Anatidae

Fulvous whistling duck Dendrocygna bicolor, photographed by Duncan Wright.

Belongs within: Anseres.
Contains: Anatinae, Anserinae.

The family Anatidae contains the waterfowl: ducks, geese and swans. These are swimming birds with relatively short legs, front toes connected by a web, rather long necks and broad bills (Austin 1961). Recent phylogenies agree in placing the whistling ducks of the Dendrocygninae as the sister taxon to the remaining anatids. Whistling ducks are a group of relatively long-legged ducks found in the tropics and subtropics, named for their whistling cries in flight.

Of somewhat more uncertain affinities are the stiff-tailed ducks of the Oxyurini, highly aquatic small ducks with thick necks. The feet of stiff-tailed ducks are placed particularly far back on the body, meaning they can move only awkwardly on land (Austin 1961). The musk duck Biziura lobata is a large Australian duck that may or may not be allied to the stiff-tailed ducks; males of this species are marked by a large bulbous sac of skin that hangs below the bill. The white-backed duck Thalassornis leuconotus of Africa has been variously placed with either the Oxyurini or Dendrocygninae.

Anatidae [Anseridae, Lamellirostres, Mergidae]
    |--Dendrocygninae [Dendrocygnidae, Dendrocygnini] SC99
    |    |--Thalassornis Eyton 1838 [Thalassornithinae] B94
    |    |    `--T. leuconotus BKB15
    |    |--Cygnavus Lambrecht 1931 M02
    |    |    |--*C. senckenbergi Lambrecht 1931 [incl. Cygnopterus alphonsi Cheneval 1984] M02
    |    |    `--C. formosus Kurochkin 1968 M09
    |    `--Dendrocygna Swainson 1837 [incl. Leptotarsis Eyton 1838] CC10
    |         |  i. s.: D. fulva S66
    |         |         D. major S66
    |         |         D. vagans [incl. D. gouldi] S66
    |         |         D. virgata S66
    |         |--+--D. arborea BKB15
    |         |  `--D. autumnalis BKB15
    |         `--+--D. viduata BKB15
    |            `--+--D. eytoni (Eyton 1838) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |               `--+--D. bicolor (Vieillot 1816) BKB15, CS77
    |                  `--+--D. guttata BKB15
    |                     `--+--*D. arcuata (Horsfield 1824) CC10, BKB15, WS48 [=Anas arcuata CC10]
    |                        |    |--D. a. arcuata WS48
    |                        |    |--D. a. australis Reichenbach 1850 [incl. D. javanica peroni Mathews 1912] WS48
    |                        |    `--D. a. pygmaea RN72
    |                        `--D. javanica BKB15
    `--+--Biziura Stephens in Shaw 1824 BKB15, CC10 [Biziurinae]
       |    |--B. lobata (Shaw in Shaw & Nodder 1796) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
       |    `--B. delautouri Forbes 1892 [=B. lautouri Forbes 1892] CC10
       `--+--Anatinae BKB15
          `--+--Anserinae BKB15
             `--Oxyurini [Erismaturinae, Oxyurinae] SC99
                  |  i. s.: Mionetta Livezey & Martin 1988 CC10, M05
                  |           |--*M. blanchardi (Milne-Edwards 1863) (see below for synonymy) M02
                  |           |--M. natator (Milne-Edwards 1867) (see below for synonymy) M02
                  |           `--M. robusta (Milne-Edwards 1868) [=Anas robusta, Anserobranta robusta] M02
                  |         Manuherikia Worthy, Tennyson et al. 2007 CC10
                  |           |--*M. lacustrina Worthy, Tennyson et al. 2007 CC10
                  |           |--M. douglasi Worthy, Tennyson et al. 2008 CC10
                  |           `--M. minuta Worthy, Tennyson et al. 2007 CC10
                  |         Dunstanetta Worthy, Tennyson et al. 2007 CC10
                  |           `--*D. johnstoneorum Worthy, Tennyson et al. 2007 CC10
                  |--Nettapus Brandt 1836 JT12, B94 [incl. Cheniscus Eyton 1838 B94; Cheniscinae, Nettapodinae]
                  |    |  i. s.: N. auritus JT12
                  |    |--N. pulchellus Gould 1842 JT12, WS48 [incl. Cheniscus pulchellus rogersi Mathews 1916 WS48]
                  |    `--+--N. coromandelianus JT12
                  |       |    |--N. c. coromandelianus RN72
                  |       |    `--N. c. albipennis RN72
                  |       `--Heteronetta Salvadori 1865 BKB15, B94 [Heteronettinae]
                  |            `--H. atricapilla BKB15
                  `--+--Nomonyx dominicus BKB15
                     `--Oxyura Bonaparte 1828 BKB15, CC10 [=Erismatura Bonaparte 1832 CC10]
                          |  i. s.: O. doksana Mlíkovský 2002 M02
                          |         O. dominica RN72
                          |         O. vantetsi Worthy 2005 CC10
                          |--O. vittata BKB15 [=O. jamaicensis vittata RN72]
                          `--+--+--O. ferruginea (Eyton 1838) BKB15, CS77 [=O. jamaicensis ferruginea CS77]
                             |  `--O. jamaicensis (Gmelin 1789) BKB15, CS77 (see below for synonymy)
                             |       |--O. j. jamaicensis CS77
                             |       `--O. j. andina Lehmann 1946 CS77
                             `--+--O. leucocephala (Scopoli 1769) BKB15, M02 [=Anas leucocephala M02]
                                `--+--O. australis Gould 1837 BKB15, CC10
                                   `--O. maccoa BKB15

