Coreidae

Homoeocerus unipunctatus, copyright Kenpei.

Belongs within: Coreoidea.
Contains: Leptoscelis, Colpura, Leptoglossus, Coreus.

The Coreidae, squash bugs, are a group of large plant-feeding bugs that typically produce strong repellent odours (Carver et al. 1991).

Characters (from Carver et al. 1991): Stout, usually robust bugs with relatively thick legs; bucculae extending to, and usually behind, level of antennifers; head usually much less than half as wide as base of pronotum; ocelli present; metapleural scent gland openings with distinct peritremes; posterior margins of T4 and T5 produced posteriorly in mid line; membrane of fore wing with longitudinal accessory veins; corium without a large hyaline area.

<==Coreidae [Corizidae]
    |--Agriopocorinae CGW91
    |    |--Agriopocoris CGW91
    |    `--Tylocryptus egenus CGW91
    |--Cloresminae D01a
    |    |--Notobitus abdominalis Distant 1901 D01a
    |    `--Cloresmus D01a
    |         |--C. khasianus Distant 1901 D01a
    |         `--C. modestus Distant 1901 D01a
    |--Physomerinae D01b
    |    |--Rhyticoris spinipes [=Lygaeus spinipes; incl. Piezogaster patulus Walker 1871] D01b
    |    |--Physomerus D01b
    |    |    |--P. grossipes (Fabr. 1794) [=Lygaeus grossipes; incl. P. delineatus Walker 1871] D01b
    |    |    `--P. subargenteus Walker 1871 D01b
    |    `--Acanthocoris D01b
    |         |--A. anticus Walker 1871 D01b
    |         |--A. esau Distant 1901 D01b
    |         `--A. obscuricornis Dall. 1852 [incl. A. tarsalis Walker 1871] D01b
    |--Pseudophloeinae CGW91
    |    |--Gralliclava CGW91
    |    |--Clavigralloides CGW91
    |    `--Clavigralla D01b
    |         |--C. acantharis (Fabr. 1803) [=Lygaeus acantharis; incl. C. tuberculata Dall. 1852] D01b
    |         |--C. aliena (Walker 1871) [=Cletus alienus] D01b
    |         |--C. dispar Walker 1872 (n. d.) D01b
    |         |--C. gibbosa G01
    |         |--C. horrens D01b
    |         |--C. indecora (Walker 1871) [=Cletus indecorus] D01b
    |         `--C. spinigera Walker 1872 (n. d.) D01b
    |--Discogastrinae D01b
    |    |--Savius Stål 1862 [incl. Homoeoceroides Walker 1871] D01b
    |    |    `--‘Homoeocerus’ diversicornis [=*Homoeoceroides diversicornis] D01b
    |    |--Cnemomis D01b
    |    |    |--C. cognata Stål 1865 [incl. Hypselonotus signatus Walker 1871] D01b
    |    |    `--C. dubia (Dall. 1852) [=Paryphes dubius; incl. Hypselonotus mundus Walker 1871] D01b
    |    |--Scamurius D01b
    |    |    |--S. amabilis (Stål 1855) [=Paryphes amabilis; incl. Homoeoceroides incongruus Walker 1871] D01b
    |    |    `--S. scutellaris (Walker 1871) [=Hypselonotus scutellaris] D01b
    |    `--Discogaster Burmeister 1835 [incl. Leptornytus Walker 1871] D01b
    |         |--D. drewseni D01b
    |         `--D. rufocornis (Walker 1871) [=Leptornytus rufocornis] D01b
    |--Spartocerinae D01b
    |    |--Sephina D01b
    |    |    |--S. humeralis Distant 1901 D01b
    |    |    |--S. limbata [incl. S. atra Walker 1871] D01b
    |    |    `--S. vinula [incl. Spartocera lampyroides Walker 1871] D01b
    |    `--Spartocera D01b
    |         |--S. batatas (Fabr. 1798) [=Lygaeus batatas] D01b
    |         |--S. brevicornis E66
    |         |--S. fusca (Thunb. 1783) [=Cimex fuscus; incl. Spartocerus diffusus] D01b
    |         |--S. gigantea D01b
    |         |--S. grandis Distant 1901 D01b
    |         |--S. pantomima (Dist. 1881) [=Sephina pantomima; incl. Sp. ortonedai Montand. 1897] D01b
    |         `--S. rubicunda Spin. in Gay 1852 [incl. S. chilensis Walker 1871] D01b
    |--Gonocerinae D01b
    |    |--Gonocerus L-SSY04
    |    |    |--G. annulipes Lucas 1847 E12
    |    |    `--G. juniperi Herrich-Schäffer 1839 L-SSY04
    |    |--Cletomorpha D01b
    |    |    |--C. kirbyi Distant 1901 [=C. denticulata Kirby 1891 (preoc.)] D01b
    |    |    |--C. raja Distant 1901 D01b
    |    |    `--C. walkeri Kirby 1891 [incl. C. benita Kirby 1891] D01b
    |    `--Plinacthus D01b
    |         |--P. acicularis (Fabr. 1803) [=Alydus acicularis; incl. Cletus conspicuus Walker 1871] D01b
    |         |--P. dubius (Herr.-Schäff. 1842) [=Gonocerus dubius; incl. Cletus clarus Walker 1871] D01b
    |         |--P. pungens (Thunb. 1783) [=Cimex pungens; incl. Gonocerus luridus Dall. 1852] D01b
