Leporidae

Reconstruction of Hypolagus, from here.

Belongs within: Lagomorpha.
Contains: Leporinae.

The Leporidae includes the rabbits and hares, small to medium-sized herbivorous mammals with generally elongate ears and feet. Early representatives include the Late Miocene to Early Pleistocene Hypolagus which first appeared in North America before dispersing to Eurasia and differed from more derived forms in retaining only a single anterior reentrant on the second upper premolar. The Notolagini are a North American Pliocene to Pleistocene group with a deep anterointernal reentrant on the third lower premolar (Averianov 1999).

Synapomorphies (from Averianov 1999, for crown-group excluding Hypolagus): P2 with three or more reentrants; M3 reduced, width <40% of width of M2; p3 with both posteroexternal and posterointernal reentrants present.

<==Leporidae P04
    |--Hypolagus Dice 1917 A99
    |    |--H. beremendensis (Petényi 1864) (see below for synonymy) P04
    |    |--H. brachignathus P04
    |    |--H. igrmovi Gureev 1964 P04
    |    `--H. vetus TH03
    `--+--Alilepus Dice 1931 A99
       |--Leporinae A99
       `--Notolagini A99
            |--Pronotolagus White 1991 A99
            `--+--Notolagus Wilson 1938 A99
               `--Paranotolagus Miller & Carranza-Castañeda 1982 A99

Leporidae incertae sedis:
  Panolax Cope 1874 (n. d.) A99
    `--P. sanctaefidaei Cope 1874 C77
  Aluralagus Downey 1968 A99
  Lushilagus Li 1965 SM93
  Procaprolagus Gureev 1960 SM93
    `--P. vusillus S96
  Mytonolagus Burke 1938 SM93
    |--M. petersoni P96
    `--M. robustus P96
  Tachylagus gawneae Storer 1992 S96
  Megalagus S96
    |--M. brachyodon (Matthew 1903) S96
    |--M. primitivus Dawson 1958 S96
    `--M. turgidus (Cope 1873) S96
  Chadrolagus emryi TPG96

Hypolagus beremendensis (Petényi 1864) [=Lepus beremendensis, Pliolagus beremendensis; incl. P. tothi Kretzoi 1941] P04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A99] Averianov, A. O. 1999. Phylogeny and classification of Leporidae (Mammalia, Lagomorpha). Vestnik Zoologii 33 (1–2): 41–48.

[C77] Cope, E. D. 1877. Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (2): i–iv, 1–370.

[P04] Popov, V. V. 2004. Pliocene small mammals (Mammalia, Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia) from Muselievo (north Bulgaria). Geodiversitas 26 (3): 403–491.

[P96] Prothero, D. R. 1996. Magnetic stratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Middle Eocene Uinta Formation, Uinta Basin, Utah. In: Prothero, D. R., & R. J. Emry (eds) The Terrestrial Eocene–Oligocene Transition in North America pp. 3–24. Cambridge University Press.

[S96] Storer, J. E. 1996. Eocene-Oligocene faunas of the Cypress Hills Formation, Saskatchewan. In: Prothero, D. R., & R. J. Emry (eds) The Terrestrial Eocene–Oligocene Transition in North America pp. 240–261. Cambridge University Press.

[SM93] Stucky, R. K., & M. C. McKenna. 1993. Mammalia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 739–771. Chapman & Hall: London.

[TPG96] Tabrum, A. R., D. R. Prothero & D. Garcia. 1996. Magnetostratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Eocene-Oligocene transition, southwestern Montana. In: Prothero, D. R., & R. J. Emry (eds) The Terrestrial Eocene–Oligocene Transition in North America pp. 278–311. Cambridge University Press.

[TH03] Tedford, R. H., & C. R. Harington. 2003. An Arctic mammal fauna from the Early Pliocene of North America. Nature 425: 388–390.

Last updated: 30 January 2022.

Blarina

Northern short-tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda, photographed by Jamie McCarthy.

Belongs within: Soricidae.

Blarina, the short-tailed shrews, is a genus found in eastern North America. Members of this genus secrete a neurotoxic venom from submaxillary glands that can cause pain for several days in humans bitten (Nowak 1999). Morphologically, the species are primarily distinguished by size, with the northern short-tailed shrew Blarina brevicauda on average larger than the southern short-tailed shrew B. carolinensis, with Elliot's short-tailed shrew B. hylophaga being intermediate both in size and geographical range. However, substantial overlap in size ranges can occur, and morphological distinction of the species can be difficult (Reilly et al. 2005).

