Erethizontidae

Prehensile-tailed porcupine Coendou prehensilis, from here.

Belongs within: Caviomorpha.

The Erethizontidae includes the New World porcupines, a group of large spiny rodents that are not directly related to the Old World porcupines of the Hystricidae. Erethizontid porcupines differ from hystricids in being semi-arboreal rather than terrestrial, and having quills arranged singly rather than in clusters as in Hystricidae. The majority of species are found in South and Central America, with the North American porcupine Erethizon dorsatum being found in Canada and the United States. Members of the genera Coendou and Sphiggurus have hairless, prehensile tails that aid them in climbing.

Characters (from Nowak 1999): Heavyset, relatively large rodents. Head and body length 300-860 mm, tail length 75-150 mm. Some of the hairs modified into short, sharp spines with overlapping barbs. Quills are embedded singly in the skin musculature. Pelage is marked with blackish to brownish, yellowish, or whitish bands. Foot modified for arboreal life: sole widened, first digit of hind foot sometimes replaced by a broad, movable band. Functional digits with strong curved claws. Limbs fairly short. Tail relatively short in Echinoprocta and Erethizon but long and prehensile in Coendou. Axis and third cervical vertebra fused in Erethizon and Coendou. Dental formula (i 1/1, c 0/0, pm 1/1, m3/3) × 2 = 20. Cheek teeth rooted, with reentrant folds.

<==Erethizontidae [Erethizontinae, Erethizontoidea, Erethizontomorpha]
    |--Echinoprocta rufescens GA90, IT07
    |--Erethizon GA90
    |    |--E. dorsatum (Linnaeus 1758) [=Hystrix dorsata] B75
    |    `--E. epixanthum B74
    |--Sphiggurus IT07
    |    |--S. insidiosus IT07
    |    |--S. mexicanus IT07
    |    |--S. pallidus FS01
    |    |--S. spinosus IT07
    |    |--S. vestitus IT07
    |    `--S. villosus IT07
    |--Coendou GA90
    |    |--C. bicolor GA90
    |    |    |--C. b. bicolor GA90
    |    |    `--C. b. simonsi GA90
    |    |--C. ichillus Voss & da Silva 2001 N10
    |    |--C. koopmani Handley et al. 1992 N10
    |    |--C. mexicanus GA90
    |    |--C. prehensilis GA90
    |    |--C. roosmalenorum Voss & da Silva 2001 N10
    |    `--C. rothschildi IT07
    `--Eopululo wigmorei MJ11

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1-184.

[B74] Bugge, J. 1974. The cephalic arterial system in insectivores, primates, rodents and lagomorphs, with special reference to the systematic classification. Acta Anatomica 87 (Suppl 62): 1-160.

[FS01] Flannery, T. & P. Schouten. 2001. A Gap in Nature: Discovering the World’s Extinct Animals. Text Publishing: Melbourne.

[GA90] Glanz, W. E., & S. Anderson. 1990. Notes on Bolivian mammals. 7. A new species of Abrocoma (Rodentia) and relationships of the Abrocomidae. American Museum Novitates 2991: 1-32.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[MJ11] Meredith, R. W., J. E. Janečka, J. Gatesy, O. A. Ryder, C. A. Fisher, E. C. Teeling, A. Goodbla, E. Eizirik, T. L. L. Simão, T. Stadler, D. L. Rabosky, R. L. Honeycutt, J. J. Flynn, C. M. Ingram, C. Steiner, T. L. Williams, T. J. Robinson, A. Burk-Herrick, M. Westerman, N. A. Ayoub, M. S. Springer & W. J. Murphy. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334: 521-524.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th ed., vol 2. John Hopkins University Press.

Notomys

Mitchell's hopping mouse Notomys mitchelli, photographed by Gary Lewis.

Belongs within: Muridae.

Notomys includes the Australian hopping mice, a group of long-tailed mice with well-developed hind legs, species of which are brown or fawn above and pale grey or white below (so sayeth Wikipedia).

<==Notomys
    |--N. alexis R64
    |    |--N. a. alexis R64
    |    |--N. a. everardensis Finlayson 1940 R64
    |    `--N. a. reginae Troughton 1936 R64
    |--N. amplus Brazenor 1936 R64
    |--N. aquilo BP87
    |--N. carpentarius Johnson 1959 J59
    |--N. cervinus BP87
    |--N. filmeri Mack 1961 R64
    |--N. fuscus R64
    |    |--N. f. fuscus R64
    |    `--N. f. eyreius Finlayson 1960 R64
    |--N. longicaudatus FS01
    |--N. macrotis FS01
    |--N. mitchelli R64
    |    |--N. m. mitchelli R64
    |    `--N. m. alutacea Brazenor 1934 R64
    `--N. mordax FS01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[FS01] Flannery, T. & P. Schouten. 2001. A Gap in Nature: Discovering the World's Extinct Animals. Text Publishing: Melbourne.

