Poronoticae

Dorsal (left) and ventral views of Unduloribates hebes, from Norton & Behan-Pelletier (2009).

Belongs within: Brachypylina.
Contains: Oribatellidae, Anachipteria, Achipteria, Campachipteria, Tegoribatidae, Heterobelbidae, Tectocepheidae, Microtegeidae, Oripodoidea, Licneremaeoidea, Scapheremaeus, Eremaeozetoidea, Ameronothroidea, Galumnoidea, Ceratozetoidea, Phenopelopidae.

The Poronoticae are a group of oribatid mites possessing an octotaxic system, a series of glandular openings (most typically four pairs) on the notogaster in the form of porose areas or saccules. Monophyly of the group is uncertain; a number of taxa lacking the octotaxic system are otherwise similar in morphology to clearly poronotic species and it is probable that the octotaxic system has evolved more than once and/or been lost in some subgroups.

Members of the Poronoticae include the Achipterioidea, known from soil, litter, mosses and liverworts. Members of the Achipteriidae have characteristic spiral internal thickenings in the bothridium and a distinct long, thin, dorsally concave genu in leg IV (Norton & Behan-Pelletier 2009). The Epactozetidae are a Neotropical family with large, auriculate pteromorphs and foveate patterning on the notogaster (Norton & Behan-Pelletier 2009).

