Acarodynerus

Female Acarodynerus clypeatus, from Saussure (1852).

Belongs within: Eumeninae.

Acarodynerus is an Australian genus of mason wasps characterised by the presence of a pair of deep cavities on the posterior face of the propodeum that function as acarinaria. The type species A. clypeatus, known from southeast Queensland, has the acarinaria formed from a large, shiny, convex plate occupying the entire lower half of the posterior face of the propodeum and opening by two small and deep dimples; the rear face of the propodeum as a whole is deeply concave, and the first metasomal tergite is anteriorly truncate with the anterior and dorsal faces separated by a careniform ridge (Giordani Soika 1961).

Characters (from Giordani Soika 1961): Overall aspect elongate, sub-cylindrical, medium to large in size. Mesosoma elongate, postscutellum horizontal or slightly oblique, moderately convex, not transversely keeled, often with a slight median longitudinal depression; dorsal face of propodeum well developed so postscutellum does not form part of posterior face of mesosoma; lower part of posterior face of propodeum bearing large convex, shiny area with two large cavities on either side of median line, in which some mites are often observed. First metasomal tergite sub-truncate at the base, sub-cylindrical.

<==Acarodynerus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--*A. clypeatus (Saussure 1853) [=Odynerus (Leionotus) clypeatus] C85
    |--A. acarophilus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--A. cavifemur Giordani Soika 1961 GS61
    |--A. denticulatus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--A. dietrichianus (Saussure 1869) [=Odynerus dietrichianus] C85
    |    |--A. d. dietrichianus C85
    |    `--A. d. rufocaudatus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--A. drewsenianus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--A. exarmatus (Giordani Soika 1937) [=Odynerus (Stenodynerus) exarmatus] C85
    |--A. legatus Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    |--A. lunaris Giordani Soika 1977 GS77
    |--A. paleovariatus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--A. posttegulatus (Giordani Soika 1937) [=Odynerus (Stenodynerus) posttegulatus] C85
    |--A. propodalaris Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--A. quadrangolum Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    |--A. queenslandicus Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    |--A. spargovillensis (Giordani Soika 1937) [=Odynerus (Stenodynerus) spargovillensis] C85
    |--A. spectrum Giordani Soika 1962 C85
    `--A. triangulum (Saussure 1855) [=Odynerus triangulum] C85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[GS61] Giordani Soika, A. 1961. Gli Odynerus sensu antiquo del continente Australiano e della Tasmania. Boll. Mus. Civ. Venezia 14: 57–202.

[GS77] Giordani Soika, A. 1977. Contributo alla conoscenza degli eumenidi australiani. Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana 55: 109–138.

Last updated: 19 May 2020.

Paralastor

Paralastor laetus, copyright Friends of Queens Park Bushland.

Belongs within: Eumeninae.

Paralastor is an Australian genus of mason wasps in which males have antennae with only eight well-developed segments, followed by two to four small to very minute ones. Many species in the genus form mimetic groups that resemble each other closely in coloration but differ structurally, indicating a lack of true immediate relationships.