[J59] Johnson, D. H. 1959. Four new mammals from the Northern Territory of Australia. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 72: 183-188.

[R64] Ride, W. D. L. 1964. A list of mammals described from Australia between the years 1933 and 1963 (comprising newly proposed names and additions to the Australian faunal list). Australian Mammal Society Bulletin 7 (Suppl.): 1-15.

Trochilidae

Fossil skeleton of Eurotrochilus inexpectatus, from G. Mayr.

Belongs within: Apodiformes.
Contains: Phaethornithinae, Trochilinae.

The Trochilidae are the hummingbirds, a group of very small, long-billed nectarivorous birds. Modern hummingbirds are found only in the New World, though the early Oligocene Eurotrochilus inexpectatus attests to their past presence in Europe.

Characters (from Mayr 2004): Size tiny; humerus and ulna extremely abbreviated and stocky, pronounced distal protrusion on humeral head; sternal end of coracoid column-like with convex dorsal surface and greatly reduced lateral process; sternal carina very high, caudal margin of corpus lacking any incisions; furcula widely U-shaped; legs very thin; bill greatly elongated, maxillary processes of palatine widely separated.

<==Trochilidae [Trochili, Trochiliformes]
    |--Eurotrochilus Mayr 2004 M04
    |    `--*E. inexpectatus Mayr 2004 M04
    `--+--Phaethornithinae B94
       `--Trochilinae B94

Trochilidae incertae sedis:
  Melanotrochilus fuscus M02
  Sericotes holosericeus RN72
  Damophila julie JT12
  Chlorestes notata JT12
  Leucochloris albicollis RN72
  Boissonneaua RN72
    |--B. flavescens JT12
    |--B. jardini RN72
    `--B. matthewsii JT12
  Paphosia adorabilis A61
  Stellula calliope FP64
  Calothorax FP64
    |--C. lucifer FP64
    `--C. pulcher JT12
  Anthracothorax RN72
    |--A. dominicus SWK87
    |--A. mango JT12
    |--A. nigricollis RN72
    |--A. prevostii JT12
    |--A. verguensis JT12
    |--A. viridigula JT12
    `--A. viridis SWK87
  Aglaiocercus RN72
    |--A. berlepschi JT12
    |--A. coelestis RN72
    |--A. emmae RN72
    `--A. kingi RN72
         |--A. k. kingi RN72
         `--A. k. mocoa RN72
  Saucerotia devillei FS55
  Myrmia micrura JT12
  Ramphomicron JT12
    |--R. dorsale JT12
    `--R. microrhynchum JT12
  Myrtis fanny JT12
  Panterpe insignis JT12
  Phlogophilus JT12
    |--P. harterti JT12
    `--P. hemileucurus JT12
  Polyonymus caroli JT12
  Pterophanes cyanopterus JT12
  Taphrospilus hypostictus JT12
  Taphrolesbia griseiventris JT12
  Thaumastura cora JT12
  Sternoclyta cyanopectus JT12
  Tilmatura dupontii JT12
  Urochroa bougueri JT12
  Abeillia abeillei JT12
  Atthis JT12
    |--A. ellioti JT12
    `--A. heloisa JT12
  Chrysuronia oenone JT12
  Chaetocercus JT12
    |--C. astreans JT12
    |--C. berlepschi JT12
    |--C. bombus JT12
    |--C. heliodor JT12
    |--C. jourdanii JT12
    `--C. mulsant JT12
  Anthocephala floriceps JT12
  Anopetia gounellei JT12
  Aphantochroa cirrochloris JT12
  Hylonympha macrocerca JT12
  Goethalsia bella JT12
  Eulidia yarrellii JT12
  Lamprolaima rhami JT12
  Heliactin bilophus JT12
  Haplophaedia JT12
    |--H. assimilis JT12
    |--H. aureliae JT12
    `--H. lugens JT12
  Elvira JT12
    |--E. chionura JT12
    `--E. cupreiceps JT12
  Lepidopyga JT12
    |--L. coeruleogularis JT12
    |--L. goudoti JT12
    `--L. lilliae JT12
  Microstilbon burmeisteri JT12

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[FS55] Felten, H., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Zur Vogelfauna von El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (1-2): 9-19.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[M02] Mayr, G. 2002. Osteological evidence for paraphyly of the avian order Caprimulgiformes (nightjars and allies). Journal für Ornithologie 143: 82-97.