Poronoticae B65
    |  i. s.: Oribatellidae B65
    |--Achipterioidea PL17
    |    |--Epactozetidae NB-P09
    |    |    |--Epactozetes Grandjean 1930 S04
    |    |    |    |--*E. imitator Grandjean 1930 S04
    |    |    |    `--E. setosus Balogh & Mahunka 1969 S04
    |    |    `--Truncozetes Balogh & Mahunka 1969 S04
    |    |         |--*T. mucronatus Balogh & Mahunka 1969 S04
    |    |         |--T. rugosus Mahunka 1998 S04
    |    |         `--T. sturmi Balogh 1984 S04
    |    |--Achipteriidae S04
    |    |    |  i. s.: Hoffmanacarus Mahunka 1995 S04
    |    |    |           `--*H. virginianus Mahunka 1995 S04
    |    |    |         Cubachipteria Balogh & Mahunka 1979 S04
    |    |    |           |--*C. remota (Balogh & Mahunka 1979) [=Achipteria (*Cubachipteria) remota] S04
    |    |    |           `--C. bispina (Calugar 1990) [=Achipteria (Cubachipteria) bispina] S04
    |    |    |         Dentachipteria Nevin 1974 S04
    |    |    |           |--*D. ringwoodensis Newin 1974 S04
    |    |    |           `--D. highlandensis Nevin 1974 S04
    |    |    |         Novoribatella Engelbrecht 1986 NB-P09, S04
    |    |    |           |--*N. transcripta (Mahunka 1985) [=Tectoribates transcriptus] S04
    |    |    |           |--N. minutisetarum Engelbrecht 1986 S04
    |    |    |           `--N. pentasetarum Engelbrecht 1986 S04
    |    |    |         Tectoribates Berlese 1910 NB-P09, S04 [incl. Anoribatella Kunst 1962 S04]
    |    |    |           |--*T. proximus (Berlese 1910) (see below for synonymy) S04
    |    |    |           |--T. africanus Balogh 1959 S04
    |    |    |           |--T. deserticola (Balogh & Mahunka 1965) [=Anoribatella deserticola] S04
    |    |    |           |--T. mongolicus Bayartogtokh 1997 S04
    |    |    |           |--T. ornatus (Schuster 1958) S04 [=Anachipteria ornata S04, *Anoribatella ornata B65]
    |    |    |           `--T. parvus Sellnick 1931 S93
    |    |    |         Cerachipteria Grandjean 1935 [incl. Zygachipteria Mihelčič 1956] S04
    |    |    |           |--*C. digita Grandjean 1935 S04
    |    |    |           |    |--C. d. digita S04
    |    |    |           |    |--C. d. jugata Mihelčič 1956 [=C. (Zygachipteria) jugata] S04
    |    |    |           |    `--C. d. pyrenaica Pérez-Íñigo 1991 [incl. C. fusiger Mihelčič 1957 (n. d.)] S04
    |    |    |           |--C. franzi Willmann 1953 S04
    |    |    |           `--C. minuscula (Berlese 1902) [=Oribata minuscula] S04
    |    |    |         Parachipteria Hammen 1952 [incl. Pseudachipteria Travé 1960] S04
    |    |    |           |--*P. punctata (Nicolet 1855) [=Oribata punctata] S04
    |    |    |           |--P. agenjoi (Pérez-Íñigo 1976) [=Pseudachipteria agenjoi] S04
    |    |    |           |--P. floresiana (Pérez-Íñigo 1992) [=Pseudachipteria floresiana] S04
    |    |    |           |--P. insularis (Pérez-Íñigo 1992) [=Pseudachipteria insularis] S04
    |    |    |           |--P. magna (Sellnick 1928) S04 [=Notaspis magna S04, *Pseudachipteria magna BB92]
    |    |    |           |--P. nicoleti (Berlese 1883) S07
    |    |    |           `--P. ovalis (Koch 1835) (n. d.) [=Oribata ovalis] S04
    |    |    |--Anachipteria PL17
    |    |    `--+--Achipteria PL17
    |    |       `--Campachipteria PL17
    |    `--Tegoribatidae B-P01
    `--+--Heterobelbidae PL17
       `--+--+--Tectocepheidae PL17
          |  `--+--Microtegeidae PL17
          |     `--Oripodoidea PL17
          `--+--+--Licneremaeoidea SK10
             |  |--Scapheremaeus SK10
             |  |--Eremaeozetoidea ME09
             |  `--Ameronothroidea SK10
             `--+--Galumnoidea SK10
                `--+--Podacarus Grandjean 1955 SK10, S04 [Podacaridae]
                   |    `--*P. auberti Grandjean 1955 S04
                   |         |--P. a. auberti S04
                   |         `--P. a. occidentalis Wallwork 1966 S04
                   `--+--Ceratozetoidea PL17
                      `--Phenopelopoidea [Pelopoidea] NB-P09
                           |  i. s.: Plakoribates Popp 1960 NB-P09, S04
                           |           |--*P. multicuspidatus Popp 1960 S04
                           |           |--P. confluens Balogh 1970 S04
                           |           |--P. neotropicus Balogh & Mahunka 1978 S04
                           |           `--P. scutatus Hammer 1979 S04
                           |--Phenopelopidae PL17
                           `--Unduloribatidae [Unduloribatoidea] NB-P09
                                |--Koreoribates Choi 1994 S04
                                |    `--*K. foliatus Choi 1994 S04
                                `--Unduloribates Balogh 1943 S04
                                     |--*U. undulatus (Berlese 1914) [=Sphaerozetes (Tectoribates) undulatus] S04
                                     |--U. brevisetosus Nübel-Reidelbach & Woas 1992 S04
                                     |--U. hebes Aoki 1965 S04
                                     |--U. medusa Piffl 1972 S04
                                     `--U. parvus NB-P09

*Tectoribates proximus (Berlese 1910) [=Sphaerozetes (*Tectoribates) proximus; incl. T. punctatus Sellnick 1943] S04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B65] Balogh, J. 1965. A synopsis of the world oribatid (Acari) genera. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 11 (1–2): 5–99.

[BB92] Balogh, J., & P. Balogh. 1992. The Oribatid Mites Genera of the World vol. 1. Hungarian Natural History Museum: Budapest.

[B-P01] Behan-Pelletier, V. M. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships of Hypozetes (Acari: Tegoribatidae). In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 50–57. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[ME09] Maraun, M., G. Erdmann, G. Schulz, R. A. Norton, S. Scheu & K. Domes. 2009. Multiple convergent evolution of arboreal life in oribatid mites indicates the primacy of ecology. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 276: 3219–3227.