Anatidae incertae sedis:
  Philacte canagica A61
  Eonessa anaticula Wetmore 1939 M09
  Dendrochen Miller 1944 M02
    `--*D. robusta Miller 1944 M02
  Chendytes lawi CG99
  Chenalopex jubatus SS66
  Cygnopterus Lambrecht 1931 M02
    `--*C. affinis (Beneden 1883) (see below for synonymy) M02
  Eoneornis Ameghino 1894 A94
    `--*E. australis Ameghino 1894 A94
  Eutelornis Ameghino 1894 A94
    `--*E. patagonicus Ameghino 1894 A94
  Eunetta falcata L81
  Talpanas Olson & James in Iwaniuk, Olson & James 2009 IOJ09
    `--*T. lippa Olson & James in Iwaniuk, Olson & James 2009 M09, IOJ09
  Palaeopapia Harrison & Walker 1979 [=Howardia Harrison & Walker 1976 non Berlese & Leonardi 1896] M02
    `--*P. eous (Harrison & Walker 1976) [=*Howardia eous] M02
  Teleornis impressus Ameghino 1899 M09
  Chaulelasmus streperus PB27

Biziura lobata (Shaw in Shaw & Nodder 1796) CC10 [=Anas lobata CC10; incl. *B. novaehollandiae CC10, B. lobata westralis Mathews 1912 WS48]

*Cygnopterus affinis (Beneden 1883) [=Sula affinis; incl. Palaeopapia hamsteadiensis Harrison & Walker 1979] M02

Dendrocygna eytoni (Eyton 1838) BKB15, CC10 [=*Leptotarsis eytoni CC10; incl. D. eytoni munna Mathews 1912 CC10]

*Mionetta blanchardi (Milne-Edwards 1863) [=Anas blanchardi, Dendrochen blanchardi; incl. Fuligula arvernensis Lydekker 1891, Aythya arvernensis, Anas consobrina Milne-Edwards 1867, Dendrochen consobrina, Mionetta consobrina, Anas macroptera Milne-Edwards 1871 (n. n.)] M02

Mionetta natator (Milne-Edwards 1867) [=Anas natator, Dendrochen natator, Querquedula natator] M02

Oxyura jamaicensis (Gmelin 1789) BKB15, CS77 [=Anas jamaicensis CS77; incl. A. rubidus Wilson 1841 CC10, CS77, *Erismatura rubida CC10, *Oxyura jamaicensis rubida CC10, CS77]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A94] Ameghino, F. 1894. Sur les oiseaux fossiles de Patagonie et la aune mammalogique des couches a Pyrotherium. Boletín del Instituto Geográfico Argentino 15 (11–12): 501–602.

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CG99] Carlton, J. T., J. B. Geller, M. L. Reaka-Kudla & E. A. Norse. 1999. Historical extinctions in the sea. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30: 315–338.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[IOJ09] Iwaniuk, A. N., S. L. Olson & H. F. James. 2009. Extraordinary cranial specialization in a new genus of extinct duck (Aves: Anseriformes) from Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. Zootaxa 2296: 47–67.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[M05] Mayr, G. 2005. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515–542.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. London, Blandford Press.

[S66] Sclater, P. L. 1866. Additional notes on the Anatidae of the genera Dendrocygna and Tadorna. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 148–150.

[SS66] Sclater, P. L., & O. Salvin. 1866. Catalogue of birds collected by Mr. E. Bartlett on the River Uyacali, Eastern Peru, with notes and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 175–201.

[SC99] Sorenson, M. D., A. Cooper, E. E. Paxinos, T. W. Quinn, H. F. James, S. L. Olson & R. C. Fleischer. 1999. Relationships of the extinct moa-nalos, flightless Hawaiian waterfowl, based on ancient DNA. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 266: 2187–2193.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 27 November 2021.

Branta

Red-breasted goose Branta ruficollis, photographed by Annette Cutts.

Belongs within: Anserinae.

The genus Branta contains the black geese of northern parts of Eurasia and North America. Branta species have contrastingly patterned black or brown and white plumage, and black legs and bills. The type species, the brent goose Branta bernicla is a primarily coastal species found over most of the genus' range, with a black head and neck and streaked white throat patch. The Canada goose B. canadensis is native to North America but has been widely introduced for hunting to regions such as the United Kingdom, New Zealand and southern South America. Like the brent goose, it has a mostly black head and neck but with a solid white patch across the cheeks and chin.

<==Branta Scopoli 1769 CC10 [=Brenta B94; incl. Bernicla Boie 1822 B94; Berniclinae, Brantinae]
    |  i. s.: B. minor Kessler & Gál 1996 M02
    |--+--*B. bernicla (Linnaeus 1758) CC10, PJ02, CS77 [=Anas bernicla CC10]
    |  |    |--B. b. bernicla CS77
    |  |    |--B. b. hrota (Müller 1776) CS77
    |  |    |--B. b. nigricans (Lawrence 1846) CS77
    |  |    `--B. b. orientalis Tougarinov 1941 I92
    |  `--B. ruficollis (Pallas 1769) PJ02, M02 [=Anas ruficollis M02, Anser ruficollis CS77]
    `--+--+--+--B. hutchinsii (Richardson in Swainson & Richardson 1832) PJ02, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
       |  |  |--B. minima [=B. canadensis minima] PJ02
       |  |  `--B. taverneri [=B. canadensis taverneri] PJ02
       |  `--B. leucopsis (Bechstein 1803) PJ02, CS77 [=Anas leucopsis CS77]
       `--+--B. canadensis (Linnaeus 1758) PJ02, CC10 [=Anas canadensis CC10]
          |    |--B. c. canadensis PJ02
          |    |--B. c. asiatica RN72
          |    |--B. c. fulva RN72
          |    |--B. c. interior PJ02
          |    |--B. c. leucopareia (Brandt 1836) I92
          |    |--B. c. maxima Delacour 1951 CC10
          |    |--B. c. moffitti Aldrich 1946 R85
          |    |--B. c. occidentalis PJ02
          |    `--B. c. parvipes PJ02
          `--+--B. hylobadistes PJ02
             `--B. sandvicensis PJ02 [=Nesochen sandvicensis BS00]