[M04] Mayr, G. 2004. Old World fossil record of modern-type hummingbirds. Science 304: 861-864.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

Ptilinopus

Yellow-breasted fruit dove Ptilinopus occipitalis, photographed by Talalak.

Belongs within: Treroninae.

Ptilinopus includes the fruit doves, an assemblage of generally compact, short-tailed, brightly coloured doves found in southeast Asia and Australasia. Fruit doves are diverse in appearance, and some authors have divided them between separate genera. Phylogenetic analysis also suggests that the cloven-feathered dove Drepanoptila holosericea of New Caledonia and the blue pigeons Alectroenas of Madagascar and the Mascarenes are nested within Ptilinopus in the broad sense. Members of the genus include the wompoo pigeon Ptilinopus magnificus of New Guinea and eastern Australia, which is mostly green in coloration with a paler head, purple breast and yellow bill with red base.

<==Ptilinopus Swainson 1825 CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |--P. magnificus BKB15 [=Carpophaga magnifica T62, Megaloprepia magnifica T62]
    |    |--P. m. magnificus T62
    |    |--‘Megaloprepia’ m. alaris T62
    |    |--P. m. assimilis M03 [=Megaloprepia magnifica assimilis T62]
    |    |--‘Megaloprepia’ m. interposita T62
    |    |--P. m. keri M03 [=Megaloprepia magnifica keri T62]
    |    |--‘Megaloprepia’ m. poliura T62
    |    |--‘Megaloprepia’ m. puella T62
    |    `--‘Megaloprepia’ m. septentrionalis T62
    `--+--+--P. leclancheri BKB15 [=Leucotreron leclancheri RN72b]
       |  |    |--P. l. leclancheri R62
       |  |    |--P. l. longialis Manuel 1936 R62
       |  |    `--P. l. taiwanus Ripley 1962 R62
       |  `--P. occipitalis JT12 [=Leucotreron occipitalis RN72b]
       `--+--P. melanospilus BKB15
          |    |--P. m. melanospilus T62
          |    |--P. m. margaretha T62
          |    `--P. m. xanthorrhoa R02
          `--+--+--P. luteovirens BKB15
             |  `--P. victor JT12 [=Chrysoena victor A61]
             `--+--+--Drepanoptila holosericea (Temminck 1811) BKB15, CC10
                |  `--Alectroenas Gray 1840 JT12, B94 [Alectroenadinae]
                |       |--A. madagascariensis JT12 [=Ptilopus madagascariensis S66]
                |       |--A. nitidissima FS01
                |       |--A. pulcherrima JT12
                |       |--A. rodericana FS01
                |       `--A. sganzini JT12 [=Ptilopus sganzini S66]
                `--+--+--P. solomonensis JT12
                   |  `--+--P. rivoli JT12
                   |     `--P. superbus JT12 [=Columba superba CC10, *Lamprotreron superbus CC10, Ptilopus superbus R87]
                   `--+--P. pulchellus JT12
                      |    |--P. p. pulchellus T62
                      |    `--P. p. decorus T62
                      `--+--*P. regina Swainson 1825 CC10, JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                         |    |--P. r. regina T62
                         |    `--P. r. flavicollis T62
                         `--+--P. rarotongensis JT12
                            `--P. richardsii JT12
                                 |--P. r. richardsii T62
                                 `--P. r. cyanopterus T62

Ptilinopus incertae sedis:
  P. arcanus JT12
  P. aurantiifrons JT12
  P. bernsteinii JT12
  P. chalcurus JT12
  P. cinctus JT12 [=Leucotreron cincta A61]
  P. coralensis JT12
  P. coronulatus JT12
  P. dohertyi JT12
  P. dupetithouarsii JT12
  P. eugeniae JT12
  P. ewingii Gould 1842 WS48 [=P. regina ewingii M03, *Reginopus ewingii CC10]
  P. fischeri JT12 [=Leucotreron fischeri RN72a]
  ‘Megaloprepia’ formosa T62
  P. granulifrons JT12
  P. greyii JT12 [=Ptilopus greyi S13]
  P. huttoni JT12
  P. hyogastrus JT12
  P. insolitus JT12
  P. insularis JT12
  P. iozonus JT12
  P. jambu JT12
  P. layardi JT12
  P. marchei JT12
  P. mercierii FS01
  P. merrilli JT12
  P. monacha JT12
  P. naina JT12
  P. ornatus JT12
  P. pelewensis JT12
  P. perlatus JT12
  P. perousii JT12
  P. porphyraceus JT12 [=Ptilopus porphyraceus S13]
    |--P. p. porphyraceus S13
    |--‘Ptilopus’ p. clementinae S13
    `--P. p. fasciatus RN72 [=Ptilopus fasciatus S13]
  P. porphyreus JT12
  P. purpuratus JT12
  P. roseicapilla JT12
  P. subgularis JT12
  P. tannensis JT12
  P. viridis JT12
    |--P. v. viridis J06
    |--P. v. lewisii J06
    `--P. v. pectoralis J06
  P. wallacii JT12