    |         `--P. spinosus Stål 1859 [incl. Cletus mundus Walker 1871] D01b
    |--Acanthocephalinae D01a
    |    |--Acanthocephala D01a
    |    |    |--A. affinis (Walker 1871) [=Metapodius affinis] D01a
    |    |    |--A. angustipes (Westw. in Hope 1842) [=Metapodius angustipes; incl. M. constrictus Walk. 1871] D01a
    |    |    |--A. femorata L86
    |    |    |--A. latipes (Drury 1782) [=Cimex latipes; incl. Metapodius sericeicollis Walk. 1871] D01a
    |    |    `--A. unicolor (Westw. 1842) [=Metapodius unicolor; incl. M. distinctus Walk. 1871] D01a
    |    `--Laminiceps D01a
    |         |--L. cardinalis D01a
    |         |--L. ducalis D01a
    |         |--L. fasciatus D01a
    |         |--L. festivus Distant 1901 D01a
    |         |--L. megaera (Burm. 1835) [=Paryphes megaera] D01a
    |         `--L. sumptuosus Distant 1901 D01a
    |--Centroscelinae D01b
    |    |--Acidomeria strigata (Walker 1871) [=Gonocerus strigatus] D01b
    |    |--Namacus annulicornis Stål 1870 [incl. N. rufescens Walker 1872] D01b
    |    |--Margus D01b
    |    |    |--M. inornatus D01b
    |    |    `--M. obscurator (Fabr. 1803) [=Coreus obscurator] D01b
    |    |--Catorhintha D01b
    |    |    |--C. guttula (Fabr. 1794) [=Lygaeus guttula] D01b
    |    |    `--C. semialba (Walker 1872) [=Namacus semialbus] D01b
    |    |--Paryphes D01b
    |    |    |--P. festivus Costa 1863 [incl. P. gloriosus Walker 1871] D01b
    |    |    `--P. viridipes Walker 1871 (n. d.) D01b
    |    `--Hypselonotus D01b
    |         |--H. concinnus [incl. H. propinquus Walker 1871] D01b
    |         |--H. interruptus Hahn 1831 [incl. Jadera subvittata Walker 1871] D01b
    |         `--H. lanceolatus Walker 1871 D01b
    |--Mictinae D01b
    |    |--Saguntus lobulatus Stål 1865 [incl. Hypselonotus crassifemur Walker 1871] D01b
    |    |--Quintius pallens (Walker 1871) [=Hirileus pallens; incl. H. pallidus Walker 1871 D01b
    |    |--Molchina Amyot & Serv. 1843 [incl. Euplatycoris Walker 1871] D01b
    |    |    `--M. granulata Stål 1870 [incl. Euplatycoris bellicornis Walker 1871] D01b
    |    |--Zoreva D01b
    |    |    |--Z. marginalis (Walker 1871) [=Hypselonotus marginalis] D01b
    |    |    `--Z. spinifera D01b
    |    |--Archimerus D01b
    |    |    |--A. alternatus E66
    |    |    |--A. calcarator E66
    |    |    `--A. pallens (Dall. 1852) [=Physomerus pallens, Piezogaster pallens] D01b
    |    `--Nematopus D01b
    |         |--N. fasciatus Westw. in Hope 1842 [incl. Hypselonotus fascicollis Walker 1871] D01b
    |         |--N. indus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Cimex indus; incl. Hypselonotus pectoralis Walker 1871] D01b
    |         |--N. lepidus Stål 1862 [incl. Hypselonotus armatus Walker 1871] D01b
    |         `--N. ruficrus (Perty 1830) [=Anisoscelis ruficrus; incl. Hypselonotus ventralis Walker 1871] D01b
    |--Leptoscelidini [Leptoscelinae] D01b
    |    |--Leptoscelis D01b
    |    |--Malvana minax (Walker 1871) [=Hypselonotus minax] D01b
    |    |--Amblyomia B96a
    |    |--Coribergia B96a
    |    |--Dalmatomammurius B96a
    |    |--Kalinckascelis B96a
    |    |--Malvanaioides B96a
    |    |--Plunentis B96a
    |    |--Sephinioides Brailovsky 1996 B96a
    |    |    `--*S. ugaldei Brailovsky 1996 B96a
    |    `--Phthia D01b
    |         |--P. affinis Distant 1901 D01b
    |         |--P. cantharidina D01b
    |         |--P. decorata D01b
    |         |--P. lunata [incl. P. concinna Walker 1871] D01b
    |         |--P. picta D01b
    |         |--P. smaragdina (Walker 1871) [=Sphictyrtus smaragdinus] D01b
    |         `--P. ventralis D01b
    |--Corizinae D01b
    |    |--Corizus H01
    |    |    |--C. crassicornis [incl. C. crassicornis var. abutilon] H01
    |    |    |--C. maculatus H01
    |    |    |--C. parumpunctatus H01
    |    |    `--C. subrufus [incl. C. capitatus] H01
    |    |--Jadera D01b
    |    |    |--J. abdominalis Walker 1871 (n. d.) D01b
    |    |    |--J. aeola (Dallas 1852) [=Serinetha aeola; incl. Lygaeus conspersus Walker 1872] D01b
    |    |    |--J. antica (Walker 1872) [=Lygaeus anticus] D01b
    |    |    |--J. haematoloma [incl. Lygaeus marginalis Walker 1872] D01c
    |    |    `--J. sanguinolenta (Fabr. 1775) [=Cimex sanguinolentus; incl. Lygaeus rufoculis Kirby 1890] D01b