Characters (from Nowak 1999): Head and body length 75-105 mm, tail length 17-30 mm, weight 15-30 g. Upper parts slate-coloured, underparts slightly paler. Body robust; snout pointed; eyes small; ears hidden by fur. 32 teeth, with five unicuspid teeth in upper jaw: the second and third incisors, the canine, a normal premolar and a minute premolar.

<==Blarina Gray 1838 [incl. Anotus Wagner 1855, Mamblarinaus Herrera 1899, Talposorex Pomel 1848] V67
    |--B. brevicauda (Say in James 1823) B75 [=Sorex brevicaudus B75; incl. Galemys micrurus Pomel 1848 G69]
    |    |--B. b. brevicauda GC72
    |    |--B. b. churchi GC72
    |    |--B. b. kirtlandi GC72
    |    |--B. b. minima B75
    |    `--B. b. talpoides GC72
    |--B. carolinensis (Bachman 1837) RM05, B75 [=Sorex carolinensis B75, B. brevicauda carolinensis RM05]
    |    |--B. c. carolinensis RM05
    |    |--B. c. peninsulae RM05
    |    `--B. c. shermani RM05
    |--B. hylophaga [=B. brevicauda hylophaga] RM05
    |    |--B. h. hylophaga RM05
    |    `--B. h. plumbea [=B. brevicauda plumbea] RM05
    `--B. telmalestes GC72

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[GC72] Genoways, H. H. & J. R. Choate. 1972. A multivariate analysis of systematic relationships among populations of the short-tailed shrew (genus Blarina) in Nebraska. Systematic Zoology 21 (1): 106–116.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed., vol. 1. John Hopkins University Press.

[RM05] Reilly, S. M., R. W. Manning, C. C. Nice & M. R. J. Forstner. 2005. Systematics of isolated populations of short-tailed shrews (Soricidae: Blarina) in Texas. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (5): 887–894.

[V67] Van Valen, L. 1967. New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135 (5): 217–284.

Ochrophyta

Nannochloropsis oculata, from SBAE Industries NV.

Belongs within: Heterokonta.
Contains: Diatomeae, Marista, Chrysomonadea.

The Ochrophyta includes the photosynthetic heterokonts (golden and brown algae, etc.) and their secondarily non-photosynthetic deerivatives. They possess either a single ciliary transition region helix (Phaeista) or lack this helix entirely (Khakista) (Cavalier-Smith & Chao 2006).

Ochrophyta [Chrysomonadida, Chrysophycophyta, Chrysophyta, Dictyochiae, Ochrista]
    |--Khakista [Khakiphytina] C-SC06
    |    |--Diatomeae C-SC06
    |    `--Bolidomonas [Bolidomonadales, Bolidophyceae] C-SC06
    |         |--B. mediterranea C-SC06
    |         `--B. pacifica C-SC06
    |              |--B. p. var. pacifica C-SC06
    |              `--B. p. var. eleuthera C-SC06
    `--Phaeista [Chrysista, Limnistia] C-SC06
         |--Marista C-SC06
         `--Limnista C-SC06
              |--+--Chrysomonadea C-SC06
              |  `--Picophagea C-SC06
              |       |--Picophagus Guillou & Chrétiennot-Dinet 1999 [Picophagaceae, Picophagales] C-SC06
              |       |    `--P. flagellatus C-SC06
              |       `--Chlamydomyxa [Chlamydomyxales] C-SC06
              |            |--C. labyrinthuloides C-SC06
              |            `--C. montana C-SC06
              `--Eustigmatales [Eustigmatida, Eustigmatophyceae, Eustigmatophyta] C-SC06
                   |  i. s.: Vischeria helvetica C-SC06, KI02
                   |         Monodus subterranea KI02
                   |--+--Eustigmatos magna C-SC06
                   |  `--Pseudocharaciopsis minuta C-SC06, KI02
                   `--+--Monodopsis subterranea C-SC06
                      `--Nannochloropsis C-SC06
                           |--N. granulata KI02
                           |--N. oceanica C-SC06
                           |--N. oculata KI02
                           `--N. salina KM03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C-SC06] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E.-Y. Chao. 2006. Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista). Journal of Molecular Evolution 62: 388-420.