[NB-P09] Norton, R. A., & V. M. Behan-Pelletier. 2009. Suborder Oribatida. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 430–564. Texas Tech University Press.

[PL17] Pachl, P., A. C. Lindl, A. Krause, S. Scheu, I. Schaefer & M. Maraun. 2017. The tropics as an ancient cradle of oribatid mite diversity. Acarologia 57 (2): 309–322.

[SK10] Schäffer, S., S. Koblmüller, T. Pfingstl, C. Sturmbauer & G. Krisper. 2010. Ancestral state reconstruction reveals multiple independent evolution of diagnostic morphological characters in the "Higher Oribatida" (Acari), conflicting with current classification. BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: 246.

[S07] Schatz, H. 2007. Biogeography of oribatid mites (Acari, Oribatida) from the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica and Panama. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 151–167. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S04] Subías, L. S. 2004. Listado sistemático, sinonímico y biogeográfico de los ácaros oribátidos (Acariformes, Oribatida) del mundo (1758–2002). Graellsia 60 (número extraordinario): 3–305.

Isobactrus

Dorsal view of Isobactrus uniscutatus, from Bartsch & Smit (2006).

Belongs within: Halacaridae.

Isobactrus is a cosmopolitan genus of marine halacarid mites with the ventral armature reduced and not forming a solid shield, and a club-like seta in front of the lateral disti-dorsal seta on tarsi I and II (Newell 1947).

Characters (from Newell 1947): Genital opening of female ventral in position, not guarded by opercula and surrounded by only three pairs of setae. Adults more heavily armoured than nymphs; all dorsal and ventral plates separate. Ventral plates greatly reduced, not forming a solid shield. Femur I greatly swollen, less than 1.5 times as long as high. Tarsi I and II each with a single club-like seta in front of lateral disti-dorsal seta. Two claws on all tarsi.

<==Isobactrus Newell 1947 AB07
    |--I. microdens AB07
    `--+--I. macquariensis AB07
       `--+--I. magnus (Lohmann 1907) AB07, N47 [=Rhombognathus magnus N47]
          `--+--I. calderensis AB07
             `--+--+--I. obesus AB07
                |  `--+--I. luxtoni AB07
                |     `--+--I. asper AB07
                |        `--+--I. ponapensis AB07
                |           `--+--I. australiensis AB07
                |              `--I. pacificus AB07
                `--+--I. peregrinus AB07
                   `--+--+--I. gryposetus AB07
                      |  |--+--I. hamatus AB07
                      |  |  `--I. levis (Viets 1927) AB07, N47 [=Rhombognathus levis N47]
                      |  `--+--I. hartmanni AB07
                      |     `--+--I. dentatus AB07
                      |        |--I. latistriatus AB07
                      |        `--I. tuberculatus AB07
                      `--+--I. ponticus AB07
                         `--+--I. rugosus AB07
                            `--+--I. uniscutatus AB07
                               `--+--I. cryptorhynchus (Trouessart 1901) AB07, N47 [=Rhombognathus cryptorhynchus N47]
                                  `--+--I. ungulatus AB07
                                     `--+--*I. setosus (Lohmann 1889) N47, AB07, N47 (see below for synonymy)
                                        |--I. hutchinsoni Newell 1947 AB07, N47
                                        `--I. pulchellus AB07

*Isobactrus setosus (Lohmann 1889) N47, AB07, N47 [=Aletes setosus N47, Rhombognathus setosus N47]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AB07] Abé, H., & I. Bartsch. 2007. Historical biogeography of the halacarid mite genus Isobactrus (Prostigmata, Halacaridae). In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 119–126. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[N47] Newell, I. M. 1947. A systematic and ecological study of the Halacaridae of eastern North America. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collection 10 (3): 1–232.

