Keiskea sinensis Diels 1924] HPR03
         `--C. szechuanensis (Wu) Harley in Harley, Paton & Ryding 2003 [=Keiskea szechuanensis Wu 1965] HPR03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Harley, R. M., S. Atkins, A. L. Budantsev, P. D. Cantino, B. J. Conn, R. Grayer, M. M. Harley, R. de Kok, T. Krestovskaja, R. Morales, A. J. Paton, O. Ryding & T. Upson. 2004. Labiatae. In: Kadereit, J. W. (ed.) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants vol. 7. Flowering plants. Dicotyledons. Lamiales (except Acanthaceae, including Avicenniaceae) pp. 167-275. Springer.

[HPR03] Harley, R. M., A. J. Paton & O. Ryding. 2003. New synonymy and taxonomic changes in the Labiatae. Kew Bulletin 58: 485-489.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: An introductory note. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19-46.

Pedicularis

Pedicularis rhinanthoides ssp. labellata, from here.

Belongs within: Orobanchaceae.
Contains: Pedicularis section Phanerantha, Pedicularis section Nothosigmantha.

Pedicularis, louseworts, are a genus of hemiparasitic herbs with hooded flowers.

Characters (from Flora of China): Herbs perennial or annual, rarely biennial, hemiparasitic. Leaves alternate, opposite, or whorled, usually pinnatifid to 1- or 2-pinnatisect, rarely entire or dentate. Lower leaves usually long petiolate; upper leaves often more or less sessile. Inflorescences terminal or flowers axillary; bracts usually leaflike. Calyx tubular to campanulate, often more or less bilabiate, usually deeply cleft anteriorly, (2-)5-lobed. Corolla purple, red, yellow, or white, strongly bilabiate; upper lip (galea) hooded, enclosing anthers, laterally compressed, rounded or truncate, or terminating in teeth or in a beak; lower lip 3-lobed, usually spreading, external to upper lip in bud. Stamens 4, didynamous; filaments glabrous or pubescent; anthers mucronate or not. Stigma capitate. Capsule moderately compressed or not, loculicidal. Seeds numerous, reticulate or costate.