[KI02] Kawachi, M., I. Inouye, D. Honda, C. J. O’Kelly, J. C. Bailey, R. R. Bidigare & R. A. Andersen. 2002. The Pinguiophyceae classis nova, a new class of photosynthetic stramenopiles whose members produce large amounts of omega-3 fatty acids. Phycological Research 50: 31-47.

[KM03] Kawai, H., S. Maeba, H. Sasaki, K. Okuda & E. C. Henry. 2003. Schizocladia ischiensis: A new filamentous marine chromophyte belonging to a new class, Schizocladiophyceae. Protist 154: 211-228.

Sorex

Pygmy shrew Sorex minutus, photographed by Pavluvčík.

Belongs within: Soricidae.

Sorex, the long-tailed shrews, is a genus found in most of the temperate and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, predominately in moist habitats (Nowak 1999). The common shrew Sorex araneus is widespread in northern Europe and northwestern Asia.

Characters (from Nowak 1999): Head and body length 46-100 mm, tail length 25-82 mm, adult weight 2.1-18.0 g. Tail a third to more than half of total length, hairy in the young, naked in old adults. Fur sleek; pelage uni-, bi- or tricoloured, colours varying from tan to black. Body slender; snout long, slender, highly movable, with conspicuous vibrissae. Eyes minute but visible; ears usually projecting slightly above pelage. Five upper unicuspid teeth present, with tips coloured brownish to purplish. Females with three or four pairs of mammae.

<==Sorex Linnaeus 1758 P04 (see below for synonymy)
    |--S. alpinus IT07
    |--S. araneus Linnaeus 1758 KJ08
    |    |--S. a. araneus FK55
    |    `--S. a. tetragonurus Hermann 1780 FK55
    |--S. arcticus B75
    |    |--S. a. arcticus B75
    |    `--S. a. laricorum Jackson 1925 B75
    |--S. arizonae IT07
    |--S. asper IT07
    |--S. bairdii IT07
    |--S. bendirii IT07
    |--S. buchariensis IT07
    |--S. caecutiens IT07
    |--S. cansulus IT07
    |--S. cinereus ANG03
    |    |--S. c. cinereus B75
    |    |--S. c. haydeni Baird 1858 B75
    |    `--S. c. leseurii B75
    |--S. coronatus IT07
    |--S. crassicaudatus T66
    |--S. daphaenodon IT07
    |--S. dispar IT07
    |--S. emarginatus Jackson 1925 MB86
    |--S. excelsus IT07
    |--S. fumeus IT07
    |--S. gaspensis BP87
    |--S. granarius IT07
    |--S. hosonoi Imaizumi 1954 I92
    |    |--S. h. hosonoi I92
    |    `--S. h. shiroumanus Imaizumi 1954 I92
    |--S. isodon IT07
    |--S. jacksoni IT07
    |--S. juncensis BP87
    |--S. kizlovi IT07
    |--S. leucogaster IT07
    |--S. longirostris IT07
    |    |--S. l. longirostris BP87
    |    `--S. l. fischeri BP87
    |--S. lyelli BP87
    |--S. merriami IT07
    |--S. milleri BP87
    |--S. minutissimus I92
    |    |--S. m. minutissimus I92
    |    |--S. m. gracillimus I92
    |    `--S. m. hawkeri Thomas 1906 I92
    |--S. minutus Linnaeus 1766 KJ08
    |--S. mirabilis IT07
    |--S. monticolus IT07
    |--S. nanus IT07
    |--S. oreopolus G69
    |    |--S. o. oreopolus G69
    |    `--S. o. ventralis G69
    |--S. ornatus IT07
    |--S. pacificus IT07
    |--S. palustris ANG03
    |    |--S. p. palustris B75
    |    `--S. p. hygrobadistes Jackson 1926 B75
    |--S. portenkoi IT07
    |--S. preblei IT07
    |--S. pribilofensis BP87
    |--S. pygmaeus T66
    |--S. raddei IT07
    |--S. roboratus IT07
    |--S. sadonis Yoshiyuki & Imaizumi 1986 I92
    |--S. samniticus IT07
    |--S. satunini IT07
    |--S. saussurei G69
    |    |--S. s. saussurei G69
    |    |--S. s. oaxacae G69
    |    `--S. s. veraecrucis G69
    |--S. sclateri BP87
    |--S. shinto IT07
    |--S. sinuosus BP87
    |--S. stizodon BP87
    |--S. sylvaticus CM07
    |--S. tenellus IT07
    |--S. trigonirostris BP87
    |--S. trowbridgii IT07
    |--S. tundrensis IT07
    |--S. ugyunak IT07
    |--S. unguiculatus IT07
    |--S. vagrans IT07
    |--S. veraepacis G69
    |    |--S. v. veraepacis G69
    |    `--S. v. mutabilis G69
    `--S. volnuchini IT07