Branta hutchinsii (Richardson in Swainson & Richardson 1832) PJ02, CC10 [=Anser hutchinsii CC10, B. canadensis hutchinsii PJ02]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BS00] Ballard, H. E., Jr & K. J. Systsma. 2000. Evolution and biogeography of the woody Hawaiian violets (Viola, Violaceae): Arctic origins, herbaceous ancestry and bird dispersal. Evolution 54 (5): 1521–1532.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[PJ02] Paxinos, E. E., H. F. James, S. L. Olson, M. D. Sorenson, J. Jackson & R. C. Fleischer. 2002. MtDNA from fossils reveals a radiation of Hawaiian geese recently derived from the Canada goose (Branta canadensis). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 99: 1399–1404.

[R85] Robertson, C. J. R. (ed.) 1985. Reader’s Digest Complete Book of New Zealand Birds. Reader’s Digest: Sydney.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. Blandford Press: London.

Last updated: 27 November 2021.

Anser

Greylag geese Anser anser, photographed by Michael Maggs.

Belongs within: Anserinae.

The genus Anser contains the grey and white geese, including the domestic goose. Anser species generally have uniform grey, brown or white body coloration with pink, orange or yellow bills and/or legs. Most domestic goose breeds are derived from the greylag goose Anser anser, except for the Chinese goose which is derived from the swan goose A. cygnoides. The swan goose is native to China and is distinguished from other geese by its contrasting head coloration with dark brown crown and nape but pale lower part of head and throat. The greylag goose is found across Europe and northern Asia, with populations migrating into southern Asia during the non-breeding period; wild individuals are uniformly grey brown with a pink bill and legs, and pale upperwing-coverts that are visible in flight.

<==Anser Brisson 1760 CC10 [incl. Anseria Rafinesque 1815 (n. n.) B94, Cygnopsis Brandt 1836 B94]
    |  i. s.: A. brumeli Milne-Edwards 1871 M02
    |         A. caerulescens (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |           |--A. c. caerulescens CS77 [incl. A. hyperboreus Pallas 1769 CS77, A. caerulescens hyperborea L81]
    |           `--A. c. atlanticus (Kennard 1927) CS77
    |         A. scaldii Beneden ex Lambrecht 1933 [=Anas scaldii] M02
    |         A. thraceiensis Burčak-Abramovič & Nikolov 1984 M02
    |--A. rossii PJ02
    `--+--A. canagicus PJ02
       `--+--A. indicus (Latham 1790) BKB15, CS77
          `--+--A. brachyrhynchus Baillon 1833 BKB15, CS77 [=A. fabalis brachyrhynchus FP64]
             `--+--+--A. erythropus (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, CS77 [=Anas erythropus CS77]
                |  `--A. fabalis (Latham 1787) BKB15, CS77 (see below for synonymy)
                |       |--A. f. fabalis CS77
                |       |--A. f. johanseni Delacour 1951 CS77
                |       |--A. f. middendorffii Severtsov 1872 CS77
                |       |--A. f. rossicus Buturlin 1933 CS77
                |       `--A. f. serrirostris Swinhoe 1871 CS77
                `--+--A. albifrons (Scopoli 1769) BKB15, CS77 [=Branta albifrons CS77]
                   |    |--A. a. albifrons CS77 [incl. A. bruchii M05]
                   |    |--A. a. elgasi Delacour & Ripley 1975 CS77
                   |    |--A. a. flavirostris Dalgety & Scott 1948 CS77
                   |    |--A. a. frontalis Baird 1858 CS77
                   |    `--A. a. gambelli Hartlaub 1852 CS77
                   `--+--A. anser (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                      |    |--A. a. anser [incl. A. anser sylvestris] CS77
                      |    `--A. a. rubrirostris Swinhoe 1871 CS77
                      `--A. cygnoides (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, I92 [=Cygnopsis cygnoides RN72]

Anser anser (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, CC10 [=Anas anser CC10; incl. Anser cinereus Meyer 1810 CC10, Anser anser cinereus L81, *Anser domesticus CC10, Anser anser ferus Brünnich 1764 CC10]

Anser caerulescens (Linnaeus 1758) [=Anas caerulescens; incl. Anser hyperboreus Pallas 1769, Chen hyperboreus] CC10

Anser fabalis (Latham 1787) BKB15, CS77 [=Anas fabalis CS77; incl. Anser carneirostris Buturlin 1901 CS77, Anser neglectus Sushkin 1895 CS77]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[M05] Möller, R. 2005. Zur Biographie des Ornithologen Karl Friedrich Bruch (1789–1857). Mauritiana 19 (2): 327–357.

[PJ02] Paxinos, E. E., H. F. James, S. L. Olson, M. D. Sorenson, J. Jackson & R. C. Fleischer. 2002. MtDNA from fossils reveals a radiation of Hawaiian geese recently derived from the Canada goose (Branta canadensis). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 99: 1399–1404.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. Blandford Press: London.

Last updated: 27 November 2021.

Anas

Pintail Anas acuta, photographed by Tom Davis.

Belongs within: Anatinae.