    |    `--Serinetha D01b
    |         |--S. abdominalis (Fabr. 1803) [=Lygaeus abdominalis; incl. S. taprobanensis Dallas 1852] D01b
    |         |--S. aethiops Dallas 1901 D01b
    |         |--S. fraterna D01b
    |         |--S. lurida Dallas 1852 D01b
    |         |--S. subrufescens (Kirby 1888) [=Lygaeus subrufescens] D01c
    |         `--S. vicina Dallas 1852 [incl. S. coxalis Kirby 1891, Astacops nigricornis Walker 1872] D01b
    |--Colpurinae D01a
    |    |  i. s.: Sciophyrus D01a
    |    |           |--S. anticus (Walker 1871) [=Cletus anticus] D01a
    |    |           `--S. crassus (Walker 1871) [=Cletus crassus] D01a
    |    |         Pachycephalus D01a
    |    |           |--P. opacus D01a
    |    |           `--P. touchei Distant 1901 D01a
    |    `--Colpurini B96b
    |         |--Colpura D01a
    |         |--Agathyrna B96b
    |         |--Acanthotyla fasciata (Walker 1871) B96b, D01a [=Cletus fasciatus D01a]
    |         |--Monasavuhygia Brailovsky 1996 B96b
    |         |    `--*M. cordata Brailovsky 1996 B96b
    |         |--Acarihygia Brailovsky 1993 B96b
    |         |    `--*A. fijiana Brailovsky 1993 B96b
    |         `--Brachylybas Stål 1870 B96b
    |              |--*B. variegata (Le Guillou 1841) [=Gonocerus variegatus, B. variegatus] B96b
    |              |--B. delgadoi Brailovksy 1996 B96b
    |              |--B. taveuni Brailovsky 1996 B96b
    |              `--B. vanua Brailovsky 1996 B96b
    |--Coreinae CGW91
    |    |--Mictis profana (Fabr. 1803) CGW91, D14 [=Lygaeus profana D14; incl. M. profanus var. crux K08]
    |    |--Amblypelta cocophaga CGW91, MHG04
    |    |--Aulacosternum nigrorubrum CGW91, C91
    |    |--Pompanotus CGW91
    |    |--Turrana CGW91
    |    |--Leptoglossus CGW91
    |    |--Coreus E12
    |    |--Amorbus CGW91
    |    |    |--A. alternatus CGW91
    |    |    `--A. rubiginosus G75
    |    `--Cletus CGW91
    |         |--C. apicifer Walker 1871 (n. d.) D01b
    |         |--C. bipunctatus (Westw. in Hope 1842) [=Coreus bipunctatus; incl. Cl. signatus Walker 1871] D01b
    |         |--C. fuscescens Walker 1871 D01b
    |         |--C. inconspicuus Walker 1871 D01b
    |         |--C. punctiger (Dall. 1852) [=Gonocerus punctiger; incl. Homoeocerus minax Walker 1871] D01b
    |         |--C. punctulatus (Westw. in Hope 1842) [=Coreus punctulatus; incl. Cl. femoralis Kirby 1891] D01b
    |         |--C. rubidiventris (Wastw. in Hope 1842) [=Coreus rubidiventris; incl. Cl. pallescens Walker 1871] D01b
    |         |--C. similis WEE70
    |         `--C. subnotatus Walker 1871 D01b
    `--Homoeocerus [Homoeocerinae] D01a
         |--H. abbreviatus (Fabr. 1794) [=Lygaeus abbreviatus; incl. H. umbratus Walker 1871] D01a
         |--H. abdominalis Distant 1901 D01a
         |--H. angulatus West. in Hope 1842 (see below for synonymy) D01a
         |--H. annulatus (Thunb. 1822) [=Alydus annulatus; incl. Ceratopachys subsparsus Walker 1871] D01a
         |--H. atkinsoni Distant 1901 D01a
         |--H. auriculatus D01a
         |--H. borneensis Distant 1901 D01a
         |--H. concisus Walker 1871 D01a
         |--H. graminis (Fabr. 1803) [=Lygaeus graminis; incl. H. turbidus Walker 1871] D01a
         |--H. lineatus Walker 1871 (n. d.) D01a
         |--H. lucidus Walker 1871 D01a
         |--H. magnicornis D01a
         |--H. malayensis Distant 1901 D01a
         |--H. montanus Distant 1901 D01a
         |--H. nigridorsum D01a
         |--H. prominulus (Dall 1852) [=Ceratopachys prominulus; incl. C. vicinus Sall 1852] D01a
         |--H. serrifer (Westw. in Hope 1842) (see below for synonymy) D01a
         |--H. signatus Walker 1871 [incl. H. biplagiatus Stål 1873] D01a
         |--H. simplex Walker 1871 D01a
         |--H. sinicus Walker 1871 D01a
         |--H. smecticus Distant 1901 D01a
         |--H. subjectus Walker 1871 D01a
         |--H. tinctus D01a
         |--H. trimaculatus Distant 1901 D01a
         |--H. unipunctatus (Thunb. 1783) [=Cimex unipunctatus; incl. H. chinensis Dall 1852] D01a
         |--H. variabilis (Dall 1852) [=Ceratopachys variabilis; incl. H. anticus Walker 1871] D01a
         |--H. walkerianus [incl. H. plagiatus Walker 1871 (preoc.)] D01a
         `--H. yerburyi Distant 1901 D01a