Stigmaeus

Dorsal (left) and ventral views of Stigmaeus alvandis, from Khanjani & Ueckermann (2002).

Belongs within: Raphignathoidea.

Stigmaeus is a genus of predatory mites with ten to sixteen dorsal shields on the idiosoma, and four pairs of setae on the prodorsal shield (Khanjani & Ueckermann 2002).

Characters (from Khanjani & Ueckermann 2002): Idiosoma with 10–16 dorsal shields, dimpled or reticulated in most species; prodorsum with four pairs of setae on single large or on a large median and a pair of lateral shields; opisthosomal shielding consisting of an unpaired median shield bearing two or three pairs of setae and unpaired or paired suranal shield and three or six pairs of smaller shields (humerals, marginal, median zonals, lateral zonals and intercalaries) surrounding median shield. Median shield distinct, indistinct or absent. Dorsum with 13–14 pairs of setae.

<==Stigmaeus Koch 1836 KU02
    |--*S. cruentus Koch 1836 KU02
    |--S. africanus E-KO07
    |--S. alvandis Khanjani & Ueckermann 2002 KU02
    |--S. antrodes Berlese 1910 SB63 [incl. S. antrodes var. reticulatus Halb. 1923 G44]
    |--S. bdelloides SS55
    |--S. bicolor Canestrini & Fanzago 1876 CF77
    |--S. elongatus Berlese 1886 [incl. S. luteus Summers 1962] KU02
    |--S. eutrichus Berlese 1910 SB63
    |--S. fissuricola Halbert 1920 [=S. rhodomelas var. fissuricola] S76
    |--S. raynei WHE88
    |--S. rhodomelas Berl. 1910 G44
    |--S. sinai WL09
    |--S. spagneti WHE88
    |--S. unicus Kuznetzov 1977 KU02
    `--S. zaheri E-KO07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CF77] Canestrini, G., & F. Fanzago. 1877. Intorno agli Acari Italiani. Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Serie 5, 4: 69–208, pls 2–7.

[E-KO07] El-Kammah, K. M., & L. M. I. Oyoun. 2007. Taxonomic records of mite species associated with animal and poultry farms in the Nile delta, vally and N. Sinai Egypt. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 223–232. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[G44] Grandjean, F. 1944. Observations sur les acariens de la famille des Stigmaeidae. Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, 5me Période 26: 103–131.

[KU02] Khanjani, M., & E. A. Ueckermann. 2002. The stigmaeid mites of Iran (Acari: Stigmaeidae). International Journal of Acarology 28 (4): 317–339.

[SB63] Schweizer, J., & C. Bader. 1963. Die Landmilben der Schweiz (Mittelland, Jura und Alpen): Trombidiformes Reuter, mit 217 Arten und Unterarten und 193 Originalzeichnungen. Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft [Mémoires de la Société Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles] 84 (2): i–vi, 209–378.

[SS55] Summers, F. M., & E. I. Schlinger. 1955. Mites of the family Caligonellidae (Acarina). Hilgardia 23 (12): 539–561.

[WHE88] Walter, D. E., H. W. Hunt & E. T. Elliott. 1988. Guilds or functional groups? An analysis of predatory arthropods from a shortgrass steppe soil. Pedobiologia 31: 247–260.

[WL09] Walter, D. E., E. E. Lindquist, I. M. Smith, D. R. Cook & G. W. Krantz. 2009. Order Trombidiformes. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 233–420. Texas Tech University Press.

Tetranychus

Two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, copyright J. Holopainen.

Belongs within: Tetranychinae.

Tetranychus is a genus of spider mites with the duplex setae on tarsus I widely separated and the empodium of the female and empodia III and IV of the male consisting of three pairs of hairs with or without a proximodorsal claw (Baker & Pritchard 1960). In members of the subgenus Armenychus, the striae on the hysterosoma of females are transverse whereas in the subgenus Tetranychus sensu stricto they form a diamond-shaped pattern. Several species are significant horticultural pests such as the two-spotted spider mite T. urticae; this species is extremely polyphagous and feeds on hosts ranging from tomatoes to roses to corn. Conversely, the gorse spider mite T. lintearius has been deliberately introduced to regions of the USA to try and control gorse. The carmine spider mite T. cinnabarinus is a close relative of T. urticae that is notorious for its resistance to various pesticides.