<==Paralastor Saussure 1856 C85
    |--*P. tuberculatus (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor tuberculatus] C85
    |--P. abnormis (Bingham 1912) [=Alastor abnormis] C85
    |--P. aequifasciatus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. alastoripennis (Saussure 1853) [=Odynerus (Ancistrocerus) alastoripennis] C85
    |--P. albifrons (Fabricius 1775) [=Vespa albifrons] C85
    |--P. alexandriae Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. anostreptus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. arenicola Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. argentifrons (Smith 1857) [=Alastor argentifrons] C85
    |--P. argyrias Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. aterrimus Turner 1919 C85
    |--P. atripennis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. aurocinctus (Guérin-Méneville 1831) [=Odynerus aurocinctus, P. aureocinctus] C85
    |--P. auster Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. australis (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor australis] C85
    |--P. bicarinatus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. bischoffi Giordani Soika 1961 C85
    |--P. brisbanensis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. brunneus (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) brunneus] C85
    |--P. caprai Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    |--P. carinatus (Smith 1857) [=Alastor carinatus] C85
    |--P. clypeopunctatus Schulthess-Rechberg 1925 C85
    |--P. commutatus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. comptus Perkins 1914 C85
    |    |--P. c. comptus C85
    |    `--P. c. rubescens Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. conspiciendus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. conspicuus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. constrictus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. cruentatus (Saussure 1867) [=Alastor (Paralastor) cruentatus] C85
    |--P. cruentus (Saussure 1855) [=Odynerus (Ancistroceroides) cruentus] C85
    |--P. darwinianus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. debilis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. debilitatus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. dentiger Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. despectus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. diabolicus Turner 1919 C85
    |--P. diadema Rayment 1954 C85
    |--P. donatus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. dubiosus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. dyscritias Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. elegans Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. emarginatus (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor emarginatus] C85
    |--P. eriurgus (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor eriurgus] C85
    |--P. euclidias Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. eugonias Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. eustomus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. eutretus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. fallax Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. flaviceps (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) flaviceps] C85
    |--P. frater Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. fraternus (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) fraternus] C85
    |--P. habilis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. hilaris Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. icarioides Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. ignotus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. imitator Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. infernalis (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) infernalis] C85
    |--P. infimus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. insularis (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) insularis] C85
    |--P. lachesis (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor lachesis] C85
    |--P. laetus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. lateritius (Saussure 1867) [=Alastor (Paralastor) lateritius] C85
    |--P. leptias Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. mackayensis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. maculiventris (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) maculiventris] C85
    |--P. medius Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. mesochlorus Perkins 1914 C85
    |    |--P. m. mesochlorus C85
    |    `--P. m. mesochloroides Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. microgonias Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. mimus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. multicolor Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. mutabilis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. nautarum (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) nautarum] C85
    |--P. neglectus (Saussure 1855) [=Odynerus (Parodynerus) neglectus] C85
    |--P. neochromus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. occidentalis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. odynericornis Giordani Soika 1961 C85
    |--P. odyneripennis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. odyneroides Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. oloris Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. optabilis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. ordinarius Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. orientalis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. pallidus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. parca (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor parca] C85
    |--P. petiolatus Schulthess-Rechberg 1925 C85
    |--P. picteti (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor picteti] C85
    |--P. placens Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. plebeius Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. princeps Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. pseudochromus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. punctulatus (Saussure 1853) (see below for synonymy) C85
    |--P. pusillus (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) pusillus] C85
    |--P. roseotinctus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. rubroviolaceus (Giordani Soika 1941) [=Odynerus (Rhynchium) rubroviolaceus] C85
    |--P. rufipes Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. sanguineus (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) sanguineus] C85
    |--P. saussurei Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. semirufus Schulthess-Rechberg 1925 C85
    |--P. simillimus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. simplex Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. simulator Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. smithii (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) smithii] C85
    |--P. solitarius Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. subhabilis Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. submersus Turner 1919 C85
    |--P. subobscurus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. suboloris Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. subplebeius Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. subpunctulatus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. summus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. synchromus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. tasmaniensis (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor tasmaniensis] C85
    |--P. tricarinulatus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. tricolor Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. victor Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    |--P. viduus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. vulneratus (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) vulneratus] C85
    |--P. vulpinus (Saussure 1856) [=Alastor (Paralastor) vulpinus] C85
    |    |--P. v. vulpinus C85
    |    `--P. v. excisus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. xanthochromus Perkins 1914 C85
    |--P. xanthus Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    `--P. xerophilus Perkins 1914 C85
         |--P. x. xerophilus C85
         `--P. x. meesi Giordani Soika 1977 C85

Paralastor punctulatus (Saussure 1853) [=Alastor punctulatus; incl. A. albocinctus Smith 1857, A. similis Saussure 1853] C85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

Last updated: 19 May 2020.

Pseudepipona

Purbeck mason wasp Pseudepipona herrichii, copyright Nigel Jones.

Belongs within: Eumeninae.

Pseudepipona is a cosmopolitan genus of morphologically fairly unspecialised mason wasps with the propodeum reduced, so part of the posterior face of the mesosoma is formed by the posterior face of the postscutellum, and the first metasomal tergite nearly as wide as the second (Giordani Soika 1961b). In members of the type subgenus, the boundary between the dorsal and posterior surfaces of the postscutellum is smoothly rounded whereas species of Anthodynerus have a distinct carina separating the sections.