Coreidae incertae sedis:
  Paradasynus spinosus YS01
  Thasus gigas GE05, EN20
  Narnia inornata I92
  Aufeius impressicollis BM76
  Syromastes marginatus H01
  Therapha hyoscyami H01
  Enoplops H01
    |--E. scapha H01
    `--E. sibirica H01
  Chelonidea G75
    |--C. tabulata G75
    `--C. vittiger G75
  Anasa tristis CGW91, RD77
  Hebeicoris xinboensis Hong 1985 RJ93
  Uranocoris Walker 1871 D01b
    `--U. suavis Walker 1871 D01b
  Menenotus diminutus Walker 1871 D01b
  Derepteryx truncata Walker 1871 D01b
  Hyalymenus walkeri [incl. H. ichneumoniformis Walker 1871 (preoc.)] D01b
  Verlusia rhombea D01b
  Dulichius inflatus RD77
  Theraptus RD77
  Chariestrus antennator E66
  Pachylis Lepeletier & Serville 1825 E66, K18
    `--P. argentinus E66

Homoeocerus angulatus West. in Hope 1842 [incl. H. clarus Walker 1871, H. mundus Walker 1871, H. parallelus Walker 1871] D01a

Homoeocerus serrifer (Westw. in Hope 1842) [=Coreus serrifer; incl. H. parvulus Walker 1871, H. unipunctatus Dall 1852 non Cimex unipunctatus Thunb. 1783] D01a

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[B96a] Brailovsky, H. 1996a. A new genus and a new species of Leptoscelidini (Heteroptera: Coreidae) from Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 215–220.

[B66b] Brailovsky, H. 1996b. A revision of the tribe Colpurini (Heteroptera: Coreidae) from the Fiji islands. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 473–490.

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[D01a] Distant, W. L. 1901a. Rhynchotal notes.—VIII. Heteroptera: fam. Coreidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 6–22.

[D01b] Distant, W. L. 1901b. Rhynchotal notes.—IX. Heteroptera: fam. Coreidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 416–432.

[D01c] Distant, W. L. 1901c. Rhynchotal notes.—X. Heteroptera: fam. Lygaeidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 531–541.

[D14] Distant, W. L. 1914. Rhynchota from New Caledonia and the surrounding islands. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 369–390, pls 11–12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[EN20] Eggli, U., & R. Nyffeler (eds) 2020. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Monocotyledons 2^nd ed. Springer.

[E66] Evans, H. E. 1966. The Comparative Ethology and Evolution of the Sand Wasps. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[G75] Gross, G. F. 1975. Plant-feeding and Other Bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia. Heteroptera—Part I. Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia.

[G01] Gupta, S. K. 2001. A conspectus of natural enemies of phytophagous mites and mites as potential biocontrol agents of agricultural pests in India. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 484–497. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[H01] Horváth, G. 1901. Hemipterák [Hemiptera]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 245–274. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[I92] Imes, R. 1992. The Practical Entomologist. Aurum Press: London.

[K08] Kirkaldy, G. W. 1908. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 345–391, pl. 4.

[K18] Kury, A. B. 2018. Familial nomina in harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones). Bionomina 13: 1–27.

[L86] Lindquist, E. E. 1986. The world genera of Tarsonemidae (Acari: Heterostigmata): a morphological, phylogenetic, and systematic revision, with a reclassification of family-group taxa in the Heterostigmata. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 118 (S136): 1–517.

[L-SSY04] López-Sebastián, E., J. Selfa & J. Ylla. 2004. Primeros datos del parasitismo de Ooencyrtus pityocampae (Mercet, 1921) sobre Graellsia isabelae (Graells, 1849) en condiciones de laboratorio. Graellsia 60 (1): 121–123.

[MHG04] Maynard, G. V., J. G. Hamilton & J. F. Grimshaw. 2004. Quarantine—phytosanitary, sanitary and incursion management: an Australian entomological perspective. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 318–328.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

[YS01] Yoshizawa, K., & T. Saigusa. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of paraneopteran orders (Insecta: Neoptera) based on forewing base structure with comments on monophyly of Auchenorrhycha (Hemiptera). Systematic Entomology 26: 1–13.

Cydnidae

Macroscytus brunneus, copyright Petri Metsälä.

Belongs within: Pentatomoidea.

The Cydnidae, burrowing bugs, are a group of shiny black or brown bugs characterised by a large triangular scutellum, numerous strong spines on the tibiae, and fringes of closely set, rigid setae on the apices of the mid and hind coxae. They burrow in soil where they feed on roots, stems or fallen seeds (Carver et al. 1991).