<==Pedicularis Linnaeus 1753 Y88
    |--P. group Allophyllum Li 1948 [incl. P. group Poeophyllum Li 1949] Y88
    |    |--P. sect. Pedicularis Y88
    |    |    |--P. ser. Carnosae Prain 1890 Y88
    |    |    |    `--P. bifida (Buchanan-Ham.) Pennell 1943 (see below for synonymy) Y88
    |    |    `--P. ser. Furfuraceae Prain 1891 Y88
    |    |         |--P. furfuracea Wallich ex Bentham 1835 Y88
    |    |         |--P. microcalyx Hooker 1884 Y88
    |    |         `--P. pantlingii Prain 1889 [incl. P. furfuracea var. integrifolia Hooker 1884] Y88
    |    |--P. sect. Botryantha Li 1949 Y88
    |    |    `--P. ser. Rhinanthoises Prain 1890 Y88
    |    |         `--P. rhinanthoides Y88
    |    |              |--P. r. ssp. rhinanthoides Y88
    |    |              `--P. r. ssp. labellata (Jacquem.) Prain ex Pennell 1943 (see below for synonymy) Y88
    |    |--P. sect. Dolichomischus Li 1949 Y88
    |    |    |--P. ser. Corydaloides Li 1949 Y88
    |    |    |    |--P. breviscaposa Yamazaki 1954 Y88
    |    |    |    `--P. cryptantha Y88
    |    |    `--P. ser. Regelianae Yamazaki in Hara et al. 1982 Y88
    |    |         `--P. (ser. *Regelianae) regeliana Prain 1889 Y88
    |    |--P. sect. Lasioglossa Li 1949 Y88
    |    |    |--P. ser. Craspedotrichae Li 1949 Y88
    |    |    |    |--P. anserantha Yamazaki 1963 [incl. P. ingentoides Yamazaki 1970] Y88
    |    |    |    |    |--P. a. var. anserantha Y88
    |    |    |    |    `--P. a. var. elevatogaleata (Yamazaki) Yamazaki 1988 [=P. elevatogaleata Yamazaki 1970] Y88
    |    |    |    `--P. clarkei Hooker 1884 Y88
    |    |    |--P. ser. Lachnoglossae Prain 1949 Y88
    |    |    |    `--P. lachnoglossa Hooker 1884 Y88
    |    |    `--P. ser. Trichoglossae Li 1949 Y88
    |    |         `--P. trichoglossa Hooker 1884 Y88
    |    |--P. sect. Leptochilus Yamazaki 1988 [=P. ser. Excelsae Maximowicz 1888] Y88
    |    |    `--P. (sect. *Leptochilus) excelsa Hooker 1884 Y88
    |    |--P. sect. Leptocladus Yamazaki 1988 [=P. ser. Muscicolae Maximowicz 1888] Y88
    |    |    |--P. (sect. *Leptocladus) muscicola Y88
    |    |    `--P. terrenoflora Yamazaki in Ohashi 1975 Y88
    |    |--P. sect. Phanerantha Y88
    |    |--P. sect. Rhizophyllastrum (Tsoong) Yamazaki 1988 (see below for synonymy) Y88
    |    |    |--P. ser. Asplenifoliae Prain 1890 [incl. P. ser. Albiflorae Tsoong 1963] Y88
    |    |    |    |--P. albiflora (Hooker) Prain 1889 [=P. asplenifolia var. albiflora Hooker 1884] Y88
    |    |    |    `--P. sikkimensis Bonati ex Smith 1913 [incl. P. lamjungensis Yamazaki 1970] Y88
    |    |    |--P. ser. Filiculae Li 1949 Y88
    |    |    |    |--P. trichodonta Yamazaki 1978 Y88
    |    |    |    `--P. wallichii Bunge ex Walpers 1844-1845 [incl. P. wallichoides Yamazaki 1971] Y88
    |    |    `--P. ser. Perpusillae Yamazaki 1986 Y88
    |    |         |--P. pseudoregeliana Tsoong 1955 Y88
    |    |         `--P. yalungensis Yamazaki 1986 Y88
    |    |--P. sect. Rhizophyllum Li 1949 Y88
    |    |    `--P. ser. Flammeae Prain 1890 Y88
    |    |         |--P. muscoides Y88
    |    |         |    |--P. m. ssp. muscoides Y88
    |    |         |    `--P. m. ssp. himalayca Yamazaki 1986 Y88
    |    |         `--P. oederi Y88
    |    |              |--P. o. ssp. oederi Y88
    |    |              `--P. o. ssp. heteroglossa (Prain) Pennell 1943 [=P. oederi var. heteroglossa Prain 1889] Y88
    |    `--P. sect. Saccochilus Yamazaki 1988 [=P. ser. Megalanthae Prain 1890] Y88
    |         |--P. (sect. *Saccochilus) megalantha Don 1846 Y88
    |         |--P. cornigera Yamazaki 1980 Y88
    |         |--P. hoffmeisteri Klotzsch in Klotzsch & Garke 1862 (see below for synonymy) Y88
    |         `--P. pauciflora (Prain) Pennell 1943 (see below for synonymy) Y88
    `--P. group Cyclophyllum Li 1948 Y88
         |--P. sect. Astenocaulus (Tsoong) Yamazaki 1988 [=Grex Cyclocladus subgrex Astenocaulus Tsoong 1963] Y88
         |    |--P. ser. Flexuosae Prain 1890 Y88
         |    |    |--P. annapurnensis Yamazaki 1970 Y88
         |    |    |--P. flexuosa Hooker 1884 Y88
         |    |    |--P. oxyrhyncha Yamazaki 1986 Y88
         |    |    `--P. porrecta Wallich ex Bentham 1835 Y88
         |    `--P. ser. Pectinatae Prain 1891 Y88
         |         `--P. pectinata Y88
         |              |--P. p. ssp. pectinata Y88
         |              `--P. p. ssp. palans (Prain) Pennell 1943 [=P. pectinata var. palans Prain 1891] Y88
         |--P. sect. Brachystachys (Tsoong) Yamazaki 1988 [=Grex Dolichophyllum subgrex Brachystachys Tsoong 1963] Y88
         |    |--P. ser. Collatae Prain 1890 Y88
         |    |    `--P. collata Prain 1889 Y88
         |    `--P. ser. Ophiocephalae Prain 1890 Y88
         |         `--P. ophiocephala Maximowicz 1888 Y88
         |--P. sect. Cryptorhynchus Yamazaki 1988 (see below for synonymy) Y88
         |    |--P. (sect. *Cryptorhynchus) ludlowiana Y88
         |    `--P. tamurensis Yamazaki 1970 Y88
         |--P. sect. Elephanticeps Yamazaki 1988 [=P. ser. Integrifoliae Prain 1890] Y88
         |    `--P. (sect. *Elephanticeps) integrifolia Hooker 1884 Y88
         |--P. sect. Nothosigmantha Y88
         |--P. sect. Orthorrrhynchus (Prain) Yamazaki 1988 [=Orthorrhynchae B. Euorthorrhynchae Prain 1890] Y88
         |    |--P. ser. Debiles Prain 1890 Y88
         |    |    |--P. confertiflora Prain 1889 [incl. P. sectifolia Yamazaki 1982] Y88
         |    |    |--P. heydei Prain 1889 Y88
         |    |    |--P. paradoxa (Prain) Yamazaki 1986 [=P. instar var. paradoxa Prain 1889] Y88
         |    |    `--P. poluninii Tsoong 1955 Y88
         |    |--P. ser. Pseudo-asplenifoliae Prain 1891 [incl. P. ser. Pseudorostratae Limpricht 1924] Y88
         |    |    `--P. schizorrhyncha Prain 1889 Y88
         |    `--P. ser. Remotilobae Tsoong 1963 Y88
         |         `--P. odontoloma Yamazaki 1978 Y88
         |--P. sect. Orthosiphonia Li 1948 Y88
         |    |--P. ser. Denudatae Prain 1890 Y88
         |    |    `--P. denudata Hooker 1884 Y88
         |    |--P. ser. Gibberae Prain 1891 Y88
         |    |    `--P. gibbera Prain 1889 Y88
         |    `--P. ser. Molles Tsoong 1963 Y88
         |         `--P. mollis Wallich ex Bentham 1835 Y88
         `--P. sect. Sigmantha Li 1948 Y88
              `--P. ser. Verticillatae Maximowicz 1877 Y88
                   |--P. diffusa Prain 1893 Y88
                   |--P. kansuensis Maximowicz 1881 [incl. P. verticillata var. chinensis Maximowicz 1877] Y88
                   |--P. muguensis Yamazaki 1988 Y88
                   |--P. nana Fischer 1940 Y88
                   |--P. nodosa Pennell 1943 Y88
                   `--P. roylei Maximowicz 1881 Y88
                        |--P. r. var. roylei Y88
                        `--P. r. var. speciosa (Prain) Yamazaki 1988 (see below for synonymy) Y88