<==Pseudepipona Saussure 1856 C85
    |--P. (Pseudepipona) GS61b
    |    |--*P. (P.) herrichii (Saussure 1856) [=Odynerus herrichii] C85
    |    |--P. (P.) aspra Giordani Soika 1962 GS61b, C85
    |    `--P. (P.) succincta (Saussure 1853) GS61b, C85 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--P. s. succincta [incl. Odynerus balyi Saussure 1855] C85
    |         `--P. s. purgata Giordani Soika 1977 C85
    `--P. (Anthodynerus) GS61a
         |--P. (A.) indecora (Cameron 1910) [=Odynerus indecorus] GS61a
         |--P. (A.) proterrens GS61a
         `--P. (A.) synagroides (Saussure 1853) [=Rhynchium synagroides, Odynerus synagroides] GS61a

Pseudepipona incertae sedis:
  P. alaris (Saussure 1853) [=Odynerus (Leionotus) alaris] C85
  P. angulata (Saussure 1856) [=Odynerus angulatus] C85
    |--P. a. angulata C85
    `--P. a. alexandriae (Giordani Soika 1941) [=Odynerus (Rhynchium) angulatus alexandriae] C85
  P. chartergiformis Giordani Soika 1962 C85
  P. clypalaris Giordani Soika 1962 C85
  P. erythrospila (Cameron 1905) [=Odynerus erythrospilus] GS61a
  P. meadewaldoi (Bequaert 1918) [=Odynerus meadewaldoi; incl. O. deceptor Meade Waldo 1915 (preoc.)] GS61a
  P. pallida Giordani Soika 1977 C85
  P. posticus [incl. Odynerus hottentotus] GS61a

Pseudepipona (Pseudepipona) succincta (Saussure 1853) GS61b, C85 [=Odynerus (Leionotus) succinctus C85, O. (Rhynchium) succinctus C85]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

[GS61a] Giordani Soika, A. 1961a. Hymenoptera (Aculeata): Vespidae. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck (eds) South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 440–451. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[GS61b] Giordani Soika, A. 1961b. Gli Odynerus sensu antiquo del continente Australiano e della Tasmania. Boll. Mus. Civ. Venezia 14: 57–202.

Last updated: 15 May 2020.

Antamenes

Male Antamenes jugulatus, from the Museum Victoria.

Belongs within: Eumeninae.

Antamenes is an Australian genus of mason wasps with an oblique postscutellum and the first metasomal segment distinctly narrower than the second. Members of the subgenus Australochilus have the distinction between the two segments more marked than in the type subgenus, as well as having the second tergite more heavily punctate (Giordani Soika 1962).

Characters (from Giordani Soika 1962): Mesosoma with propodeum weakly developed, postscutellum with oblique posterior section, generally well separated from the dorsal face of mesosoma. Tergite I with a fairly long petiole, followed by a strongly enlarged, bell-shaped section which (excluding petiole) is not much wider than long. Tergite II clearly, often considerably, wider than first. Male gonocoxite bearing tooth or strong preapical spine on ventral margin; aedeagus short and stocky, with well developed basal lobes.

<==Antamenes Giordani Soika 1958 C85
    |--A. (Antamenes) C85
    |    |--A. (A.) vernalis (Saussure 1853) (see below for synonymy) C85
    |    |--A. (A.) pseudoneotropicus (Giordani Soika 1943) [=Pachymenes pseudoneotropicus] C85
    |    |--A. (A.) tasmaniae (Giordani Soika 1943) [=Pachymenes tasmaniae] C85
    |    `--A. (A.) vorticosus (Giordani Soika 1943) [=Pachymenes vorticosus] C85
    `--A. (Australochilus Giordani Soika 1962) C85
         |--A. (*A.) citreocinctus (Saussure 1867) [=Odynerus (Leionotus) citreocinctus] C85
         |--A. (A.) amicus (Giordani Soika 1943) [=Pachymenes amicus] C85
         |--A. (A.) ferrugineus Giordani Soika 1977 C85
         |--A. (A.) flavoniger Giordani Soika 1977 C85
         |--A. (A.) hackeri Giordani Soika 1962 C85
         |--A. (A.) hostilis Giordani Soika 1962 C85
         `--A. (A.) jugulatus Giordani Soika 1977 C85

*Antamenes (Antamenes) vernalis (Saussure 1853) [=Odynerus vernalis; incl. O. (Leionotus) bisulcatus Cameron 1906, O. flavocinctus Smith 1857, *Antamenes flavocinctus, Pachymenes rectispina Giordani Soika 1943] C85

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C85] Cardale, J. C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea. In: Walton, D. W. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea and Sphecoidea pp. 150–303. Australian Government Publishing Service: Canberra.