Inorganic: Sorex minutissimus minilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87
           Sorex minutissimus protominilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87

Sorex Linnaeus 1758 P04 [incl. Atophyrax Merriam 1884 V67, Corsira Gray 1838 V67, Homalurus Schulze 1890 V67, Hydrogale Pomel 1848 non Kaup 1829 V67, Musaraneus Brisson 1762 V67, Neosorex Baird 1858 V67, Otisorex De Kay 1842 V67, Oxyrhin Kaup 1829 V67, Soricidus Altobello 1927 V67]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[ANG03] Asher, R. J., M. J. Novacek & J. H. Geisler. 2003. Relationships of endemic African mammals and their fossil relatives based on morphological and molecular evidence. Journal of Mammalian Evolution 10 (1–2): 131–194.

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[FK55] Felten, H., & C. König. 1955. Einige Säugetiere aus dem Zentralmassiv, Südfrankreich. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 267–269.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[KJ08] Krämer, M. & M. Jentzsch. 2008. Kleinsäuger-Vorkommen aus dem Raum Zeitz—eine vergleichende Studie. Mauritiana 20 (2): 411–427.

[MB86] Matson, J. O. & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed., vol. 1. John Hopkins University Press.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[P04] Popov, V. V. 2004. Pliocene small mammals (Mammalia, Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia) from Muselievo (north Bulgaria). Geodiversitas 26 (3): 403–491.

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84–93.

[V67] Van Valen, L. 1967. New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135 (5): 217–284.

Cryptotis

North American least shrew Cryptotis parva, from The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals.

Belongs within: Soricidae.

Cryptotis, the small-eared shrews, is a genus of shrews found in southern North America and northern South America. They are mostly found in forests except for the North American least shrew C. parva, which prefers open grassy fields (Nowak 1999). Cryptotis parva is also the only species of the genus found north of Mexico, with its range occupying Mexico and much of the eastern United States.

Characters (from Nowak 1999): Head and body length approximately 55-100 mm, tail length 12-42 mm, adult weight about 4-7 g. Upper parts brownish or blackish, underparts same colour or paler. Snout pointed, eyes minute, ears inconspicuous. 30 teeth, with four upper unicuspids: the second and third incisors, the canine, and a premolar; unicuspid premolar smaller than canine, usually minute.

<==Cryptotis Pomel 1848 [incl. Brachysorex Duvernoy 1842, Soriciscus Coues 1877] V67
    |--C. parva (Say in James 1823) B75 [=Sorex parvus B75; incl. *C. cinereus C57]
    |--C. avius Allen 1923 [=C. avia] C57
    |--C. celatus Goodwin 1956 G69
    |--C. endersi IT07
    |--C. fossor G69
    |--C. frontalis G69
    |--C. goldmani IT07
    |--C. goodwini IT07
    |--C. gracilis IT07
    |--C. hondurensis IT07
    |--C. magna IT07
    |--C. merus Goldman 1912 C57
    |--C. mexicana IT07
    |    |--C. m. mexicana G69
    |    |--C. m. machetes G69
    |    `--C. m. peregrina G69
    |--C. micrura (Tomes 1862) (see below for synonymy) G69
    |--C. montivagus (Anthony 1921) [=Blarina montivaga] C57
    |--C. nigrescens IT07
    |--C. squamipes (Allen 1912) [=Blarina (Cryptotis) squamipes] C57
    |--C. surinamensis (Gmelin 1788) (see below for synonymy) C57
    `--C. thomasi (Merriam 1897) [=Blarina thomasi] C57
         |--C. t. thomasi C57
         |--C. t. equatoris (Thomas 1912) [=Blarina equatoris; incl. B. osgoodi Stone 1916] C57
         |--C. t. medellinius Thomas 1921 C57
         `--C. t. meridensis (Thomas 1898) [=Blarina meridensis] C57