Anas is the primary genus of the dipping or dabbling ducks. These ducks have short legs and a flat duck bill, and have only a simple claw (no lobe or flap) on the hind toe (Austin 1961). Molecular analyses (e.g. Burleigh et al. 2015) have cast doubt on the monophyly of the genus as commonly recognised, with a clade of South American ducks (Tachyeres and related taxa) placed within Anas in the broad sense. Consequently, a clade including the shovelers and blue-winged ducks is here excluded from the genus Anas. The more restricted genus includes the wigeons, mallards and related taxa. The mallard Anas platyrhynchos is the ancestral species of the domestic duck, and consequently has become widely introduced around the world. It forms a superspecies with other species such as the mottled duck Anas fulvigula of North America, the spot-billed duck A. poecilorhyncha of southern Asia, and the grey duck A. superciliosa of the Pacific region, and commonly interbreeds with those species where their ranges overlap. These species largely resemble the female of the mallard with males lacking the metallic green head of the latter. The wigeons, including the Eurasian wigeon Anas penelope and the American wigeon Anas americana, are characterised by a head with a steep forehead and bulbous rear. The pintail is a large, slender, long-billed duck found across the Holarctic region, with males having a distinctive brown head, white throat and long black tail.

<==Anas Linnaeus 1758 CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |--+--+--A. falcata Georgi 1775 BKB15, CS77
    |  |  `--A. strepera Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, M02
    |  |       |--A. s. strepera CS77
    |  |       `--A. s. couesi Streets 1876 CS77
    |  `--+--A. penelope Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, CC10 [=Mareca penelope CC10; incl. *M. fistularis CC10]
    |     `--+--A. americana Gmelin 1789 BKB15, CS77 [=Mareca americana PB27]
    |        `--A. sibilatrix BKB15
    `--+--+--A. sparsa BKB15
       |  `--+--A. undulata BKB15
       |     |    |--A. u. undulata RN72
       |     |    `--A. u. ruppelli RN72
       |     `--+--A. melleri BKB15
       |        `--+--+--A. luzonica BKB15
       |           |  `--+--A. zonorhyncha BKB15 [=A. poecilorhyncha zonorhyncha SU93]
       |           |     `--+--A. platyrhynchos Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
       |           |        |    |--A. p. platyrhynchos CS77
       |           |        |    |--A. p. conboschas Brehm 1831 CS77
       |           |        |    `--A. p. maculosa CS77
       |           |        `--A. poecilorhyncha Forster 1781 BKB15, WS48
       |           |             |--A. p. poecilorhyncha SU93
       |           |             `--A. p. haringtoni SU93
       |           `--+--+--A. laysanensis BKB15 [=A. platyrhynchos laysanensis CS77]
       |              |  `--A. superciliosa Gmelin 1789 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
       |              `--+--A. diazi BKB15 [=A. platyrhynchos diazi CS77]
       |                 |--A. fulvigula BKB15 [=A. platyrhynchos fulvigula CS77]
       |                 `--A. rubripes Brewster 1902 BKB15, CS77
       `--+--+--A. capensis Gmelin 1789 BKB15, CS77
          |  `--+--A. erythrorhyncha BKB15
          |     `--+--A. bahamensis Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, L58
          |        |    |--A. b. bahamensis RN72
          |        |    |--A. b. galapagensis RN72
          |        |    `--A. b. rubrirostris RN72
          |        `--+--A. acuta Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, CC10 [=Dafila acuta CC10]
          |           |    |--A. a. acuta CS77
          |           |    `--A. a. drygalskii Reichenow 1904 CS77
          |           `--A. georgica BKB15
          |                |--A. g. georgica RN72
          |                |--A. g. niceforoi RN72
          |                `--A. g. spinicauda RN72
          `--+--+--A. crecca Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
             |  |    |--A. c. crecca CS77
             |  |    `--A. c. nimia Friedmann 1948 CS77
             |  `--+--A. carolinensis Gmelin 1789 BKB15, CS77 [=A. crecca carolinensis CS77, Nettion carolinense PB27]
             |     `--A. flavirostris BKB15
             |          |--A. f. flavirostris RN72
             |          |--A. f. altipetens RN72
             |          `--A. f. oxyptera RN72
             `--+--+--A. castanea (Eyton 1838) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                |  `--A. gracilis Buller 1869 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                `--+--A. bernieri BKB15 [=Querquedula bernieri S66]
                   `--+--A. aucklandica (Gray 1849) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                      `--+--A. chlorotis Gray 1845 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                         `--A. nesiotis (Fleming 1935) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)

Anas incertae sedis:
  A. adunca Linnaeus 1758 L58
  A. albae Jánossy 1979 M02
  A. andium JT12 [=A. flavirostris andium RN72]
  A. arborea Linnaeus 1758 L58
  A. assimilis S66
  A. autumnalis Linnaeus 1758 L58
  A. benedeni Sharpe 1899 [=A. creccoides Beneden 1871 non King 1828] M02
  A. bucephala Linnaeus 1758 L58
  A. circia Linnaeus 1758 L58
  A. cygnoid Linnaeus 1758 L58
  A. eatoni (Sharpe 1875) JT12, CS77 [=A. acuta eatoni CS77]
  A. eppelsheimensis Lambrecht 1933 M02
  A. ‘fusca’ Ellman 1861 (n. d.) non Linnaeus 1758 CC10
  A. gibberifrons Müller 1842 (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |--A. g. gibberifrons SU93
    |--A. g. albogularis SU93
    `--A. g. remissa RN72
  A. glaucion Linnaeus 1758 L58
  A. integra FP64
  A. isarensis Lambrecht 1933 M02
  A. lignitifila Portis 1884 [=A. lignitiphila] M02
  A. marecula FS01
  A. mediterranea Ellman 1861 (n. d.) CC10
  A. minuta Linnaeus 1758 L58
  A. obscura L81
  A. oeningensis Meyer 1865 [=Anser oeningensis] M02
  A. risgoviensis Ammon 1918 M02
  A. rustica Linnaeus 1758 L58
  A. sansaniensis Milne-Edwards 1868 [=Dendrocygna sansaniensis] M02
  A. skalicensis Bayer 1882 M02
  A. specularioides ZJM03
  A. theodori FS01
  A. vallisneria L81
  A. velox Milne-Edwards 1868 [=Nettion velox; incl. Anas meyerii Milne-Edwards 1868, Aythya meyerii] M02
  A. wyvilliana JT12 [=A. platyrhynchos wyvilliana CS77]