Giordani Soika, A. 1962. Gli Odynerus sensu antiquo del continente Australiano e della Tasmania. Boll. Mus. Civ. Venezia 14: 57–202.

Last updated: 16 May 2020.

Plumerieae

Golden trumpet Allamanda cathartica, copyright Ngocnk2.

Belongs within: Apocynaceae.

The Plumerieae are a group of flowering plants united by molecular phylogenetic analysis. Most members of the clade possess infrastaminal as well as suprastaminal appendages (not present in Anechites and Plumeria) and winged seeds (not present in Anechites) (Sennblad & Bremer 2002).

<==Plumerieae [Plumerioideae]
    |  i. s.: Cerberiopsis candelabra SB02, StKa02
    |         Skytanthus SB02
    |--+--Cameraria latifolia SB02
    |  `--+--+--Anechites nerium SB02
    |     |  `--Thevetia peruviana SB02
    |     `--Cerbera SB02
    |          |--C. manghas H03
    |          `--C. venenifera SB02
    `--+--Plumeria SB02
       |    |--P. acutifolia KAA-W00
       |    |--P. alba SuKu02
       |    |--P. inodora SB02
       |    |--P. obtusa LK14
       |    `--P. rubra K03
       `--Allamanda SB02
            |--A. blanchetii S-SR09
            |--A. calcicola Souza-Silva & Rapini 2009 S-SR09
            |--A. cathartica SB02
            |--A. laevis S-SR09
            |--A. martii S-SR09
            |--A. polyantha S-SR09
            |--A. puberula S-SR09
            `--A. schottii S-SR09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[KAA-W00] Kheirallah, A.-M., A.-N. H. Aly & N. Y. Abdel-Wahed. 2000. Anamorphosis and life-history of the millipede Nopoiulus kochii (Gervais, 1847), new for Egypt. Zoology in the Middle East 21: 159–168.

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[SB02] Sennblad, B., & B. Bremer. 2002. Classification of Apocynaceae s.l. according to a new approach combining Linnaean and phylogenetic taxonomy. Systematic Biology 51 (3): 389–409.

[S-SR09] Souza-Silva, R. F. de & A. Rapini. 2009. Allamanda calcicola (Apocynaceae), an overlooked new species from limestone outcrops in the states of Minas Gerais and Bahia, Brazil. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 171–174.

[StKa02] Struwe, L., J. W. Kadereit, J. Klackenberg, S. Nilsson, M. Thiv, K. B. von Hagen & V. A. Albert. 2002. Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Gentianaceae, including a new tribal and subtribal classification. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 21–309. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

[SuKu02] Sumithramma, N., A. R. V. Kumar, K. Chandrashekara & D. Rajagopal. 2002. Plant selection for nesting by Oecophylla smaragdina, Hymenoptera: Formicidae: do physical features affect the choice of the plant? Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 408–412.

Asclepiadoideae

Rosary vine Ceropegia woodii, copyright Céropégia.

Belongs within: Euapocynoidina.
Contains: Asclepiadeae, Marsdenieae.

The Asclepiadoideae are a group of milkweeds possessing clasping translators with two pollinia per translator. As the Asclepiadoidina, they were defined by Sennblad & Bremer (2002) to represent the largest clade including Fockea and Asclepias but not Secamoneae. Members of this clade have been divided between four tribes, the Fockeeae, Ceropegieae, Marsdenieae and Asclepiadeae. The Fockeeae include two genera found in sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian Peninsula in which the pollinia are sessile (Thulin et al. 2008). The Ceropegieae produce erect pollinia bearing a hyaline germination crest along the proximal to apical margin, and are often at least partially succulent and pollinated by flies.