Pedicularis incertae sedis:
  P. aspleniifolia C55b
  P. capitata C55a
  P. euphrasioides C55a
  P. flammea C55a
  P. foliosa OP01
  P. hirsuta C55a
  P. jacquini C55a
  P. langsdorffii C55a
  P. lapponica C55a
  P. palustris C55a
  P. recutita C55a
  P. rostrata C55a
  P. sceptrum-carolinum RS99
  P. sudetica C55a
  P. versicolor C55a
  P. verticillata C55a

Pedicularis sect. Cryptorhynchus Yamazaki 1988 non Cryptorhynchus Illiger 1807 (ICZN) [=P. ser. Ludlowianae Tsoong 1954] Y88

Pedicularis sect. Rhizophyllastrum (Tsoong) Yamazaki 1988 [=Grex Rhizophyllum subgrex Rhizophyllastrum Tsoong 1963] Y88

Pedicularis bifida (Buchanan-Ham.) Pennell 1943 [=Rhinanthus bifidus Buchanan-Ham. ex Don 1825; incl. P. carnosa Wallich 1831] Y88

Pedicularis hoffmeisteri Klotzsch in Klotzsch & Garke 1862 [=P. megalantha var. hoffmeisteri (Klotzsch) Sealy 1939] Y88

Pedicularis pauciflora (Prain) Pennell 1943 [=P. megalantha var. pauciflora Prain ex Maximowicz 1888; incl. P. megalochila ssp. longituba Yamazaki 1980] Y88