Nomina nuda: Anas arcensis Kretzoi 1962 M02
             Anas crassa Milne-Edwards 1871 M02

Anas Linnaeus 1758 CC10 [=Anassus Rafinesque 1815 CC10; incl. Boschas Swainson 1831 CC10, Chauliodus Swainson 1831 B94, Dafila Stephens 1824 B94, Elasmonetta Salvadori 1895 CC10, Mareca Stephens in Shaw 1824 CC10, Nesonetta Gray 1844 CC10, Nettion Kaup 1829 CC10, Sibirionetta von Boetticher 1929 B94, Virago Newton 1872 CC10, Xenonetta Fleming 1935 CC10]

Anas aucklandica (Gray 1849) BKB15, CC10 [=*Nesonetta aucklandica CC10, A. castanea aucklandica CC10, Erismatura (*Nesonetta) aucklandica CC10]

Anas castanea (Eyton 1838) BKB15, CC10 [=Mareca castanea CC10, A. (Virago) castanea CC10, Nettion castanea CC10; incl. Virago castanea alexanderi Mathews 1916 CC10, Anas punctata Gould 1845 non Burchell 1822 CC10, *V. punctata CC10]

Anas chlorotis Gray 1845 BKB15, CC10 [=A. aucklandica chlorotis CC10, A. castanea chlorotis CC10, *Elasmonetta chlorotis CC10; incl. E. chlorotis peculiaris Mathews 1937 CC10]

Anas crecca Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, CC10 [=*Nettion crecca CC10, Nettium crecca M01; incl. A. crecca percrecca Jánossy 1992 M02]

Anas gibberifrons Müller 1842 [=A. (Mareca) gibberifrons, Nettion gibberifrons, Nettium (l. c.) gibberifrons, Querquedula gibberifrons] CC10

Anas gracilis Buller 1869 BKB15, CC10 [=A. gibberifrons gracilis CC10, Virago gibberifrons gracilis CC10; incl. Mareca castanea Marie 1870 non Eyton 1838 CC10, Nettion castaneum CC10, Nettium (l. c.) castaneum CC10, Anas gibberifrons mathewsi Phillips 1923 CC10, Nettion castaneum rogersi Mathews 1912 non Anas superciliosa rogersi Mathews 1912 CC10, Virago gibberifrons rogersi CC10]

Anas nesiotis (Fleming 1935) BKB15, CC10 [=*Xenonetta nesiotis CC10, A. aucklandica nesiotis CC10, A. castanea nesiotis CC10]

Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, CC10 [incl. Fuligula aretina Portis 1887 M02, Anas aretina M02, Aythya aretina M02, *Anas boschas Linnaeus 1766 CC10, Anas boscas (l. c.) CC10, *Boschas boschas CC10, Fuligula sepulta Portis 1887 M02, Anas sepulta M02, Aythya sepulta M02]

Anas superciliosa Gmelin 1789 BKB15, CC10 [=A. superciliaris CC10; incl. A. leucophrys Forster in Lichtenstein 1844 CC10, A. muelleri Bonaparte 1856 CC10, A. novaehollandiae Mathews 1920 CC10, A. oustaleti Salvadori 1894 CC10, A. platyrhynchos oustaleti FR98, A. superciliosa var. pelewensis Hartlaub & Finsch 1872 CC10, A. superciliosa percna Riley 1919 CC10, A. superciliosa rogersi Mathews 1912 CC10, A. poecilorhyncha rogersi WS48, A. superciliosa rukensis Kuroda 1939 CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[FS01] Flannery, T., & P. Schouten. 2001. A Gap in Nature: Discovering the World's Extinct Animals. Text Publishing: Melbourne.

[FR98] Fritts, T. H., & G. H. Rodda. 1998. The role of introduced species in the degradation of island ecosystems: a case history of Guam. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 113–140.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[M01] Madarász, J. 1901. Madarak [Vögel]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 21–39. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. Blandford Press: London.

[S66] Schlegel, H. 1866. Communication from, on mammals and birds collected in Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 419–426.

[SU93] Sonobe, K., & S. Usui (eds.) 1993. A Field Guide to the Waterbirds of Asia. Wild Bird Society of Japan: Tokyo.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

[ZJM03] Zeffer, A., L. C. Johansson & Å. Marmebro. 2003. Functional correlation between habitat use and leg morphology in birds (Aves). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 461–484.

Last udpated: 27 November 2021.

Anatinae

Flightless steamer ducks Tachyeres pteneres, photographed by Nick Athanas.

Belongs within: Anatidae.
Contains: Mergini, Tadornini, Aythya, Anas.

The Anatinae include the majority of the ducks, the generally smaller-bodied, shorter-necked waterfowl. As a clade, the Anatinae are distinguished by the presence of asymmetrical syringeal bullae (Sorenson et al. 1999). Numerous tribes have been recognised within the Anatinae but the nature and circumscription of these tribes has often differed between classifications.

The dipping ducks of the tribe Anatini include the relatives of the type genus Anas. They have a simple claw on the hind toe without an associated lobe or flap and often have a patch of iridescent metallic feathers (the speculum) on the wing. Dipping ducks typically feed in shallow waters by tipping the body vertically with the tail directed upwards above the water. The diving ducks of the tribe Aythyini have a short, heavy body with large, widely separated legs and a strong lobe or flap on the hind toe, and commonly dive underwater to feed.