Ptilinopus Swainson 1825 CC10 [incl. Chrysoena Bonaparte 1854 B94, Lamprotreron Bonaparte 1854 CC10, Leucotreron Bonaparte 1854 B94, Megaloprepia Reichenbach 1853 B94, Ptilopus Strickland 1841 B94, Reginopus Mathews 1913 CC10; Chrysoeninae, Leucotreroninae, Megaloprepiinae, Ptilinopodinae, Ptilopodinae]

*Ptilinopus regina Swainson 1825 CC10, JT12, CC10 [=*P. purpuratus var. regina CC10; incl. P. swainsonii Gould 1842 CC10, P. regina yorki Mathews 1922 CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[FS01] Flannery, T. & P. Schouten. 2001. A Gap in Nature: Discovering the World's Extinct Animals. Text Publishing: Melbourne.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[J06] Johnstone, R. E. 2006. The birds of Gag Island, Western Papuan islands, Indonesia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 23 (2): 115–132.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[R87] Ramsay, E. P. 1887. Descriptions of Australian birds' eggs. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1141–1152, pl. 19.

[R02] Riley, J. 2002. Population sizes and the status of endemic and restricted-range bird species on Sangihe Island, Indonesia. Bird Conservation International 12: 53–78.

[R62] Ripley, S. D. 1962. A new subspecies of the black-chinned fruit pigeon. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 315–316.

[RN72a] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds) 1972a. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. London, Blandford Press.

[RN72b] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972b. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[S13] Sarasin, F. 1913. Die Vögel Neu-Caledoniens und der Loyalty-Inseln. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 1 pp. 1–78, pls 1–3. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[S66] Schlegel, H. 1866. Communication from, on mammals and birds collected in Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 419–426.

[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7–460.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 25 August 2019.

Treroninae

Diamond dove Geopelia cuneata, photographed by Chris Watson.

Belongs within: Columbidae.
Contains: Treron, Chalcophaps, Turtur, Ducula, Ptilinopus, Gallicolumba.

The Treroninae as recognised herein are a clade of pigeons supported by molecular analysis (Shapiro et al. 2002) found in Africa, Asia and Australasia. The name has been used in the past for the grouping of fruit pigeons and fruit doves (centred around the genera Treron, Ptilinopus and Ducula) but these taxa alone do not form a monophyletic clade. Instead, the green pigeons of the genus Treron may form a clade with the emerald doves Chalcophaps and two African genera, the African wood doves Turtur and the Namaqua dove Oena capensis. Ducula and Ptilinopus form an Indo-Australasian clade with the topknot pigeon Lopholaimus antarcticus, the New Zealand pigeons Hemiphaga and the mountain pigeons Gymophaps. Also falling within the Treroninae is a potential clade of large-bodied doves including the tooth-billed pigeon Didunculus strigirostris of Samoa, the crested pigeons Goura of New Guinea, the Nicobar pigeon Caloenas nicobarica found from the Nicobar Islands to the Solomon Islands and Palau, and the extinct dodo Raphus cucullatus and solitaire Pezophaps solitaria of the Mascarenes. A clade of mostly Australasian pigeons includes the bronzewings Phaps and the rock pigeons Petrophassa.