Cryptotis micrura (Tomes 1862) [=Sorex micrurus non Galemys micrurus Pomel 1848 (not preoc. if in dif. gen.), Blarina tropicalis Merriam 1895, Corsira tropicalis Gray 1843 (n. n.)] G69

Cryptotis surinamensis (Gmelin 1788) [=Sorex surinamensis; incl. Blarina pyrrhonota Jentinck 1910, Cryptotis pyrrhonota] C57

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[C57] Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. I (Metatheria—Unguiculata—Carnivora). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de Las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoológicas 4 (1): 1–307.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed., vol. 1. John Hopkins University Press.

[V67] Van Valen, L. 1967. New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135 (5): 217–284.

Diceratothripina

Male Nesothrips lativentris, from Thrips of California 2012.

Belongs within: Phlaeothripidae.

The Diceratothripina are a group of fungus-feeding thrips characterised by the presence of metathoracic sternopleural sutures and widely separated maxillary stylets (Mound & Palmer 1983).

Characters (from Mound & Palmer 1983): Antennal segment IV with four (rarely two) sense cones. Maxillary stylets widely spaced, usually V-shaped. Metathoracic sternopleural sutures present.

<==Diceratothripina [Diceratothripinae]
    |--Campulothrips Moulton 1944 MP83
    |    `--*C. gracilis Moulton 1944 MP83
    |--Phacothrips Mound 1974 MP83
    |    `--*P. ocelloides (Hood 1950) [=Gastrothrips ocelloides] MM96
    |--Sporothrips Hood 1938 MP83
    |    `--*S. amplus (Hood 1925) [=Adiaphorothrips amplus] MM96
    |--Elgonima Zur Strassen 1972 MP83
    |    `--*E. seticeps Zur Strassen 1972 MP83
    |--Nesidiothrips Mound 1974 MP83
    |    |--*N. alius (Ananthakrishnan 1970) [=Nesothrips alius] MP83
    |    `--N. validus (Bagnall 1921) [=Coenurothrips validus] MP83
    |--Pseudoeurhynchothrips Moulton 1949 MP83
    |    |--*P. bidens Moulton 1949 MP83
    |    `--P. mameti (Priesner 1951) [=Dichaetothrips mameti] MP83
    |--Acallurothrips Bagnall 1921 MP83 [incl. Diopsothrips Hood 1934 MM96]
    |    |--*A. macrurus Bagnall 1921 MM96
    |    |--A. amplus (Faure 1949) [=Pygothrips amplus] MP83
    |    |--A. badius (Faure 1955) [=Pygothrips badius] MP83
    |    |--A. breviceps (Hood 1934) [=Pygothrips breviceps] MM96
    |    |--A. brunneus (Hood 1934) [=Diopsothrips brunneus] MM96
    |    |--A. conifer (Hood 1925) [=Pygothrips conifer] MM96
    |    |--A. fasciolatus (Hood 1952) [=Pygothrips fasciolatus] MM96
    |    |--A. flavus (Hood 1934) [=*Diopsothrips flavus] MM96
    |    |--A. judithae (Faure 1956) [=Lathrobiothrips judithae] MP83
    |    |--A. latus Moulton 1944 MP83
    |    |--A. louisianae (Hood 1936) [=Diopsothrips louisianae] MM96
    |    |--A. mamillicauda (Hood 1954) [=Pygothrips mamillicauda] MM96
    |    |--A. metulicauda (Karny 1923) [=Pygothrips metulicauda] MP83
    |    |--A. noguttii (Kurosawa 1932) [=Pygothrips noguttii] MP83
    |    |--A. quadraticeps (Hood 1952) [=Pygothrips quadraticeps] MM96
    |    `--A. spinicauda (Priesner 1939) [=Pygothrips spinicauda] MP83
    |--Diceratothrips Bagnall 1908 MM96 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--*D. bicornis Bagnall 1908 (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |    |--D. bennetti Mound & Palmer 1983 MM96
    |    |--D. cornutus Hood 1952 MM96
    |    |--D. cubensis Hood 1941 MM96
    |    |--D. delicatus Hood 1941 MM96
    |    |--D. garciaamaroae Johansen 1981 MM96
    |    |--D. harti Hood 1912 MM96 [incl. *Megalomerothrips eupatorii Watson 1919 MP83, MM96]
    |    |--D. horridus Priesner 1933 MM96 [=D. (*Endacnothrips) horridus MP83]
    |    |--D. inferorum (Priesner 1933) [=Adiaphorothrips inferorum] MM96
    |    |--D. longipes Hood 1912 MM96
    |    |--D. nigricauda (Hood 1925) [=Pygothrips nigricauda] MM96
    |    |--D. obscuricornis Hood 1941 MM96
    |    |--D. pallidior Priesner 1933 MM96
    |    |--D. picticornis Hood 1914 [incl. D. wolcotti Morgan 1925] MP83
    |    |--D. robustus (Schmutz 1909) MM96 [=*Eulophothrips robustus MP83]