The tree ducks of the tribe Cairinini are so-called for their habit of nesting in hollows and roosting in trees; membership of this tribe has been particularly inconsistent but definite members include the muscovy duck Cairina moschata, mandarin duck Aix galericulata and wood duck Aix sponsa. Other ducks historically included in the Cairinini, such as the knob-billed duck Sarkidiornis melanotos and white-winged duck Asarcornis scutellata, have been placed separately by molecular phylogenetic analyses.

See also: The Hawaiian superducks.

<==Anatinae [Boschinae, Dafilinae, Marecinae, Merganettidae, Querquedulinae, Sibirionettinae, Spatulinae]
    |  i. s.: Salvadorina waigiuensis JT12
    |--Stictonetta Reichenbach 1853 JT12, B94 [Stictonettinae, Stictonettini]
    |    `--S. naevosa (Gould 1840) [=Anas naevosa] WS48
    `--+--Merganetta Gould 1842 BKB15, B94 [Merganettinae, Merganettini]
       |    `--M. armata BKB15
       `--+--+--Mergini BKB15
          |  `--+--Tadornini BKB15
          |     `--Cairinini [Cairininae] CS77
          |          |--Cairina Flemming 1822 BKB15, B94
          |          |    `--C. moschata (Linnaeus 1758) [=Anas moschata] CC10
          |          `--Aix Boie 1828 BKB15, B94 [incl. Dendronessa Wagler 1832 M02; Aiginae]
          |               |--A. galericulata (Linnaeus 1758) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
          |               `--A. sponsa (Linnaeus 1758) [=Anas sponsa, Aex (l. c.) sponsa] CC10
          `--+--+--Chenonetta Brandt 1836 BKB15, CC10 [incl. Euryanas Oliver 1930 CC10; Chenonettinae]
             |  |    |--C. jubata (Latham 1802) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
             |  |    `--C. finschi (van Beneden 1875) (see below for synonymy) CC10
             |  `--+--Hymenolaimus Gray 1843 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
             |     |    `--*H. malacorhynchos (Gmelin 1789) (see below for synonymy) CC10
             |     `--Callonetta Delacour 1936 BKB15, B94 [Callonettinae]
             |          `--C. leucophrys BKB15
             `--+--Aythyini [Aythinini, Aythyinae, Fuligulinae, Marilinae, Nyrocinae] SC99
                |    |  i. s.: Rhodonessa Reichenbach 1853 CS77, B94 [Rhodonessinae]
                |    |           `--R. caryophyllacea JT12
                |    |--+--Marmaronetta angustirostris (Ménétries 1832) BKB15, CS77 [=Anas angustirostris CS77]
                |    |  `--+--Pteronetta hartlaubii BKB15
                |    |     `--Cyanochen Bonaparte 1856 BKB15, B94 [Cyanocheninae]
                |    |          `--C. cyanopterus BKB15
                |    `--+--Asarcornis scutellata SC99 [=Cairina scutulata BKB15]
                |       `--Netta Kaup 1829 BKB15, M02
                |            |  i. s.: N. erythrophthalma JT12
                |            |--N. rufina (Pallas 1773) BKB15, M02 [=Anas rufina M02]
                |            `--+--N. peposaca BKB15
                |               `--Aythya BKB15
                `--+--Plectropterini SC99
                   |    |--Plectropterus Stephen 1824 [Plectropterinae] B94
                   |    |    `--P. gambensis (Linnaeus 1766) CS77
                   |    |         |--P. g. gambensis RN72
                   |    |         `--P. g. niger RN72
                   |    `--Sarkidiornis Eyton 1838 BKB15, B94 [Sarkidiornithinae]
                   |         `--S. melanotos BKB15 [=Anas melanota S66; incl. Sarcidiornis africana S66]
                   |              |--S. m. melanotos RN72
                   |              `--S. m. carunculatus RN72
                   `--Anatini SC99
                        |  i. s.: Pachyanas Oliver 1955 CC10
                        |             `--*P. chathamica Oliver 1955 CC10
                        |         Matanas Worthy, Tennyson et al. 2007 CC10
                        |           `--*M. enrighti Worthy, Tennyson et al. 2007 CC10
                        |--Anas BKB15
                        `--+--+--Lophonetta specularoides BKB15
                           |  `--+--Tachyeres Owen 1875 BKB15, B94 (see below for synonymy)
                           |     |    |--+--T. brachypterus BKB15
                           |     |    |  `--T. pteneres BKB15
                           |     |    `--+--T. leucocephalus BKB15
                           |     |       `--T. patachonicus BKB15
                           |     `--+--Speculanas specularis BKB15
                           |        `--Amazonetta von Boetticher 1929 SC99, B94 [Amazonettinae]
                           |             `--A. brasiliensis BKB15
                           |                  |--A. b. brasiliensis RN72
                           |                  `--A. b. ipecutiri RN72
                           `--+--‘Anas’ formosa Georgi 1775 BKB15, CS77
                              `--+--+--‘Anas’ puna BKB15 [=A. versicolor puna RN72]
                                 |  `--‘Anas’ versicolor BKB15
                                 |       |--A. v. versicolor RN72
                                 |       `--A. v. fretensis RN72
                                 `--+--Querquedula Stephens in Shaw 1824 CC10
                                    |    |--*Q. querquedula (Linnaeus 1758) CC10, M02 [=Anas querquedula BKB15]
                                    |    `--Q. cyanoptera PB27
                                    `--+--‘Anas’ hottentota BKB15
                                       `--+--‘Anas’ platalea BKB15
                                          `--+--+--‘Anas’ cyanoptera BKB15
                                             |  |    |--A. c. cyanoptera RN72
                                             |  |    |--A. c. borreroi RN72
                                             |  |    |--A. c. orinomus RN72
                                             |  |    |--A. c. septentrionalium RN72
                                             |  |    `--A. c. tropica RN72
                                             |  `--‘Anas’ discors Linnaeus 1766 BKB15, CS77 (see below for synonymy)
                                             `--+--‘Anas’ smithii BKB15
                                                `--Spatula Boie 1822 (see below for synonymy) CC10
                                                     |--*S. clypeata (Linnaeus 1758) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                                                     `--S. rhynchotis (Latham 1802) CC10 (see below for synonymy)