<==Treroninae [Osmotreroninae, Phalacrotreroninae, Sphenocercinae, Treronidae, Vinagininae]
    |--+--Treron SS02
    |  `--+--Chalcophaps SS02
    |     `--+--Turtur SS02
    |        `--Oena Swainson 1837 SS02, B94 [Oeninae]
    |             `--O. capensis (Linnaeus 1766) [=Columba capensis] CC10
    |                  |--O. c. capensis T62
    |                  `--O. c. aliena T62
    `--+--+--Ducula SS02
       |  `--+--Ptilinopus SS02
       |     `--+--Lopholaimus Gould 1841 BKB15, B94 [Lopholaiminae]
       |        |    `--L. antarcticus JT12
       |        `--+--Hemiphaga Bonaparte 1854 BKB15, CC10 [Hemiphaginae]
       |           |    |--*H. novaeseelandiae (Gmelin 1789) (see below for synonymy) CC10
       |           |    |--H. chathamensis (Rothschild 1891) (see below for synonymy) CC10
       |           |    `--H. spadicea (Latham 1802) (see below for synonymy) CC10
       |           `--Gymnophaps BKB15
       |                |--G. albertisii JT12
       |                |--G. mada JT12
       |                `--G. solomonensis JT12
       |--+--Didunculus Peale 1848 SS02, B94 [incl. Gnathodon Jardine 1845 B94; Didunculinae, Gnathodontinae]
       |  |    `--D. strigirostris SS02
       |  `--+--Gourinae [Lophyrinae, Megapeliinae, Ptilophyrinae] B94
       |     |    |--Microgoura Rothschild 1904 [Microgourinae] B94
       |     |    |    `--M. meeki Rothschild 1904 CC10
       |     |    `--Goura Stephens 1819 SS02, B94 (see below for synonymy)
       |     |         |--G. cristata JT12
       |     |         |--G. scheepmakeri JT12
       |     |         `--G. victoria SS02
       |     `--+--Caloenas Gray 1840 SS02, B94 [Caloenadinae]
       |        |    |--C. maculata HSS13
       |        |    `--C. nicobarica SS02 [incl. Columba gouldiae B66, Ca. gouldiae B66]
       |        `--Raphidae [Dididae] SS02
       |             |--Pezophaps Strickland 1848 SS02, B94 [Pezophabidae]
       |             |    `--P. solitaria (Gmelin 1789) U93
       |             `--Raphus Brisson 1760 SS02, B94 [incl. Didus Linné 1766 B94]
       |                  |--R. cucullatus (Linnaeus 1758) U93 [incl. Didus ineptus SS02]
       |                  `--R. solitaria (Selys-Lonchamps 1846) U93
       `--+--+--Otidiphaps Gould 1870 SS02, B94 [Otidiphabinae]
          |  |    `--O. nobilis SS02
          |  `--Trugon Gray 1849 JT12, B94 [Trugoninae]
          |       `--T. terrestris JT12
          `--+--Gallicolumba SS02
             `--+--Henicophaps JT12
                |    |--H. albifrons JT12
                |    `--H. foersteri JT12
                `--+--+--+--‘Gallicolumba’ beccarii JT12
                   |  |  `--‘Gallicolumba’ jobiensis JT12
                   |  `--‘Geopelia’ striata (Linnaeus 1766) BKB15, WS48 [=Columba striata WS48]
                   |       |--G. s. striata T62
                   |       |--G. s. audacis T62
                   |       `--G. s. tranquilla T62
                   `--+--Ocyphaps Gray 1842 SS02, B94 [Ocyphabinae]
                      |    `--O. lophotes (Temminck in Temminck & Laugier de Chartrouse 1822) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                      `--+--+--Phaps Selby 1835 SS02, B94 (see below for synonymy)
                         |  |    |--P. chalcoptera (Latham 1790) [=Columba chalcoptera] CC10
                         |  |    |    |--P. c. chalcoptera T62
                         |  |    |    |--P. c. consobrina Mathews 1912 T62, WS48
                         |  |    |    `--P. c. murchisoni Mathews 1912 T62, WS48
                         |  |    |--P. elegans (Temminck 1810) WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                         |  |    `--P. histrionica (Gould 1841) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                         |  `--Petrophassa Gould 1841 JT12, B94
                         |       |--P. albipennis Gould 1840 WS48
                         |       |    |--P. a. albipennis [incl. P. albipennis alisteri Mathews 1912] WS48
                         |       |    `--P. a. boothi M03
                         |       `--P. rufipennis M03
                         `--+--Geopelia Swainson 1837 SS02, B94 [Geopeliinae]
                            |    |--G. cuneata (Latham 1802) CC10 [=Columba cuneata WS48]
                            |    |    |--G. c. cuneata T62
                            |    |    `--G. c. mungi Mathews 1912 T62, WS48
                            |    |--G. humeralis (Temminck 1821) (see below for synonymy) WS48
                            |    |--G. maugeus JT12
                            |    `--G. placida Gould 1844 JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                            `--+--Leucosarcia Gould 1843 BKB15, B94 [Leucosarciinae]
                               |    `--L. melanoleuca (Latham 1802) (see below for synonymy) CC10
                               `--Geophaps Gray 1842 JT12, B94 [Geophabinae]
                                    |--G. plumifera Gould 1842 JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                                    |    |--G. p. plumifera M03
                                    |    `--G. p. leucogaster M03 [=Petrophassa plumifera leucogaster L81]
                                    |--G. scripta (Temminck 1821) [=Columba scripta] CC10
                                    |    |--G. s. scripta M03
                                    |    `--G. s. peninsulae M03
                                    `--G. smithii (Jardine & Selby 1830) CC10 (see below for synonymy)