Pedicularis rhinanthoides ssp. labellata (Jacquem.) Prain ex Pennell 1943 [=P. labellata Jacquem. 1835, P. rhinanthoides var. labellata (Jacquem.) Prain 1889; incl. P. rhinanthoides var. tibetica Bonati 1913 non P. anas var. tibetica Bonati 1907, P. rhinanthoides ssp. tibetica (Bonati) Tsoong 1963] Y88

Pedicularis roylei var. speciosa (Prain) Yamazaki 1988 [=P. roylei subvar. speciosa Prain 1891; incl. P. roylei ssp. megalantha Tsoong 1963 non P. megalantha Don 1825, P. rupicoloides Yamazaki 1954, P. saipalensis Yamazaki 1970] Y88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[OP01] Olmstead, R. G., C. W. dePamphilis, A. D. Wolfe, N. D. Young, W. J. Elisons & P. A. Reeves. 2001. Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae. American Journal of Botany 88 (2): 348-361.

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1-248.

[Y88] Yamazaki, T. 1988. A revision of the genus Pedicularis in Nepal. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 91-161.

Pedicularis section Phanerantha

Pedicularis longiflora ssp. tubiformis, copyright M. Dvorský.

Belongs within: Pedicularis.

The section Phanerantha of the genus Pedicularis includes species with inflorescences in robust racemes bearing many large dense flowers, in which the lower lip of the corolla is large, broad and distinctly three-lobed, the middle lobe being broadly orbicular or obcordate (Yamazaki 1988).

<==Pedicularis sect. Phanerantha Li 1949
    |--P. ser. Macranthae Prain 1890
    |    |--P. klotzschii Hurusawa 1948 [incl. P. ochroleuca Duthie ex Maximowicz 1888 non Schloss ex Reichenbach 1755]
    |    |--P. macrantha Klotzsch in Klotzsch & Garke 1862
    |    `--P. scullyana Prain ex Maximowicz 1888
    |--P. ser. Longiflorae Prain 1890
    |    |--P. hookeriana Wallich ex Bentham 1835 [incl. P. himalaica Klotzsch ex Klotzsch & Garke 1862]
    |    |--P. longiflora
    |    |    |--P. l. ssp. longiflora
    |    |    `--P. l. ssp. tubiformis (Klotzsch) Pennell 1943 (see below for synonymy)
    |    `--P. siphonantha Don 1825 [incl. P. tsoongii Yamazaki 1971]
    `--P. ser. Robustae Prain 1890
         |--P. elwesii Hooker 1884
         `--P. nepalensis Prain 1889

Pedicularis longiflora ssp. tubiformis (Klotzsch) Pennell 1943 [=P. tubiformis Klotzsch ex Klotzsch & Garke 1864, P. longiflora var. tubiformis (Klotzsch) Tsoong 1955]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Yamazaki, T. 1988. A revision of the genus Pedicularis in Nepal. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 91-161.

Pedicularis section Nothosigmantha

Pedicularis gracilis, copyright Plant.Hunter.

Belongs within: Pedicularis.

The section Nothosigmantha of the genus Pedicularis contains species in which the galea is at least shortly beaked, and the leaves most commonly (3-)4-verticillate, rarely opposite (Yamazaki 1988).

<==Pedicularis sect. Nothosigmantha (Tsoong) Yamazaki 1988 [=Grex Sigmantha subgrex Nothosigmantha Tsoong 1963] Y88
    |--P. ser. Cheilanthifoliae Maximowicz 1888 Y88
    |    |--P. anas Y88
    |    |    |--P. a. ssp. anas Y88
    |    |    `--P. a. ssp. nepalensis (Yamazaki) Yamazaki 1986 (see below for synonymy) Y88
    |    `--P. globifera Hooker 1884  Y88
    `--P. ser. Graciles Maximowicz 1877 [incl. P. ser. Alopecuroides Li 1948, P. ser. Brevifoliae Prain 1890] Y88
         |--P. brevifolia Don 1825 Y88
         |--P. chamissonoides Yamazaki 1970 Y88
         |--P. gracilis Wallich ex Bentham 1835 (see below for synonymy) Y88
         |--P. instar Prain ex Maximowicz 1888 Y88
         `--P. pennelliana Tsoong 1955 (see below for synonymy) Y88