<==Tetranychus Dufour 1832 H98
    |--T. gloveri NG96
    |--T. neocaledonicus (André 1933) NG96, H98 [=Eotetranychus neocaledonicus H98]
    `--+--+--T. kanzawai Kishida 1927 NG96, H98 [incl. T. hydrangeae Pritchard & Baker 1955 WL09, H98]
       |  `--+--T. pacificus NG96
       |     `--T. (Armenychus Wainstein 1960) BT72
       |          |--T. (*A.) armeniaca BT72
       |          |--T. (A.) cobrensus Baker & Tuttle 1972 BT72
       |          `--T. (A.) mcdanieli McGregor 1931 NG96, BT72
       `--T. (Tetranychus) BT72
            |--*T. (T.) lintearius Dufour 1832 BT72 [incl. T. russeolus CF77, T. ulmi CF77, T. vestitus CF77]
            |--T. (T.) cinnabarinus (Boisduval 1867) AP80, H98 (see below for synonymy)
            |--T. (T.) ludeni Zacher 1913 AP80, H98
            |--T. (T.) mexicanus AP80
            |--T. (T.) nakahari AP80
            |--T. (T.) urticae Koch 1836 NG96, BT72 (see below for synonymy)
            `--T. (T.) yusti AP80

Tetranychus incertae sedis:
  T. abacae MF07
  T. andrei Baker & Pritchard 1960 BP60
  T. armipennis W99
  T. bastosi S91
  T. browningi Baker & Pritchard 1960 BP60
  T. canadensis NMF07
  T. collyerae Manson 1967 SL71
  T. crataegi Hirst 1920 H23
  T. cucurbitae Rahman & Sapra 1958 RS91, BP60
  T. desertorum Banks 1900 [incl. T. opuntiae Banks 1908] H98
  T. dianellae Davis 1967 H98
  T. dugesi Cano & Alsacio 1886 Hof07
  T. elsae Manson 1967 SL71
  T. evansi Baker & Pritchard 1960 BP60
  T. eyrewellensis Manson 1967 SL71
  T. frater NMF07
  T. gibbus Koch & Berendt 1854 S93
  T. lambi Pritchard & Baker 1955 H98
  T. latus CF77
  T. lombardinii Baker & Pritchard 1960 H98
  T. macfarlanei Baker & Pritchard 1960 BP60
  T. marianae McGregor 1950 H98
  T. molestissimus AL37
  T. moutensis Manson 1970 SL71
  T. ogmophallos MF07
  T. papayae G01
  T. piercei Ho07
  T. pilosus CF77
  T. pueraricola WL09
  T. quercivorus NG96
  T. rhagodiae Miller 1966 H98
  T. savenkoae NG96
  T. sayedi Baker & Pritchard 1960 BP60
  T. schoenei NMF07
  T. sinhai BY99
  T. spinigerus Lucas 1847 (n. d.) E12 [=Metatetranychus spinigerus BP60]
  T. truncatus NMF07
  T. tumidosus Baker & Pritchard 1960 BP60
  T. turkestani Ugarov & Nikolski 1937 KB91 [incl. T. atlanticus McGregor 1941 WL09, SL71]

Tetranychus (Tetranychus) cinnabarinus (Boisduval 1867) AP80, H98 [=Acarus cinnabarinus H98; incl. T. cucurbitacearum Sayed 1946 BP60]

Tetranychus (Tetranychus) urticae Koch 1836 NG96, BT72 [incl. T. arabicus K07, Epitetranychus alceae Linnaeus 1758 S61, T. altheae S61, Acarus cucumeris Boisduval 1867 H98, T. cucumeris H98, A. rosarum Boisduval 1867 H98, T. rosarum H98, A. sambuci Schranck 1781 S61, A. telarius Linnaeus 1758 (nom. rej.) H98, Eotetranychus telarius SB63, Tetranychus telarius H98]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AL37] André, M., & É. Lamy. 1937. Les Idées actuelles sur la Phylogénie des Acariens. Published by the author: Paris.