<==Cydnidae
    |--Scaptocorinae SDT88
    |--Thaumastella RD77 [Thaumastellidae, Thaumastellinae SP02]
    |    `--T. aradoides RD77
    |--Garsauria [Garsauriinae] SDT88
    |    `--G. aradoides SDT88
    |--Sehirus H01 [Sehirinae SS02]
    |    |--S. bicolor H01
    |    |--S. dubius [incl. S. dubius var. melanopterus] H01
    |    |--S. luctuosus H01
    |    |--S. morio H01
    |    `--S. parens H01
    |--Amnestinae [Clavicorinae, Latiscutellidae, Pricecoridae] SP02
    |    |--Clavicoris cretaceus Popov 1986 RJ93
    |    |--Latiscutella santosi RJ93
    |    |--Pricecoris beckerae RJ93
    |    `--Amnestus SDT88
    |         |--A. guapinolinus Thomas 1988 P92
    |         `--A. spinifrons SDT88
    `--Cydninae SS02
         |  i. s.: Adrisa numeensis (Montr. 1858) CGW91, D14 [=Geobia numeensis D14]
         |         Teabooma Distant 1914 D14
         |           `--*T. princeps Distant 1914 D14
         |         Cydnus H01
         |           |--C. flavicornis H01
         |           `--C. nigrita H01
         |         Mentisa Walker 1868 D01
         |           `--M. smaragdina Walker 1868 D01
         `--Geotomini L99
              |--Geotomus pygmaeus WEE70, K08
              `--Macroscytus Fieber 1860 [incl. Hahnia Ellenrieder 1862 non Koch 1841, Philapodemus Kirkaldy 1910] L99
                   |--*M. brunneus (Fabricius 1803) [=Cydnus brunneus] L99
                   |--M. abditus L99
                   |--M. annulipes L99
                   |--M. annulipoides Lis 1999 L99
                   |--M. arnhemicus Lis 1999 L99
                   |--M. australis (Erichson 1842) (see below for synonymy) L99
                   |--M. australoides Lis 1999 L99
                   |--M. badius L99
                   |--M. bisetosus Lis 1999 L99
                   |--M. glaberrimus Lis 1999 L99
                   |--M. howei Lis 1997 L99
                   |--M. javanus L99
                   |--M. minimus Lis 1999 L99
                   |--M. monteithi Lis 1999 L99
                   |--M. papuanus L99
                   |--M. piceus (Westwood 1837) (see below for synonymy) L99
                   |--M. pseudaustralis Lis 1999 L99
                   |--M. subaeneus H01
                   `--M. transversus L99

Cydnidae incertae sedis:
  Chilocoris L02
    |--C. neozealandicus Larivière & Froeschner 1994 L02
    `--C. similis G17
  Microporus obliquus C90
  Melanaethus noctivagus C90
  Aethus indicus WL09, CGW91
  Moonta Distant 1911 G76
  Blaena MC13
  Pangaeus SDT88
  Brachypelta aterrima RD77
  Cyrtomenus E66

Macroscytus australis (Erichson 1842) [=Cydnus australis, Hahnia australis, Macroscytus australicus (l. c.)] L99

Macroscytus piceus (Westwood 1837) [=Cydnus piceus; incl. C. dilatatus Signoret 1881, Macroscytus dilatatus] L99

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C90] Crawford, C. S. 1990. Scorpiones, Solifugae, and associated desert taxa. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 421–475. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[D01] Distant, W. L. 1901. Rhynchotal notes.—VIII. Heteroptera: fam. Coreidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 6–22.

[D14] Distant, W. L. 1914. Rhynchota from New Caledonia and the surrounding islands. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 369–390, pls 11–12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[E66] Evans, H. E. 1966. The Comparative Ethology and Evolution of the Sand Wasps. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. Descriptiones hymenopterorum chalcidoidicarum variorum cum observationibus. V. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 116–131).

[G76] Gross, G. F. 1976. Plant-feeding and Other Bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia. Heteroptera—Part II. Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia.

[H01] Horváth, G. 1901. Hemipterák [Hemiptera]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 245–274. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[K08] Kirkaldy, G. W. 1908. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 345–391, pl. 4.

[L02] Larivière, M.-C. 2002. Primary types of Heteroptera in the New Zealand Arthropod Collection: Pentatomomorpha described from New Zealand before the year 2000. New Zealand Entomologist 25: 79–85.

[L99] Lis, J. A. 1999. A revision of Australian species of the genus Macroscytus Fieber (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cydnidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 29: 459–479.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SDT88] Schaefer, C. W., W. R. Dolling & S. Tachikawa. 1988. The shieldbug genus Parastrachia and its position within the Pentatomoidea (Insecta: Hemiptera). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 93: 283–311.

[SP02] Shcherbakov, D. E., & Yu. A. Popov. 2002. Superorder Cimicidea Laicharting, 1781: Order Hemiptera Linné, 1758. The bugs, cicadas, plantlice, scale insects, etc. [=Cimicida Laicharting, 1781, =Homoptera Leach, 1815 + Heteroptera Latreille, 1810). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 143–157. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[SS02] Sweet, M. H., & C. W. Schaefer. 2002. Parastrachiinae (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) raised to family level. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 95: 441–448.

[WL09] Walter, D. E., E. E. Lindquist, I. M. Smith, D. R. Cook & G. W. Krantz. 2009. Order Trombidiformes. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 233–420. Texas Tech University Press.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

Acrocrinidae

Springeracrocrinus conicus, from Webster et al. (2003).

Belongs within: Compsocrinina.

The Acrocrinidae are a group of crinoids known from the Carboniferous, characterised by the possession of a tall calyx containing intercalary plates (Ubaghs 1978).

Characters (from Ubaghs 1978): Crown ovoid to pyriform, with height exceeding greatest width; arms (where known) erect or pendent, biserial, pinnulate; calyx subconical, vaselike, tall ovoid, or subglobular, with two equal basals separated by suture between them oriented anteroposteriorly; radials five, laterally adjoining one another except C and D radials, which are separated by primanals; radials and basals not in contact but set apart by few to very many intervening supplementary plates collectively designated as intercalaries; tegmen flat to gently convex, with or without differentiated orals and having few or extremely numerous small plates, anal vent near posterior margin, inconspicuous or located at tip of anal pyramid. Column transversely circular, homeomorphic or heteromorphic, with columnal articular facets peripherally crenulate; axial canal diminutive, circular to distinctly quinquelobate in section.