Inorganic: Anas clypeata minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

Aix galericulata (Linnaeus 1758) CC10 [=Anas galericulata CC10, Aex galericulata M01, Dendronessa galericulata M02]

‘Anas’ discors Linnaeus 1766 BKB15, CS77 [=Querquedula discors S18; incl. A. discors orphana Stewart & Aldrich 1956 CS77]

Chenonetta finschi (van Beneden 1875) [=Anas finschi, *Euryanas finschi, Euryanus (l. c.) finschi] CC10

Chenonetta jubata (Latham 1802) CC10 [=Anas jubata CC10, Bernicla jubata WH02; incl. Chenonetta jubata alexanderi Mathews 1916 CC10, Anser lophotus Brandt 1836 CC10, *Chenonetta lophotus CC10]

Hymenolaimus Gray 1843 BKB15, CC10 [=Hymenolaemus Agassiz 1846 CC10; incl. Malacorhynchos Wagler 1832 non Swainson 1831 CC10; Hymenolaiminae]

*Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos (Gmelin 1789) [=Anas malacorhynchos, Fuligula (Hymenolaemus) malacorhyncha, Hymenolaemus malacorhynchus, Hymenolaimus malacorhynchus, Rhynchaspis malacorynchos; incl. *Malacorhynchus forsterorum Wagler 1832, Malacorynchus (l. c.) forsterorum, Hymenolaimus malacorhynchus hymenolaimus Mathews 1937, Anas malacoryncha Forster in Lichtenstein 1844] CC10

Spatula Boie 1822 [=Clypeata Lesson 1828, Rhynchaspis Stephens in Shaw 1824, Rhynchoplatus Berthold in Latreille 1827, Spathulea Fleming 1828] CC10

*Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus 1758) CC10 [=Anas clypeata BKB15, *Clypeata clypeata CC10, *Rhynchaspis clypeata CC10, *Rhynchoplatus clypeatus CC10, *Spathulea clypeata CC10]

Spatula rhynchotis (Latham 1802) CC10 [=Anas rhynchotis BKB15, Rhynchaspis rhynchotis CC10, Sptaula (l. c.) rhynchotis CC10; incl. Spatula rhynchotis dydimus Mathews 1916 CC10, Spa. variegata Gould 1856 CC10, Anas rhynchotis variegata non A. variegata Gmelin 1789 (not preoc. if in dif. gen.) CC10, Rhynchaspis variegata CC10, Spatula rhynchotis variegata CC10]

Tachyeres Owen 1875 BKB15, B94 [incl. Micropterus Lesson 1828 B94; Micropterinae, Tachyeresini, Tachyerinae, Tachyerini]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[M01] Madarász, J. 1901. Madarak [Vögel]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 21–39. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. Blandford Press: London.

[S66] Schlegel, H. 1866. Communication from, on mammals and birds collected in Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 419–426.

[SC99] Sorenson, M. D., A. Cooper, E. E. Paxinos, T. W. Quinn, H. F. James, S. L. Olson & R. C. Fleischer. 1999. Relationships of the extinct moa-nalos, flightless Hawaiian waterfowl, based on ancient DNA. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 266: 2187–2193.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

[WH02] Worthy, T. H., & R. N. Holdaway. 2002. The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press: Bloomington (Indiana).

Last updated: 27 November 2021.

Aythya

Male and female greater scaup Aythya marila, photographed by Greg.

Belongs within: Anatinae.

Aythya is a genus of diving ducks including pochards and scaups. Diving ducks have a short, heavy body, with large legs placed further back and wider apart than those of other ducks, a strong lobe or flap on the hind toe, and pale rather than metallic specula on the wings. They are usually gregarious, often forming large flocks. Members of the genus include the greater scaup A. marila, widespread in the Holarctic region, males of which have a black head and breast with a green or purple gloss on the head, grey back and white belly; females are largely brown with a large white patch at the base of the bill. The canvasback A. valisineria of North America is a large duck with a long bill and smoothly sloping profile; males have a reddish-brown head and neck and black breast.

<==Aythya Boie 1822 (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |  i. s.: A. baeri (Radde 1863) I92
    |         ‘Nyroca’ capensis [=Fuligula capensis] K08
    |         A. chauvirae Cheneval 1987 M02
    |         A. innotata JT12
    |--+--A. australis (Eyton 1838) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |  |    |--A. a. australis RN72
    |  |    `--A. a. extima RN72
    |  `--A. nyroca (Güldenstädt 1770) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    `--+--+--+--*A. marila (Linnaeus 1761) CC10, JT12, CS77 [=Anas marila CC10]
       |  |  |    |--A. m. marila CS77
       |  |  |    `--A. m. mariloides (Vigors 1839) [incl. A. marila nearctica Stejneger 1885] CS77
       |  |  `--A. affinis JT12 [=Marila affinis D56]
       |  `--+--A. fuligula (Linnaeus 1758) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
       |     `--A. novaeseelandiae (Gmelin 1789) (see below for synonymy) CC10
       `--+--+--A. americana JT12
          |  `--A. collaris (Donovan 1809) JT12, CS77 [=Anas collaris CC10, *Perissonetta collaris CC10]
          `--+--A. ferina (Linnaeus 1758) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
             `--A. valisineria JT12

Aythya Boie 1822 [incl. Fuligula Stephens in Shaw 1824, Fulix Sundevall 1836, Ilyonetta Heine & Reichenow 1890, Marila Reichenbach 1852, Nyroca Flemming 1822, Perissonetta Oberholser 1920, Zeafulix Mathews 1937; Fuligulidae] CC10