    |    |--D. sakimurai Johansen 1979 MM96
    |    |--D. setigenis Hood 1941 MM96
    |    `--D. validipennis (Hood 1938) [=Gastrothrips validipennis] MM96
    |--Carientothrips Moulton 1944 MP83
    |    |--*C. fijiensis (Moulton 1944) [=Bolothrips (*Carientothrips) fijiensis] MM96
    |    |--C. acti Mound 1974 MP83
    |    |--C. badius (Hood 1918) [=Cryptothrips badius; incl. Elaphrothrips apterus Girault 1928] MP83
    |    |--C. biformis (Moulton 1939) [=Bolothrips biformis] MP83
    |    |--C. capricornis (Mound 1974) [=Bolothrips capricornis] MP83
    |    |--C. casuarinae Mound 1974 MP83
    |    |--C. denticulatus (Hood 1938) [=Nesothrips denticulatus] MM96
    |    |--C. grayi Mound 1974 MP83
    |    |--C. japonicus (Bagnall 1921) [=Cryptothrips japonicus] MP83
    |    |--C. loisthus Mound 1974 MP83
    |    |--C. magnetis Mound 1974 MP83
    |    |--C. miskoi Mound 1974 MP83
    |    |--C. mjobergi (Karny 1920) (see below for synonymy) MP83
    |    |--C. pedicillus Mound 1974 MP83
    |    |--C. pictilis Mound 1974 MP83
    |    |--C. reedi Mound 1974 MP83
    |    |--C. semirufus (Girault 1928) [=Elaphrothrips semirufus] MP83
    |    `--C. vesper Mound 1974 MP83
    |--Neosmerinthothrips Schmutz 1913 [incl. Coenurothrips Bagnall 1921, Galactothrips Moulton 1933] MP83
    |    |--*N. fructuum Schmutz 1913 MM96 [incl. Oedemothrips ceylonicus Karny 1925 MP83]
    |    |--N. affinis (Bagnall 1921) [=Coenurothrips affinis] MP83
    |    |--N. annulipes (Hood 1950) [=Gastrothrips annulipes; incl. Nesothrips milleforme De Santis 1963] MM96
    |    |--N. brevicollis (Bagnall 1921) [=*Coenurothrips brevicollis] MP83
    |    |--N. collaris (Bagnall 1917) MM96 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--N. diversicolor (Moulton 1933) MM96 [=*Galactothrips diversicolor MP83]
    |    |--N. fijiensis (Moulton 1944) [=Gastrothrips fijiensis] MP83
    |    |--N. grandicauda (Priesner 1925) [=Barythrips grandicauda] MP83
    |    |--N. hamiltoni Mound & Palmer 1983 MM96
    |    |--N. hilaris (Priesner 1937) [=Bolothrips hilaris] MP83
    |    |--N. hoodi (Faure 1954) [=Gastrothrips hoodi] MP83
    |    |--N. inquilinus Ananthakrishnan 1960 MP83
    |    |--N. nigrisetis (Hood 1935) [=Gastrothrips nigrisetis] MM96
    |    |--N. parvidens (Hood 1935) [=Gastrothrips parvidens] MM96
    |    |--N. paulistarum (Hood 1950) [=Gastrothrips paulistarum] MM96
    |    |--N. picticornis (Hood 1936) [=Gastrothrips picticornis] MM96
    |    |--N. plaumanni (Hood 1950) [=Gastrothrips plaumanni] MM96
    |    |--N. robustus (Ananthakrishnan 1964) [=Nesothrips robustus] MP83
    |    |--N. varipes (Hood 1950) [=Gastrothrips varipes] MM96
    |    `--N. xylebori Priesner 1935 MP83
    `--Nesothrips Kirkaldy 1907 [incl. Oedemothrips Bagnall 1910, Rhaebothrips Karny 1913] MP83
         |--*N. oahuensis Kirkaldy 1907 MM96 (see below for synonymy)
         |--N. aoristus Mound 1974 MP83
         |--N. brevicollis (Bagnall 1914) (see below for synonymy) MP83
         |--N. carveri Mound 1974 MP83
         |--N. doulli (Mound 1974) [=Rhaebothrips doulli] MP83
         |--N. eastopi (Mound 1974) [=Rhaebothrips eastopi] MP83
         |--N. fodinae Mound 1974 MP83
         |--N. hemidiscus Mound 1974 MP83
         |--N. lativentris (Karny 1913) MM96 (see below for synonymy)
         |--N. leveri (Mound 1974) [=Rhaebothrips leveri] MP83
         |--N. major (Bagnall 1928) [=Rhaebothrips major] MP83
         |--N. malaccae Mound 1974 MP83
         |--N. melinus Mound 1974 MP83
         |--N. niger (Moulton & Steinweden 1932) [=Bolothrips niger; incl. Cryptothrips constans] MP83
         |--N. nigrisetis (Sakimura 1972) [=Rhaebothrips nigrisetis] MP83
         |--N. propinquus (Bagnall 1916) (see below for synonymy) MP83
         |--N. rangi Mound & Palmer 1983 MP83
         |--N. rhizophorae (Girault 1927) [=Cryptothrips rhizophorae] MP83
         |--N. semiflavus (Moulton 1939) [=Bolothrips semiflavus] MP83
         |--N. yanchepi Mound 1974 MP83
         `--N. zondagi (Mound 1974) [=Rhaebothrips zondagi] MP83