Acrocrinidae
    |--Planacrocrinus Moore & Strimple 1969 [Planacrocrininae] U78
    |    |--*P. ambix Moore & Strimple 1969 U78
    |    `--P. conicus U78
    |--Acrocrininae U78
    |    |--Acrocrinus Yandell 1855 U78
    |    |    `--*A. shumardi Yandell 1855 U78
    |    |--Amphoracrocrinus Moore & Strimple 1969 U78
    |    |    `--*A. amphora (Wachsmuth & Springer 1897) [=Acrocrinus amphora] U78
    |    `--Platyacrocrinus Moore & Strimple 1969 U78
    |         `--*P. brentwoodensis (Moore & Plummer 1938) [=Acrocrinus brentwoodensis] U78
    `--Globacrocrininae WM03
         |--Caucacrocrinus Moore & Strimple 1969 U78
         |    `--*C. urnula Moore & Strimple 1969 U78
         |--Dinarocrinus Moore & Strimple 1969 U78
         |    `--*D. expansus (Strimple 1951) [=Acrocrinus expansus] U78
         |--Metacrocrinus Moore & Strimple 1969 U78
         |    `--*M. pumpkensis (Strimple 1949) [=Acrocrinus pumpkensis] U78
         |--Protacrocrinus Moore & Strimple 1969 U78
         |    `--*P. primitivus (Laudon & Beane 1937) [=Acrocrinus primitivus] U78
         |--Globacrocrinus Moore & Strimple 1969 U78
         |    |--*G. pirum (Moore & Plummer 1938) [=Acrocrinus pirum] U78
         |    `--G. rotundus U78
         `--Springeracrocrinus Moore & Strimple 1969 WM03
              |--*S. intermedius (Springer 1926) WM03 [=Acrocrinus intermedius U78]
              |--S. conicus Webster, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
              |--S. mjatschkowensis U78
              `--S. praecursor (Springer 1926) WM03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[U78] Ubaghs, G. 1978. Camerata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T408–T519. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[WM03] Webster, G. D., C. G. Maples, R. Mawson & M. Dastanpour. 2003. A cladid-dominated Early Mississippian crinoid and conodont fauna from Kerman Province, Iran and revision of the glossocrinids and rhenocrinids. Journal of Paleontology 77 (Suppl. 3): 1–35.

Dolatocrinidae

Calyx of Dolatocrinus lacus in (left to right) A-ray, basal and tegminal views, from Ubaghs (1978).

Belongs within: Glyptocrinina.

The Dolatocrinidae are a group of crinoids known from the Lower to Middle Devonian that commonly exhibit a markedly pentaradial calyx (Ubaghs 1978).

Characters (from Ubaghs 1978): Basals three, unequal or commonly fused; fixed primibrachs one or two and fixed secundibrachs one to seven in each ray; brachitaxes as far as fixed quartibrachs may be incorporated in calyx, which tends to acquire perfect pentameral symmetry; interradials not exceeding three or four ranges, first one large, none to two next above, extra interprimibrachs sometimes present in CD interray; intersecundibrachs and intertertibrachs rarely developed. Tegmen stout, wih or without anal tube. Free arms simple or branching, composed of biserial or compound brachials. Column cylindrical, relatively large, may be lateral flanges.

Dolatocrinidae [Dolatocrinites]
    |--Comanthocrinus Springer 1921 U78
    |    `--*C. indianensis (Miller & Gurley 1897) [=Stereocrinus indianensis] U78
    |--Craterocrinus Goldring 1923 U78
    |    `--*C. ruedemanni Goldring 1923 U78
    |--Clarkeocrinus Goldring 1923 U78
    |    |--*C. troosti (Hall 1862) [=Cacabocrinus troosti] U78
    |    `--C. spriesterbachi U78
    `--Dolatocrinus Lyon 1857 (see below for synonymy) U78
         |--*D. lacus Lyon 1857 U78
         |--D. exculptus U78
         |--D. grandis U78
         `--‘*Stereocrinus’ triangulatus Barris 1878 U78

Dolatocrinus Lyon 1857 [incl. Cacabocrinites Troost 1850 (n. n.), Cacabocrinus Hall 1862, Stereocrinus Barris 1878] U78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[U78] Ubaghs, G. 1978. Camerata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T408–519. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Gerroidea

Hawaiian pond bug Microvelia vagans, copyright James Bailey.

Belongs within: Gerromorpha.

The Gerroidea are a group of predatory bugs specialised for skating over the surface of water. They are distinguished by legs with at least the fore pair having claws inserted well before the apex of the last tarsal segments (Carver et al. 1991).