Pedicularis anas ssp. nepalensis (Yamazaki) Yamazaki 1986 [=P. cheilanthifolia ssp. nepalensis Yamazaki 1982; incl. P. anas var. tibetica Bonati 1907] Y88

Pedicularis gracilis Wallich ex Bentham 1835 [incl. P. brunoniana Wallich 1829 (n. n.), P. gracilis ssp. stricta (Prain) Tsoong 1963] Y88

Pedicularis pennelliana Tsoong 1955 [incl. P. gracilis var. macrocarpa Prain 1891, P. gracilis ssp. macrocarpa (Prain) Tsoong 1955, P. gracilis f. prostrata Prain 1891] Y88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[Y88] Yamazaki, T. 1988. A revision of the genus Pedicularis in Nepal. In The Himalayan Plants vol. 1 (H. Ohba & S. B. Malla, eds) The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 91-161.

Rhinocricidae

Rhinocricus sp., from here.

Belongs within: Spirobolida.

The Rhinocricidae are a family of millipedes found in Central and northern South America, and from Indonesia and the Philippines to eastern Australia.

Characters (from Marek et al. 2003): Collum wide with a broad, rounded ventrolateral aspect; scobinae usually present. Anterior and posterior gonopods separate; posterior gonopods (phallopods) usually nestled within gonocoel of anterior gonopod (coleopod). Anterior gonopod comprising a sternite that is usually triangular-shaped, transverse proximally and narrow distally. Coxal aspect of posterior gonopod typically narrow and flattene, telopodite either flagellate or spatulate.

<==Rhinocricidae
    |--Perucricus Kraus 1954 K54a
    |    `--*P. rostratus Kraus 1954 K54a
    |--Eurhinocricus K54a
    |    |--E. angustiramus Kraus 1954 K54a
    |    `--E. peruvianus Kraus 1954 K54a
    `--Rhinocricus K55
         |--R. aguaytiae Kraus 1955 K55
         |--R. annexus Chamberlin 1941 K55
         |--R. bicornis B13
         |--R. biincisus B13
         |--R. brevipes B13
         |--R. buergeri Silvestri 1899 K54a
         |--R. caudatus B13
         |--R. centralis K54b
         |--R. cophurus Chamberlin 1941 K55
         |--R. crepidatus [=Spirobolus (Rhinocricus) crepidatus, Pelmatoiulus crepidatus] B13
         |--R. cristovalensis B13
         |--R. dimissus B13
         |--R. dives B13
         |--R. excavatus B13
         |--R. fasciculatus B13
         |--R. gazellensis B13
         |--R. gravis B13
         |--R. mertensi Kraus 1954 K54b
         |--R. montivagus B13
         |--R. motulensis K54b
         |--R. opulentus B13
         |--R. sennae B13
         |--R. simulans K54b
         |--R. siviensis Verhoeff 1941 K55
         |--R. undulatus B13
         `--R. zaratensis Kraus 1955 K55

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B13] Brölemann, H. W. 1913. The Myriapoda in the Australian Museum. Part ii. Diplopoda. Records of the Australian Museum 10 (6): 77-158, plates XIV-XVIII.

[K54a] Kraus, O. 1954a. Myriapoden aus Peru, II. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35: 17-55.

[K54b] Kraus, O. 1954b. Myriapoden aus El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (5-6): 293-349.

[K55] Kraus, O. 1955. Myriapoden aus Peru, III. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (3-4): 173-200.

Marek, P. E., J. E. Bond & P Sierwald. 2003. Rhinocricidae systematics II: a species catalog of the Rhinocricidae (Diplopoda: Spirobolida) with synonymies. Zootaxa 308: 1-108.

Polydesmida

Subterranean millipedes Stygiochiropus, from The Telegraph.

Belongs within: Eugnatha.
Contains: Rhachodesmidae, Xystodesmoidea, Platyrhacidae, Catharosoma, Antichiropus, Australiosomatini, Pyrgodesmidae, Macrosternodesmidae, Polydesmoidea.