<==Asclepiadoideae [Asclepiadoidina]
    |--Fockeeae TGL-S08
    |    |--Cibirhiza TGL-S08
    |    |    |--C. dhofarensis TGL-S08
    |    |    `--+--C. albersiana TGL-S08
    |    |       `--C. spiculata Thulin & Goyder in Thulin, Goyder & Liede-Schumann 2008 TGL-S08
    |    `--Fockea TGL-S08
    |         |--F. multiflora TGL-S08
    |         `--+--F. angustifolia TGL-S08
    |            |--F. capensis TGL-S08
    |            |--F. edulis TGL-S08
    |            `--+--F. comaru TGL-S08
    |               `--F. sinuata TGL-S08
    `--+--Asclepiadeae TGL-S08
       `--+--Marsdenieae TGL-S08
          `--Ceropegieae TGL-S08
               |  i. s.: Stapelia SB02
               |           |--S. grandiflora B00
               |           |--S. kwebensis [incl. S. longipedicellata] CV06
               |           |--S. leendertziae SB02
               |           |--S. pearsonii CV06
               |           |--S. peglerae SK02
               |           |--S. remota CV06
               |           |--S. schinzii CV06
               |           |    |--S. s. var. schinzii CV06
               |           |    `--S. s. var. bergeriana CV06
               |           `--S. variegata B00
               |--+--Anisotoma cordifolia TGL-S08
               |  `--Neoschumannia kamerunensis TGL-S08
               `--+--Caralluma arachnoidea TGL-S08
                  `--Ceropegia TGL-S08
                       |  i. s.: C. bulbosa PP07
                       |         C. cumingiana B00
                       |         C. dinteri CV06
                       |         C. hirsuta P03
                       |         C. nilotica TGL-S08
                       |         C. woodii SB02
                       `--C. sect. Tiloris ser. Attenuatae A72
                            |--C. attenuata A72
                            |--C. fimbriifera A72
                            |--C. noorjahaniae Ansari 1972 A72
                            `--C. spiralis A72

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A72] Ansari, M. A. 1972. A new Ceropegia Linn. (Asclepiadaceae) from Sahyadri Range in Maharashtra State. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (1): 250–253.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[SB02] Sennblad, B., & B. Bremer. 2002. Classification of Apocynaceae s.l. according to a new approach combining Linnaean and phylogenetic taxonomy. Systematic Biology 51 (3): 389–409.

[SK02] Struwe, L., J. W. Kadereit, J. Klackenberg, S. Nilsson, M. Thiv, K. B. von Hagen & V. A. Albert. 2002. Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Gentianaceae, including a new tribal and subtribal classification. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 21–309. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

[TGL-S08] Thulin, M., D. Goyder & S. Liede-Schumann. 2008. Cibirhiza spiculata (Apocynaceae), a remarkable new species from eastern Ethiopia. Kew Bulletin 63 (4): 617–624.

Last updated: 5 June 2022.

Apocynoidina

Wrightia pubescens, copyright Johannes Lundberg.

Belongs within: Apocynaceae.
Contains: Euapocynoidina.

The Apocynoidina are a clade of flowering plants combining taxa historically separated as the subfamily Apocynoideae and the family Asclepiadaceae. Members of this clade are united by molecular phylogenetic analysis, as well as by the basal part of the anther connective (the retinacle) being adnate to the style head (Sennblad & Bremer 2002).

<==Apocynoidina [Apocynoideae]
    |--Wrightieae SB02
    |    |--Stephanostema stenocarpum SB02
    |    |--Pleioceras SB02
    |    `--Wrightia SB02
    |         |--W. arborea SB02
    |         |--W. pubescens LK14
    |         `--W. saligna LK14
    `--+--Nerieae SB02
       |    |--Adenium SB02
       |    |    |--A. multiflorum B00
       |    |    `--A. obesum SB02
       |    `--Nerium SB02
       |         |--N. indicum MH98
       |         `--N. oleander SB02
       `--+--Euapocynoidina SB02
          `--Malouetieae SB02
               |  i. s.: Alafia SB02
               |         Malouetia SB02
               |--Strophanthus eminii SB02
               `--+--Mascarenhasia arborescens SB02
                  `--+--Pachypodium lamerei SB02
                     `--+--Kibatalia gitingense SB02
                        `--+--Funtumia elastica SB02
                           `--Holarrhena SB02
                                |--H. antidysenterica KJ05
                                `--H. pubescens SB02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[KJ05] Katewa, S. S., A. Jain, B. L. Chaudhary & P. Galav. 2005. Some unreported medicinal uses of plants from the tribal area of Southern Rajasthan. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 121–130.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[SB02] Sennblad, B., & B. Bremer. 2002. Classification of Apocynaceae s.l. according to a new approach combining Linnaean and phylogenetic taxonomy. Systematic Biology 51 (3): 389–409.