[AP80] Andrews, K. L., & S. L. Poe. 1980. Spider mites of El Salvador, Central America (Acari: Tetranychidae). Florida Entomologist 63 (4): 502–505.

[BP60] Baker, E. W., & A. E. Pritchard. 1960. The tetranychoid mites of Africa. Hilgardia 29 (11): 455–574.

[BT72] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1972. New species and further notes on the Tetranychoidea mostly from the southwestern United States (Acarina: Tetranychidae and Tenuipalpidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 116: 1–37.

[BY99] Bakker, F. M., & J. S. Yaninek. 1999. Mite pests in tropical agriculture. In: Needham, G. R., R. Mitchell, D. J. Horn & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 2. Symposia pp. 255–263. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[CF77] Canestrini, G., & F. Fanzago. 1877. Intorno agli Acari Italiani. Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Serie 5, 4: 69–208, pls 2–7.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[G01] Gupta, S. K. 2001. A conspectus of natural enemies of phytophagous mites and mites as potential biocontrol agents of agricultural pests in India. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 484–497. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[H23] Hirst, S. 1923. On some new or little-known species of Acari. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1923: 971–1000.

[Ho07] Ho, C.-C. 2007. Crop mite pests of southeast Asia and tropical far east. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 259–266. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[Hof07] Hoffmann, A. 2007. Acarology in Mexico: prehispanic to modern times. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 21–26. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[K07] Knapp, M. 2007. Important mite crop pests in Africa. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 267–277. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[KB91] Kreiter, S., F. Brian, C. Magnien, G. Sentenac & G. Valentin. 1991. Spider mites and chemical control of weeds: interactions. In Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 725–736. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[MF07] Moraes, G. J. de, & C. H. W. Flechtmann. 2007. Phytophagous mites of tropical crops in eastern South America. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 279–288. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[NG96] Navajas, M., & J. Gutierrez. 1996. Molecular phylogeny in spider mites (Tetranychidae). In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 305–308. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[NMF07] Navia, D., G. J. de Moraes & C. H. W. Flechtmann. 2007. Phytophagous mites as invasive alien species: quarantine procedures. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 307–316. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[RS91] Rai, A. B., A. S. Sejalia, C. B. Patel & A. H. Shah. 1991. Studies on okra mite Tetranychus macfarlanei (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its chemical control. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 571–580. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[S91] Sabelis, M. W. 1991. Life-history evolution of spider mites. In: Schuster, R., & P. W. Murphy (eds) The Acari: Reproduction, development and life-history strategies pp. 23–49. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SB63] Schweizer, J., & C. Bader. 1963. Die Landmilben der Schweiz (Mittelland, Jura und Alpen): Trombidiformes Reuter, mit 217 Arten und Unterarten und 193 Originalzeichnungen. Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft [Mémoires de la Société Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles] 84 (2): i–vi, 209–378.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S61] Southcott, R. V. 1961. Studies on the systematics and biology of the Erythraeoidea (Acarina), with a critical revision of the genera and subfamilies. Australian Journal of Zoology 9: 367–610.

[SL71] Spain, A. V., & M. Luxton. 1971. Catalog and bibliography of the Acari of the New Zealand subregion. Pacific Insects Monograph 25: 179–226.

[W99] Walter, D. E. 1999. Cryptic inhabitants of a noxious weed: mites (Arachnida: Acari) on Lantana camara L. invading forests in Queensland. Australian Journal of Entomology 38: 197–200.