<==Gerroidea CGW91
    |--Hermatobates CGW91 [Hermatobatidae GE05, Hermatobatinae]
    |    `--H. haddoni CGW91
    `--+--Veliidae GE05
       |    |  i. s.: Velia rivulorum G20
       |    |--Rhagovelia GE05 [Rhagoveliinae CGW91]
       |    |    |--R. australica CGW91
       |    |    `--R. nigricans (Burm. 1835) [=Velia nigricans] D14
       |    |--Haloveliinae CGW91
       |    |    |--Xenobates CGW91
       |    |    |--Colpovelia CGW91
       |    |    `--Halovelia CGW91
       |    |         |--H. electrodominica S02
       |    |         `--H. maritima WEE70
       |    `--Microvelia [Microveliinae] CGW91
       |         |--M. americana TBG00
       |         |--M. capitata RD77
       |         |--M. flavipes K08
       |         |--M. mjobergi WEE70
       |         |--M. oceanica Distant 1914 D14
       |         |--M. pacifica Kirkaldy 1908 K08
       |         |--M. paludicola K08
       |         |--M. peramoena CGW91
       |         |--M. polheimi S02
       |         `--M. vagans D14
       `--Gerridae GE05
            |  i. s.: Rheumatobates rileyi W37
            |         Paleogerris GE05
            |         Limnoporus esakii Miyamoto 1958 GE05, I92
            |         Limnometra K08
            |           |--L. ciliata Mayr 1865 K08
            |           `--L. cursitans ZS10
            |         Cylindrostethus Mayr 1865 D61
            |           |--*C. fieberi D61
            |           |--C. hungerfordi D61
            |           |--C. linearis D61
            |           |--C. palmaris D61
            |           |--C. regulus D61
            |           `--C. stygius Drake 1961 D61
            |         Metrobates P92
            |--Rhagadotarsus [Rhagadotarsinae] CGW91
            |--Electrobates [Electrobatinae] P92
            |    `--E. spinipes Andersen & Poinar 1992 P92
            |--Eotrechinae GE05
            |    |--Eotrechus GE05
            |    `--Onychotrechus GE05
            |--Trepobatinae CGW91
            |    |--Rheumatometra CGW91
            |    |--Stenobates CGW91
            |    `--Trepobates pictus A99
            |--Halobates GE05 [Halobatinae CGW91]
            |    |--H. mjobergi N91
            |    |--H. ruffoi GE05
            |    |--H. sericeus CH97
            |    |--H. whiteleggei H15
            |    `--H. wuellerstoffi O86
            `--Gerrinae CGW91
                 |--Aquarius CGW91
                 |--Tenagogonus CGW91
                 |--Tenagogerris euphrosyne CGW91, G75
                 |--Limnogonus CGW91
                 |    |--L. discolor (Stal 1859) [=Gerris discolor] K08
                 |    |--L. fossarum MC13
                 |    |    |--L. f. fossarum MC13
                 |    |    `--L. f. gilguy MC13
                 |    `--L. luctuosus CGW91
                 `--Gerris G75
                      |--G. babai Miyamoto 1958 I92
                      |--G. lacustris H01
                      |--G. luctuosa Montr. 1864 D14
                      |--G. odontogaster H01
                      `--G. rufoscutellatus H01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A99] Ax, P. 1999. Das System der Metazoa II. Ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik. Gustav Fisher Verlag: Stuttgart (translated: 2000. Multicellular Animals: The phylogenetic system of the Metazoa vol. 2. Springer).

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[CH97] Castro, P., & M. E. Huber. 1997. Marine Biology 2^nd ed. WCB McGraw-Hill: Boston.

[D14] Distant, W. L. 1914. Rhynchota from New Caledonia and the surrounding islands. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 369–390, pls 11–12. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[D61] Drake, C. J. 1961. A new Cylindrostethus from Peru (Hemiptera: Gerridae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 65–66.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[G75] Gross, G. F. 1975. Plant-feeding and Other Bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia. Heteroptera—Part I. Handbook of the Flora and Fauna of South Australia.

[H15] Hedley, C. 1915. Presidential address. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (1): 1–77, pls 1–7.

[H01] Horváth, G. 1901. Hemipterák [Hemiptera]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 245–274. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[K08] Kirkaldy, G. W. 1908. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 345–391, pl. 4.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[N91] Norris, K. R. 1991. General biology. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 68–108. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[O86] Olliff, A. S. 1886. Notes and exhibits. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (1): 163–164.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S02] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002. Ecological history of the aquatic insects. In Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 388–426. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[TBG00] Tuzovskij, P., D. Benfatti & R. Gerecke. 2000. The water mite family Acherontacaridae Cook, 1967 nov. stat. and diagnosis of the superfamily Hydrovolzioidea Thor, 1905 (Acariformes, Hydrachnidia). Acarologia 41: 451–473.

[W37] Walton, W. R. 1937. The official seal of the Entomological Society of Washington. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (6): 168.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P., & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia 3^rd ed. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

Fulgoridae

Black planthopper Desudaba psittacus, copyright Graham Wise.

Belongs within: Auchenorrhyncha.

The Fulgoridae, lanternflies, are a group of medium-sized to large planthoppers in which the head is often remarkably prolonged before the eyes.

Characters (from Carver et al. 1991): Large species, 15 mm or more in length; head often prolonged; clypeus with lateral carinae. Clavus open distally, running full length of fore wing, with numerous cross-veins between anal veins; anal area of hind wings reticulate. Apex of second segment of hind tarsi with ventral row of small dark spines.