The Polydesmida, flat-backed millipedes, are a diverse group of millipedes commonly bearing distinct lateral keels on the body segments. These keels are directed nearly ventrally in members of the family Sphaeriodesmidae, which are capable of volvation (rolling into a ball); in members of the remaining, non-volvating families they are directed more horizontally (Hoffman 1990).

Characters (from Hoffman 1990): Body of adults with 18 to 20 segments, the segmental sclerites fused into a single solid ring usually without trace of sutures. Ocelli absent. Gonopores formed from anterior leg-pair of seventh segment.

<==Polydesmida [Merocheta, Proterospermophora]
    |--Chelodesmidea H90
    |    |--Xystodesmoidea H90
    |    |--Platyrhacidae H90
    |    `--Sphaeriodesmidae [Cyclodesmidae, Desmonidae, Sphaeriodesminae, Sphaerodesmoidea] H90
    |         |--Colobodesmus triramus Kraus 1954 K54
    |         |--Desmonus H90
    |         |--Desmoniella H90
    |         `--Sphaeriodesmus K54
    |              |--S. angustatus K54
    |              |--S. bukowinus Chamberlin 1952 K54
    |              |--S. digitatus K54
    |              |--S. longiramus Kraus 1954 K54
    |              `--S. nodulosus Kraus 1954 K54
    |--Paradoxosomatide [Paradoxosomatidea, Strongylosomatidea, Strongylosomidae] H90
    |    |  i. s.: Catharosoma K55
    |    |         Oxidus gracilis (Koch 1847) CWH13
    |    |         Asiomorpha coarctata H90
    |    |         Orthomorpha K55
    |    |           |--O. (Orthomorpha) coarctata (Saussure 1860) [=Polydesmus coarctatus] K54
    |    |           |    |--O. c. coarctata A27
    |    |           |    `--O. c. gigas Attems 1927 A27
    |    |           `--O. (Kalorthomorpha) gracilis (Koch 1847) [=Fontaria gracilis] K55
    |    |         Chondrodesmus Silvestri 1897 K54
    |    |           |--C. acuticollis Attems 1931 K54
    |    |           |--C. alidens K54
    |    |           |--C. montanus (Pocock 1909) [=Dirhabdophallus montanus] K54
    |    |           |--C. orientalis Kraus 1954 K54
    |    |           `--C. panamenus K54
    |    |         Habrodesmus K55
    |    |           |--H. acollae Kraus 1955 K55
    |    |           |--H. (Titschackia) andinus (Verhoeff 1941) [=Titschackia andina] K55
    |    |           |--H. llaguenicus Kraus 1954 K55
    |    |           |    |--H. l. llaguenicus K55
    |    |           |    `--H. l. taulisensis Kraus 1955 K55
    |    |           |--H. semirugosus (Pocock 1888) K54
    |    |           `--H. uncinatus Kraus 1954 K54
    |    |         Solaenodolichopus Verhoeff 1924 [=Solänodolichopus] CH14
    |    |           |--S. pruvoti (BRolemann 1931) CWH13
    |    |           |--S. teres (Verhoeff 1924) [=Antichiropus (Solaenodolichopus) teres] CH14
    |    |           `--S. vittatus (Verhoeff 1924) [=Antichiropus (Solaenodolichopus) vittatus] CH14
    |    |                |--S. v. vittatus CH14
    |    |                `--S. v. dorsalis (Verhoeff 1924) [=Antichiropus (Solaenodolichopus) vittatus dorsalis] CH14
    |    |         Haplochiropus Attems 1944 CH14
    |    |           `--*H. pustulosus (Attems 1944) [=Antichiropus (*Haplochiropus) pustulosus] CH14
    |    |         Akamptogonus novarae (Humbert & de Saussure 1869) CWH13
    |    |         Hylomus LH62
    |    |         Centrodesmus LH62
    |    |         Pratinus LH62
    |    |--Australiosomatinae CH13
    |    |    |  i. s.: Mjoebergodesmus Verhoeff 1924 CH13
    |    |    |         Hoplatessara Verhoeff 1928 CH13
    |    |    |         Dicladosomella Jeekel 1982 CH13
    |    |    |         Oncocladosoma Jeekel 1985 CH13
    |    |    |         Somethus Chamberlin 1920 CH13
    |    |    |--Antichiropodini CH14
    |    |    |    |--Antichiropus CH13
    |    |    |    |--Helicopodosoma Verhoeff 1924 CWH13
    |    |    |    |--Stygiochiropus Humphreys & Shear 1993 CWH13
    |    |    |    |    `--S. communis HH95
    |    |    |    `--Notodesmus Chamberlin 1920 CWH13
    |    |    `--Australiosomatini CWH13
    |    `--Strongylosomini S32
    |         |--Strongylosoma B13
    |         |    |--S. innotatum (Karsch 1881) [=Polydesmus (Strongylosoma) innotatum] B13
    |         |    |--S. novarrae (von Humboldt & Sauss. 1869) [=Polydesmus (Strongylosoma) novarrae] B13
    |         |    |--S. rubripes (Koch 1867) [=Polydesmus (Strongylosoma) rubripes] B13
    |         |    |--S. sagittarium (Karsch 1881) [=Polydesmus (Strongylosoma) sagittarium] B13
    |         |    `--S. semoni Attems 1898 B13
    |         `--Onciurosoma Silvestri 1932 S32
    |              |--*O. neotropicum Silvestri 1932 S32
    |              `--O. acisternum Silvestri 1932 S32
    `--Polydesmidea H90
         |--Pyrgodesmidae H90
         |--Macrosternodesmidae H90
         `--Polydesmoidea H90