Treroninae incertae sedis:
  Cryptophaps poecilorrhoa T62, JT12
  Butreron T62
  Phapitreron Bonaparte 1854 [Phapitreroninae] B94
    |--P. amethystinus JT12
    |--P. brunneiceps JT12
    `--P. cinereiceps JT12
  Phaenorhina goliath [=Carpophaga (Phaenorhina) goliath] S13
  Globicera pacifica S13
  Sphenurus T62
    |--S. apicauda T62
    |    |--S. a. apicauda T62
    |    |--S. a. laotinus T62
    |    `--S. a. lowei T62
    |--S. formosae [=Sphenocercus formosae] T62
    |    |--S. f. formosae T62
    |    `--S. f. medioximus T62
    |--S. oxyura T62
    `--S. sphenurus T62

Hybrid: Geopelia shortridgei Ogilvie Grant 1909 [G. cuneata × G. striata] WS48

Geopelia humeralis (Temminck 1821) [=Columba humeralis; incl. G. humeralis headlandi Mathews 1912, G. humeralis inexpectata Mathews 1912] WS48

Geopelia placida Gould 1844 JT12, WS48 [=G. striata placida T62; incl. G. placida clelandi Mathews 1912 WS48]

Geophaps plumifera Gould 1842 JT12, WS48 [=Lophophaps plumifera WS48, Petrophassa plumifera L81; incl. L. plumifera pallida Mathews 1912 WS48]

Geophaps smithii (Jardine & Selby 1830) CC10 [=Columba smithii WS48, Petrophassa smithii L81; incl. Geophaps smithii blaauwi Mathews 1912 WS48]

Goura Stephens 1819 SS02, B94 [incl. Lophyrus Vieillot 1816 non Poli 1791 B94, Megapelia Kaup 1836 B94, Ptilophyrus Swainson 1837 B94]

Hemiphaga chathamensis (Rothschild 1891) [=Carpophaga chathamensis, C. chathamica, C. chathamiensis, Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae chathamensis] CC10

*Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae (Gmelin 1789) [=Columba novaeseelandiae, Carpophaga novaezealandiae, Co. novaezealandiae, Hemiphaga novaezealandiae; incl. Co. argetraea Forster 1794, Co. zealandica Latham 1790] CC10

Hemiphaga spadicea (Latham 1802) [=Columba spadicea, Carpophaga spadicea, Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae spadicea, Columba gigas Ranzani 1821, Co. leucogaster Wagler 1827; incl. Co. princeps Vigors 1833] CC10

Leucosarcia melanoleuca (Latham 1802) [=Columba melanoleuca; incl. C. picata Latham 1802, Leucosarcia picata, Phaps picata] CC10

Ocyphaps lophotes (Temminck in Temminck & Laugier de Chartrouse 1822) CC10 [=Columba lophotes CC10; incl. O. lophotes whitlocki Mathews 1912 WS48]

Phaps Selby 1835 SS02, B94 [incl. Cosmopelia Sundevall 1873 B94; Cosmopeliinae, Phabinae]

Phaps elegans (Temminck 1810) WS48 [=Columba elegans WS48; incl. P. elegans occidentalis M03]

Phaps histrionica (Gould 1841) CC10 [=Peristera histrionica CC10, Columba (Peristera) histrionica WS48, Histriophaps histrionica WS48; incl. Phaps histrionica alisteri Mathews 1912 WS48]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B66] Bartlett, A. D. 1866. Notes on the breeding of several species of birds in the Society's gardens during the year 1865. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 76–79.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[S13] Sarasin, F. 1913. Die Vögel Neu-Caledoniens und der Loyalty-Inseln. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 1 pp. 1–78, pls 1–3. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[SS02] Shapiro, B., D. Sibthorpe, A. Rambaut, J. Austin, G. M. Wragg, O. R. P. Bininda-Emonds, P. L. M. Lee & A. Cooper. 2002. Flight of the dodo. Nature 295: 1683.

[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7–460.

[U93] Unwin, D. M. 1993. Aves. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 717–737. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 29 August 2019.

Tremella

Tremella fuciformis, photographed by Eduardo A. Esquivel Rios.