<==Fulgoridae
    |--Dichoptera SP02
    |--Eurinopsyche arborea CGW91
    |--Rentinus dilatatus CGW91
    |--Scolops hesperius BM76
    |--Ormenoides venusta BM76
    |--Lycorma delicatula H01
    |--Dictyophora pannonica BM76, H01 [incl. D. pannonica var. diminuta Horváth 1901 H01]
    |--Kelisia perspicillata H01
    |--Eurybregma nigrolineata H01
    |--Metropis flavipes H01
    |--Stiroma albomarginata H01
    |--Birdantis CGW91
    |--Urvillea melanesica Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |--Nesocharis kalypso Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |--Leirioessa vitiensis Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |--Dystheatias beecheyi Kirkaldy 1907 [incl. D. beecheyi var. fuscata Kirkaldy 1907] K08
    |--Quirosia vitiensis Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |--Nesochlamys vitiensis Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |--Eurystheus dilatatus WEE70
    |--Pentagramma vittatifrons S38
    |--Ormenis pruinosa S38
    |--Limois RJ93
    |--Phenax RD77
    |--Poiocera P92
    |--Galela [Aphaeninae] MC13
    |    `--G. parva MC13
    |--Phenelia K08
    |    |--P. bicuneata Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |    `--P. tristis Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |--Callichlamys K08
    |    |--C. muiri Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |    `--C. undulata Kirkaldy 1907 K08
    |--Haplaxius BM76
    |    |--H. crudus F11
    |    |--H. pictifrons E66
    |    `--H. radicis E66
    |--Fulgora GE05
    |    |--F. europaea G20
    |    |--F. lanternaria GE05
    |    `--F. nervosa (Linnaeus 1758) L02, L58 [=Cicada nervosa L02]
    |--Desudaba C91
    |    |--D. danae C91
    |    |--D. maculata WEE70
    |    `--D. psittacus CGW91
    `--Callinesia K08
         |--C. ornata Kirkaldy 1907 K08
         |--C. pulchra Kirkaldy 1907 K08
         |--C. pusilla Kirkaldy 1907 K08
         `--C. venusta Kirkaldy 1907 K08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

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[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

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[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

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Hexacrinitidae

Hexacrinites sp., from Lithos Harelbeke.

Belongs within: Compsocrinina.

The Hexacrinitidae are a group of crinoids known from the Upper Silurian to the Upper Devonian with a further possible record in the Middle Carboniferous (Ubaghs 1978).

Characters (from Ubaghs 1978): Calyx medium conical to bowl-shaped, with low to moderately high tegmen; basals three, subequal; primibrachs typically not incorporated in calyx but commonly joined with interprimibrach tegminal plates; primanal generally of approximately same size as radials. Tegmen stout, composed of small to medium-sized plates, orals and ambulacrals commonly distinct; anus opening directly through tegmen or at end of short tube. Arms two in each ray, branching. Column circular in cross section.

Hexacrinitidae [Hexacrinidae]
    |--Ivanovaecrinus Arendt 1983 WM03
    |--Adelocrinus Phillips 1841 [incl. Perischodomus Tornquist 1898 non M’Coy 1849] LMW01
    |    `--*A. hystrix Phillips 1841 J78, LMW01 [=Arthroacantha hystrix LMW01]
    |--Platyhexacrinus Schmidt 1913 U78
    |    `--*P. inornatus Schmidt 1913 U78
    |--Prohexacrinus Yakovlev 1946 U78
    |    `--*P. arcticus Yakovlev 1946 U78
    |--Oehlerticrinus Le Menn 1975 U78
    |    |--*O. seillouensis Le Menn 1975 U78
    |    `--O. lefretensis U78
    |--Arthroacantha Williams 1883 [=Arthracantha Hinde 1886; incl. Hystricrinus Hinde 1885] U78
    |    |--*A. ithacensis Williams 1883 [=*Arthracantha ithacensis] U78
    |    |--‘*Hystricrinus’ carpenteri Hinde 1885 U78
    |    |--A. depressa U78
    |    `--A. schwerdii U78
    `--Hexacrinites Austin & Austin 1843 WM03 (see below for synonymy)
         |--*H. interscapularis (Phillips 1841) (see below for synonymy) U78
         |--H. carboniferous U78
         |--‘*Triplaricrinites’ exculptus Goldfuss in Schultze 1866 (see below for synonymy) U78
         |--H. limbatus WM03
         |--H. occidentalis WM03
         |--H. pinnulata Waters, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
         `--H. verrucosus U78

Hexacrinites Austin & Austin 1843 WM03 [incl. Hexacrinus Austin & Austin 1844 U78, Triplaricrinites Goldfuss in Schultze 1866 U78, Triplaricrinus Zittel 1879 U78]

*Hexacrinites interscapularis (Phillips 1841) [=Platycrinus interscapularis; incl. *Hexacrinus melo Austin & Austin 1844] U78

‘*Triplaricrinites’ exculptus Goldfuss in Schultze 1866 [=*Triplaricrinus exculptus; incl. Hexacrinus pateraeformis Schultze 1866] U78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[J78] Jeffords, R. M. 1978. Dissociated crinoid skeletal elements. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 3 pp. T928–T937. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[LMW01] Lane, N. G., C. G. Maples & J. A. Waters. 2001. Revision of Late Devonian (Famennian) and some Early Carboniferous (Tournaisian) crinoids and blastoids from the type Devonian area of north Devon. Palaeontology 44 (6): 1043–1080.

[U78] Ubaghs, G. 1978. Camerata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T408–T519. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[WM03] Waters, J. A., C. G. Maples, N. G. Lane, S. Marcus, Liao Z.-T., Liu L., Hou H.-F. & Wang J.-X. 2003. A quadrupling of Famennian pelmatozoan diversity: New Late Devonian blastoids and crinoids from northwest China. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 922–948.