Polydesmida incertae sedis:
  Desmoxytes RHV04
  Tridontomidae LH62
    |--Tridontomus Loomis & Hoffman 1962 LH62
    |    `--*T. procerus Loomis & Hoffman 1962 LH62
    `--Aenigmopus Loomis & Hoffman 1962 LH62
         `--*A. alatus Loomis & Hoffman 1962 LH62
  Eustrongylosoma Silvestri 1896 B13
    |--*E. fasciatum (Silvestri 1894) [=Strongylosoma fasciatum] B13
    `--E. transversefasciatum Silvestri 1897 B13
  Atopogonus LH62
  Telonychopus LH62
  Rhachodesmidae LH62

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A27] Attems, C. 1927. Myriopoden von Ambon und anderen Inseln der Banda-See. Zoologische Mededeelingen 10: 61–70.

[B13] Brölemann, H. W. 1913. The Myriapoda in the Australian Museum. Part ii. Diplopoda. Records of the Australian Museum 10 (6): 77–158, pls 14–18.

[CH13] Car, C. A., & M. S. Harvey. 2013. A review of the Western Australian keeled millipede genus Boreohesperus (Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Paradoxosomatidae). ZooKeys 290: 1–19.

[CH14] Car, C. A., & M. S. Harvey. 2014. The millipede genus Antichiropus (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae), part 2: species of the Great Western Woodlands region of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 29 (1): 20–77.

[CWH13] Car, C. A., J. M. Wojcieszek & M. S. Harvey. 2013. The millipede genus Antichiropus (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Paradoxosomatidae), part 1: redefinition of the genus and redescriptions of existing species. Records of the Western Australian Museum 28 (2): 83–118.

[HH95] Harvey, M. S., & W. F. Humphreys. 1995. Notes on the genus Draculoides Harvey (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae), with the description of a new troglobitic species. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 183–189.

[H90] Hoffman, R. L. 1990. Diplopoda. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 835–860. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[K54] Kraus, O. 1954. Myriapoden aus El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (5–6): 293–349.

[K55] Kraus, O. 1955. Myriapoden aus Peru, III. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (3–4): 173–200.

[LH62] Loomis, H. F., & R. L. Hoffman. 1962. A remarkable new family of spined polydesmoid Diplopoda, including a species lacking gonopods in the male sex. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 145–158.

[RHV04] Racheboeuf, P. R., J. T. Hannibal & J. Vannier. 2004. A new species of the diplopod Amynilyspes (Oniscomorpha) from the Stephanian Lagerstätte of Montceau-les-Mines, France. Journal of Paleontology 78 (1): 221–229.

[S32] Silvestri, F. 1932. Description of a new genus and two new species of South American Diplopoda of the family Polydesmidae. American Museum Novitates 565: 1–4.

Last updated: 25 May 2017.