Belongs within: Tremellales.

Tremella is a genus of fungi parasitic on other fungi. Fruiting bodies, when present, are gelatinous; many species also have an anamorphic yeast form.

Characters (from R. J. Bandoni): Sporocarps conidial or basidial; conidia not arising as conjugating pairs; basidia typically single, terminal, rarely catenate and virtually always producing epibasidia and ballistospores; basidiospores mostly abstricted forcibly.

Tremella
    |--T. caloceraticola KS01
    |--T. encephala KS01
    |--T. exigua KS01
    |--T. foliacea KS01
    |--T. fuciformis KS01
    |--T. giraffa KS01
    |--T. globispora KS01
    |--T. mesenterica KS01
    |--T. microspora KS01
    |--T. moriformis KS01
    |--T. mycophaga KS01
    |    |--T. m. var. mycophaga KS01
    |    `--T. m. var. obscura KS01
    |--T. neofoliacea KS01
    |--T. nivalis KS01
    |--T. occultiferoidea KS01
    |--T. penetrans KS01
    |--T. simplex KS01
    `--T. taiwanensis KS01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[KS01] Kirschner, R., J. P. Sampaio, M. Gadanho, M. Weiß & F. Oberwinkler. 2001. Cuniculitrema polymorpha (Tremellales, gen. nov. and sp. nov.), a heterobasidiomycete vectored by bark beetles, which is the teleomorph of Sterigmatosporidium polymorphum. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 80: 149-161.

Acanthizidae

Atherton scrubwren Sericornis keri, photographed by Michael Rosenberg.

Belongs within: Meliphagoidea.
Contains: Gerygone, Acanthiza.

The Acanthizidae include the Australo-Papuan warblers, a group of small, generally dull-coloured birds. Most species have short rounded wings and a fairly short tail; terrestrial species have relatively strong legs and feet (Internet Bird Collection).

Characters (from Norman et al. 2009): Skull with dorsal-most point of profile roughly level with caudal border of orbit; lateral profile of top of skull with strongly marked slope from apex to nasofrontal hinge, profile thus lacking horizontal component to the dorsal surface; humerus not extending far distally relative to position of fossa pneumotricipitalis, crista deltopectoralis deflected cranially ; tarsometatarsus with trochleae II and IV both ≤50% of width of trochlea III, trochlea II projecting outwards slightly at base then straightening over distal length to be parallel with medial border, trochlea IV straight and confluent with lateral border, incisurae trochlearis lateralis and medialis both of about equal depth.