Carientothrips mjobergi (Karny 1920) [=Cryptothrips mjobergi; incl. C. australicus Priesner 1928, Bolothrips flavitibia Moulton 1968, C. incisus Girault 1927] MP83

Diceratothrips Bagnall 1908 MM96 [incl. Endacnothrips Priesner 1933 MP83, Eulophothrips Schmutz 1909 MP83, Megalomerothrips Watson 1919 MP83]

*Diceratothrips bicornis Bagnall 1908 [incl. Dice. armatus Bagnall 1910, Dice. hercules Johansen 1979, Dice. persimilis Priesner 1925, Dice. princeps Hood 1934, Dichaetothrips williamsi Karny 1920] MM96

Neosmerinthothrips collaris (Bagnall 1917) MM96 [=Cryptothrips collaris MM96; incl. Gastrothrips dominicanus Hood 1935 MM96, G. fuscicauda Morgan 1925 MM96, Bolothrips marshalli Priesner 1934 MP83]

Nesothrips brevicollis (Bagnall 1914) [=Oedemothrips brevicollis; incl. Neosmerinthothrips formosensis Priesner 1935, Neos. formosensis  var. karnyi Priesner 1935, Coenurothrips minor Bagnall 1921] MP83

Nesothrips lativentris (Karny 1913) MM96 [=*Rhaebothrips lativentris MP83; incl. Bolothrips australiensis Moulton 1968 MP83, Cryptothrips claripennis Hood 1919 MP83, C. difficilis Bagnall 1921 MP83, Rhaebothrips fuscus Moulton 1942 MP83, Machatothrips ipomoeae Ishida 1932 MP83, Cryptothrips magnus Moulton 1928 MP83, C. seychellensis Bagnall 1921 MP83, Gynaikothrips yuasai Moulton 1928 MP83]

*Nesothrips oahuensis Kirkaldy 1907 MM96 [=N. hawaiiensis (l. c.) MP83; incl. *Oedemothrips laticeps Bagnall 1910 MP83]