Aythya australis (Eyton 1838) JT12, CC10 [=Nyroca australis CC10; incl. N. nyroca dampieri Mathews 1912 CC10, Aythya australis ledeboeri Bartels & Franck 1938 CC10]

Aythya ferina (Linnaeus 1758) JT12, CC10 [=Anas ferina CC10, Fuligula ferina M02, *Marila ferina CC10, Nyroca ferina CC10]

Aythya fuligula (Linnaeus 1758) JT12, CC10 [=Anas fuligula CC10, *Fuligula fuligula CC10, *Fulix fuligula CC10, Nyroca fuligula D56; incl. Anas cristata Fischer 1778 CC10, Fuligula cristatus L81]

Aythya novaeseelandiae (Gmelin 1789) [=Anas novaeseelandiae, Anas novaezealandiae, Fuligula novaeseelandiae, Fuligula novaezealandiae, Fulix novaeseelandiae, Marila novaezelandiae, Nyroca novaeseelandiae, *Zeafulix novaeseelandiae; incl. Anas atra Ellman 1861, Anas atricilla Forster in Lichtenstein 1844, Zeafulix novaeseelandiae maui Mathews 1937] CC10

Aythya nyroca (Güldenstädt 1770) JT12, CC10 [=Anas nyroca CC10, *Ilyonetta nyroca CC10, *Nyroca nyroca CC10; incl. Aythya rufa G73]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[D56] Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. University Press: Cambridge.

[G73] Gauntlett, F. M. 1973. Notes on some Kashmir birds. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (3): 591–615.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[K08] Kellogg, V. L. 1908. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den Umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905–1906 vol. 15. Corrodentia pt 4. Mallophaga. Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri-A. B.: Uppsala.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. Blandford Press: London.

Last updated: 27 November 2021.

Pangalliformes

The Early Eocene Gallinuloides wyomingensis, from Mayr & Weidig (2004).

Belongs within: Aves.
Contains: Galliformes.

The Pangalliformes is the total group for gamebirds, i.e. crown-group Galliformes and all fossil species more closely related to them than to other birds. Pangalliformes probably diverged from other birds during the Cretaceous, and Austinornis has been indicated as a possible Late Cretaceous pangalliform (Clarke 2004).

Synapomorphies (from Mayr & Weidig 2004): Humerus with marked elongated tuberculum dorsale; plantar side of articular surface of trochlea metatarsi III asymmetric with lateral ridge protruding farther proximally than medial ridge.

<==Pangalliformes C04
    |  i. s.: Austinornis Clarke 2004 C04
    |           `--*A. lentus (Marsh 1877) [=Graculavus lentus, Ichthyornis lentus] C04
    |         Archaealectrornis MW04
    |         Amitabha Gulas-Wroblewski & Wroblewski 2003 MW04
    |           `--A. urbsinterdictensis Gulas-Wroblewski & Wroblewski 2003 MW04
    |         Argillipes Harrison & Walker 1977 M05, M02
    |           |--*A. aurorum Harrison & Walker 1977 M02
    |           |--A. magnus Harrison & Walker 1979 M02
    |           `--A. paralectoris Harrison & Walker 1977 [incl. Paraortygoides radagasti Dyke & Gulas 2002] M05
    |--Paraortyx Gaillard 1908 M02 [Paraortygidae MW04]
    |    |--*P. lorteti Gaillard 1908 (see below for synonymy) M02
    |    `--P. brancoi Gaillard 1908 M02
    |--Gallinuloididae [Gallinuloidinae] MW04
    |    |--Gallinuloides Eastman 1900 MW04
    |    |    `--G. wyomingensis Eastman 1900 MW04
    |    `--Paraortygoides Mayr 2000 MW04
    |         `--*P. messelensis Mayr 2000 M02
    `--+--Galliformes MW04
       `--Quercymegapodiidae [Quercymegapodiinae] MW04
            |--Taubacrex Alvarenga 1988 M02
            |--Ludiortyx Brodkorb 1964 M05, M02 [incl. Eortyx Brodkorb 1967 M02]
            |    `--L. hoffmanni (Gervais 1852) (see below for synonymy) M02
            |--Quercymegapodius Mourer-Chauviré 1992 M02
            |    `--*Q. depereti (Gaillard 1908) (see below for synonymy) M02
            `--Ameripodius Alvarenga 1995 M02
                 |--*A. silvasantosi Alvarenga 1995 M02
                 `--A. alexis Mourer-Chauviré 2000 M02

Ludiortyx hoffmanni (Gervais 1852) [=Tringa hoffmanni, *Eortyx hoffmanni, Palaeortyx hoffmanni; incl. P. blanchardi Milne-Edwards 1869, *Ludiortyx blanchardi] M02

*Paraortyx lorteti Gaillard 1908 [incl. Palaeortyx cayluxensis Milne-Edwards 1892 non Lydekker 1891, Par. cayluxensis, Pal. gaillardi Lambrecht 1933, Ludiortyx gaillardi, Paraortyx gaillardi] M02

*Quercymegapodius depereti (Gaillard 1908) [=Palaeocryptonyx depereti, Pirortyx depereti; incl. Quercymegapodius brodkorbi Mourer-Chauviré 1992] M02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C04] Clarke, J. A. 2004. Morphology, phylogenetic taxonomy, and systematics of Ichthyornis and Apatornis (Avialae: Ornithurae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 286: 1-179.

[M05] Mayr, G. 2005. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515-542.

[MW04] Mayr, G., & I. Weidig. 2004. The Early Eocene bird Gallinuloides wyomingensis – a stem group representative of Galliformes. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (2): 211-217.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.