<==Acanthizidae [Acanthizinae]
    |--Oreoscopus gutturalis JT12
    `--+--Gerygone JT12
       `--+--+--Acanthiza JT12
          |  `--+--Acanthornis magna JT12
          |     `--Aphelocephala Oberholser 1899 JT12, B94 [Aphelocephalinae]
          |          |--A. leucopsis (Gould 1840) [=Xerophila leucopsis] WS48
          |          |    |--A. l. leucopsis [incl. A. l. whitei] M03
          |          |    `--A. l. castaneiventris (Milligan 1903) (see below for synonymy) WS48
          |          |--A. nigricincta (North 1895) [=Xerophila nigricincta] WS48
          |          `--A. pectoralis M03
          `--+--Smicrornis brevirostris (Gould 1838) JT12, WS48 [=Psilopus brevirostris WS48]
             |    |--S. b. brevirostris M03
             |    |--S. b. flavescens Gould 1842 [incl. S. b. mungi Mathews 1912, S. b. rogersi Mathews 1912] WS48
             |    |--S. b. occidentalis Sharpe 1879 [incl. S. brevirostris stirlingi Mathews 1912] WS48
             |    `--S. b. ochrogaster M03
             `--+--+--+--Pycnoptilus floccosus JT12
                |  |  `--+--Chthonicola sagittatus JT12
                |  |     `--Pyrrholaemus brunneus Gould 1840 JT12, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                |  `--+--Hylacola JT12
                |     |    |--H. cauta Gould 1842 JT12, WS48
                |     |    |    |--H. c. cauta M03 (see below for synonymy)
                |     |    |    |--H. c. halmaturinus M03
                |     |    |    `--H. c. macrorhynchus M03
                |     |    `--H. pyrrhopygia (Vigors & Horsfield 1827) [=Acanthiza pyrrhopygia] WS48
                |     `--Calamanthus JT12
                |          |--C. campestris (Gould 1840) [=Praticola campestris] WS48
                |          |    |--C. c. campestris WS48
                |          |    `--C. c. isabellinus North 1896 (see below for synonymy) WS48
                |          `--C. fuliginosus (Vigors & Horsfield 1827) [=Anthus fuliginosus] WS48
                |               |--C. f. fuliginosus WS48
                |               `--C. f. montanellus Milligan 1903 (see below for synonymy) WS48
                `--+--+--‘Sericornis’ citreogularis JT12
                   |  |    |--S. c. citreogularis M03
                   |  |    |--S. c. cairnsi M03
                   |  |    `--S. c. intermedius M03
                   |  `--+--Origma solitaria JT12
                   |     `--Crateroscelis JT12
                   |          |--C. murina JT12
                   |          |--C. nigrorufa JT12
                   |          `--C. robusta JT12
                   `--Sericornis Gould 1838 JT12, B94 [Sericornithinae]
                        |  i. s.: S. arfakianus JT12
                        |         S. beccarii M03
                        |           |--S. b. beccarii [=S. magnirostris beccarii] M03
                        |           |--S. b. dubius [=S. magnirostris dubius] M03
                        |           `--S. b. minimus M03
                        |         S. cautus SJ85
                        |         S. fuliginosus SJ85
                        |         S. humilis [=S. frontalis humilis] M03
                        |         S. maculatus Gould 1847 WS48 (see below for synonymy)
                        |         S. magnus G68
                        |         S. rufescens JT12
                        |         S. spilodera JT12
                        |         S. virgatus JT12
                        |--+--S. papuensis JT12
                        |  `--S. perspicillatus JT12
                        `--+--+--S. frontalis JT12
                           |  |    |--S. f. frontalis M03
                           |  |    |--S. f. ashbyi M03
                           |  |    |--S. f. flindersi M03
                           |  |    |--S. f. laevigaster M03
                           |  |    |--S. f. mellori M03
                           |  |    |--S. f. rosinae M03
                           |  |    |--S. f. tregellasi M03
                           |  |    `--S. f. tweedi M03
                           |  `--S. keri JT12
                           `--+--S. magnirostra JT12
                              |    |--S. m. magnirostra M03
                              |    |--S. m. howei M03
                              |    `--S. m. viridior M03
                              `--S. nouhuysi JT12

Aphelocephala leucopsis castaneiventris (Milligan 1903) [=Xerophila castaneiventris; incl. A. castaneiventris minilya Mathews 1920] WS48

Calamanthus campestris isabellinus North 1896 [incl. C. campestris peroni Mathews 1917, C. rubiginosus Campbell 1899, C. campestris wayensis Mathews 1912] WS48

Calamanthus fuliginosus montanellus Milligan 1903 [incl. C. montanellus ashbyi Mathews 1922, C. fuliginosus carteri Mathews 1912, C. campestris dorrie Mathews 1912, C. campestris hartogi Carter 1916, C. montanellus leakei Mathews 1922] WS48

Hylacola cauta cauta Gould 1842 M03, WS48 [=H. pyrrhopygia cauta WS48; incl. H. pyrrhopygia whitlocki Mathews 1912 WS48, H. cauta whitlocki M03]

Pyrrholaemus brunneus Gould 1840 JT12, WS48 [incl. P. brunneus kalgoorlie Mathews 1922 WS48, P. brunneus milligani Mathews 1922 WS48, Sericornis brunnea pallescens Mathews 1912 WS48]

Sericornis maculatus Gould 1847 WS48 [=S. frontalis maculatus M03; incl. S. balstoni Ogilvie-Grant 1909 WS48, S. frontalis balstoni M03, S. maculata condoni Mathews 1942 WS48, S. maculatus fuscipes Alexander 1922 WS48, S. maculatus geraldtonensis Mellor 1921 WS48, S. maculatus hartogi Carter 1916 WS48, S. maculatus houtmanensis Zietz 1921 WS48, S. maculata mondraini Mathews 1942 WS48, S. maculatus warreni Mathews 1912 WS48]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1-281.

[G68] Grant, P. R. 1968. Bill size, body size, and the ecological adaptations of bird species to competitive situations on islands. Systematic Zoology 17 (3): 319-333.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444-448.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds, 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

Norman, J. A., W. E. Boles & L. Christidis. 2009. Relationships of the New Guinean songbird genera Amalocichla and Pachycare based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences. Journal of Avian Biology 40 (6): 640-645.

[SJ85] Storr, G. M., & R. E. Johnstone. 1985. Field Guide to the Birds of Western Australia 2^nd ed. Western Australian Museum: Perth (Australia).

[WS48] Whittell, H. M. & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1-126.