Nesothrips propinquus (Bagnall 1916) [=Oedemothrips propinquus; incl. O. propinquus var. breviceps Bagnall 1924, Bagnalliella cestosa Karny 1920, Cryptothrips dimidiatus Hood 1918, Oedemothrips propinquus f. obscuricornis Bagnall 1924, Neosmerinthothrips oleriae Moulton 1949, Bolothrips similis Hartwig 1948] MP83

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

[MP83] Mound, L. A. & J. M. Palmer. 1983. The generic and tribal classification of spore-feeding Thysanoptera (Phlaeothripidae: Idolothripinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Entomology series 46 (1): 1-174.

Rhus

Smooth sumac Rhus glabra, photographed by Richtid.

Belongs within: Anacardiaceae.

Rhus, the sumacs, is a genus of shrubs and small trees found in subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world. The fruits of some species, such as the tanner's sumac R. coriaria, are used for spice. However, others such as the poison ivy R. toxicodendron can cause a severe allergic reaction. Rhus coriaria has also been used as a tanning agent or a source for dye.

Characters (from Flora of China): Deciduous shrubs or trees, polygamous or dioecious. Leaves imparipinnately compound; leaf rachis sometimes winged; leaflets petiolate or sessile, with serrate or entire margin. Inflorescence terminal, paniculate or thyrsoid, floral subtending bracts persistent or deciduous. Flowers functionally unisexual or bisexual, 5-merous. Ovary 1-locular and 1-ovulate; styles 3, often united basally. Drupe globose, slightly compressed, mixed glandular pubescent and pilose, red at maturity; exocarp and mesocarp united; mesocarp glutinous, red.

<==Rhus
    |--R. ambigua [incl. R. toxicodendron var. radicans] LO98
    |--R. antigua GT02
    |--R. caudata H03
    |--R. copallina MS06
    |--R. coriaria R-CT01
    |--R. glabra B75
    |--R. glaucescens BBO01
    |--R. integrifolia B38
    |--R. javanica [incl. R. semialata] LO98
    |--R. lancea BBO01
    |--R. lucidum A81
    |--R. mysorensis BBO01
    |--R. ovata H93
    |--R. problematodes CV06
    |--R. sylvestris [=R. silvestris] LO98
    |--R. toxicodendron C55
    |--R. trilobata [incl. R. trilobata var. anisophylla, R. trilobata var. malacophylla, R. trilobata var. quinata] H93
    |--R. tripartita RBA00
    |--R. typhina NDA05
    |--R. verniciflua LO98
    |--R. vernix V72
    `--R. volkii CV06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A81] Adler, H. 1881. Les Cynipides. 1^re partie. Introduction. La génération alternante chez les cynipides, traduit et annoté par J. Lichtenstein, suivi de la classification des cynipides d'après le D^r G. Mayr. C. Coulet: Montpellier.

[BBO01] Begerow, D., R. Bauer & F. Oberwinkler. 2001. Muribasidiospora: Microstromatales or Exobasidiales? Mycological Research 105 (7): 798–810.

[B38] Blackman, M. W. 1938. New species of Cactopinus Schwarz (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (6): 151–157.

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[GT02] Gomez, B., F. Thévenard, M. Fantin & L. Guisberti. 2002. Late Cretaceous plants from the Bonarelli Level of the Venetian Alps, northeastern Italy. Cretaceous Research 23: 671–685.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.

[MS06] Muellner, A. N., V. Savolainen, R. Samuel & M. W. Chase. 2006. The mahogany family "out-of-Africa": divergence time estimation, global biogeographic patterns inferred from plastid rbcL DNA sequences, extant, and fossil distribution of diversity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 236–250.

[NDA05] Nickrent, D. L., J. P. Der & F. E. Anderson. 2005. Discovery of the photosynthetic relatives of the "Maltese mushroom" Cynomorium. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5: 38.

[R-CT01] Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 522–529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[RBA00] Rifai, L. B., M. Abu Baker & Z. S. Amr. 2000. Ecology, distribution and status of the rock hyrax, Procavia capensis syriaca, in Jordan. Zoology in the Middle East 21: 19–26.

[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.

Last updated: 9 August 2021.