[WL09] Walter, D. E., E. E. Lindquist, I. M. Smith, D. R. Cook & G. W. Krantz. 2009. Order Trombidiformes. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 233–420. Texas Tech University Press.

Last updated: 22 June 2022.

Ecpleopini

Leposoma nanodactylus, from the Reptile Database.

Belongs within: Gymnophthalmidae.

The Ecpleopini are a clade of microteiid lizards supported by molecular data (Pellegrino et al. 2001).

<==Ecpleopini
    |--Arthrosaura Boulenger 1885 PR01
    |    |--A. kochii PR01
    |    `--A. reticulata PR01
    `--+--Ecpleopus Duméril & Bibron 1839 PR01
       |    `--*E. gaudichaudii PR01
       `--+--+--Colobosauroides Cunha & Lima Verde 1991 PR01
          |  |    `--C. cearensis PR01
          |  `--Anotosaura Amaral 1933 PR01
          |       |--A. collaris PR01
          |       `--A. vanzolinia PR01
          `--+--Amapasaurus Cunha 1970 PR01
             `--Leposoma Spix 1825 PR01
                  |--L. nanodactylus PR01
                  |--L. oswaldoi PR01
                  |--L. parietale DS86
                  `--L. percarinatum PR01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[DS86] Dixon, J. R,. & P. Soini. 1986. The Reptiles of the Upper Amazon Basin, Iquitos Region, Peru. Milwaukee Public Museum: Milwaukee.

[PR01] Pellegrino, K. C. M., M. T. Rodrigues, Y. Yonenaga-Yassuda & J. W. Sites Jr. 2001. A molecular perspective on the evolution of microteiid lizards (Squamata, Gymnophthalmidae), and a new classification for the family. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 74: 315–338.

Cheyletus

Ventral view of Cheyletus eruditus, photographed by J. Hubert.

Belongs within: Cheyletini.

Cheyletus is a genus of free-living predatory mites. One species, C. eruditus, has been used as a biological control agent for grain mites. Dorsal setae in most species are pilose but are apparently smooth in C. parumsetosus (Baker 1949).

Characters (from Baker 1949): Eyes absent; palpal tarsus with two sickle-like and two comb-like setae; two dorsal shields present; dorsal marginal setae feather-like or pilose; dorsal setae, when present, staghorn-like; leg I with two claws.

<==Cheyletus Latreille 1796 BF01 [=Cheletes B49; incl. Eutarsus Hessling 1852 B49]
    |--*C. eruditus (Schrank 1781) B49 (see below for synonymy)
    |--C. acer Oudemans 1904 [=Cheletes acer] B49
    |--C. alacer Oudemans 1904 [=Cheletes alacer] B49
    |--C. audax Oudemans 1904 [=Cheletes audax] B49
    |--C. aversor Rodendorf 1940 B49
    |--C. baloghi BF01
    |--C. beauchampi Baker 1949 B49
    |--C. burmiticus Cockerell 1917 (n. d.) B49
    |--C. butleri Hughes 1948 B49
    |--C. cacahuamilpensis Baker 1949 B49
    |--C. carnifex Zakhvatkin 1940 B49
    |--C. clavispinus Banks 1902 (n. d.) B49
    |--C. cocos H07
    |--C. davisi Baker 1949 B49
    |--C. doddi Baker 1949 B49
    |--C. ferox Trouessart 1889 B49
    |--C. fortis Oudemans 1904 [=Cheletes fortis] B49
    |--C. furibundus Rodendorf 1940 B49
    |--C. hendersoni Baker 1949 B49
    |--C. intrepidus Oudemans 1903 [=Cheletes intrepidus] B49
    |--C. linsdalei Baker 1949 B49
    |--C. malaccensis Oudemans 1903 [=Cheletes malaccensis] H98
    |--C. munroi Hughes 1948 B49
    |--C. parumsetosus Karpelles 1884 B49
    |--C. patagiatus Nordenskiold 1900 (n. d.) B49
    |--C. praedabundus Kuzin in Rodendorf 1940 B49
    |--C. promptus Oudemans 1904 B49
    |--C. rabiosus Rodendorf 1940 B49
    |--C. rapax Oudemans 1903 [=Cheletes rapax] B49
    |--C. saevus Oudemans 1906 (n. d.) [=Cheletes saevus] B49
    |--C. schneideri Oudemans 1904 [=Cheletes schneideri] B49
    |--C. strenuus Oudemans 1904 [=Cheletes strenuus] B49
    |--C. tenuipilis (Fain et al. 1980) MR01
    |--C. trouessarti Oudemans 1902 H98 [=Cheletes trouessarti H98; incl. Cheyletus macrocherus Hardy in Andre 1933 B49]
    |--C. trux Rodendorf 1940 B49
    |--C. venator Vitzthum 1920 B49
    `--C. vorax Oudemans 1903 [=Cheletes vorax] B49

*Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank 1781) B49 [=Acarus eruditus H98, Cheyletiella eruditus H98, Phthirium (Cheyletus) eruditum G20; incl. *Eutarsus cancriformis Hessling 1852 B49, Cheyletus eburneus Hardy in Andre 1933 B49, C. ferox Banks 1906 non Trouessart 1889 B49]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B49] Baker, E. W. 1949. A review of the mites of the family Cheyletidae in the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 99 (3238): 267–320.

[BF01] Bochkov, A. V., & A. Fain. 2001. Phylogeny and system of the Cheyletidae (Acari: Prostigmata) with special reference to their host-parasite associations. Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique Entomologie 71: 5–36.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[H07] Haq, M. A. 2007. Coconut mite tragedy in peninsular India. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 427–432. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[MR01] Morris, M. J. A., & J. Rimmer. 2001. Allergenicity of the predator dust mite Cheyletus tenuipilis (Acari: Cheyletidae): a preliminary study. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 558–564. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

Last updated: 19 June 2022.

Diaspididae

Bermuda grass scales Odonaspis ruthae, copyright David Shetlar.

Belongs within: Coccoidea.
Contains: Melanaspis, Pseudoparlatoria, Lepidosaphidini, Diaspidini, Parlatoriini, Aspidiotus.

The Diaspididae, armoured scales, are a diverse group of scale insects covered by a wax-like, fibrous scale formed from pygidial secretions, anal excreta and the exuviae of previous instars (Carver et al. 1991). Takagi (2002) recognised three subfamilies within the Diaspididae with the genus Ulucoccus differing from most other diaspidids in the lack of appendages on the pygidium of the adult female except for minute gland spines. Diaspidinae possess gland spines on the pygidial margin together with pectinae and/or pore prominences whereas Aspidiotinae possess trullae and/or pectinae but no gland spines.

Characters (from Carver et al. 1991): Adult female legless, without antennae; fourth and following segments of abdomen usually fused to form pygidium, marginally bearing complex of tubular ducts, marginal spines, plates and gland spines; operculum absent. Scale incorporating exuviae of first and second instars, adult female sometimes remaining enclosed within exuviae of second instar.

<==Diaspididae T02
    |--Ulucoccus Takagi, Tho & Khoo 1990 [Ulucoccinae] T02
    |    |--U. danumensis T02
    |    `--U. gombakensis T02
    |--Diaspidinae T02
    |    |--Lepidosaphidini T02
    |    `--Diaspidini T02
    `--Aspidiotinae T02
         |--Parlatoriini T02
         |--Odonaspis [Odonaspidini] T02
         |    |--O. arcusnotata Ben-Dov 1988 T02
         |    |--O. benardi M96
         |    |--O. graminis M96
         |    |--O. litorosa M96
         |    `--O. ruthae M96
         |--Thysanaspis Ferris 1955 [Thysanaspidini] T02
         |    |--*T. acalyptus Ferris 1955 T02
         |    |--T. litseae Takagi 1961 T02
         |    `--T. perkinsi Takagi 1969 T02
         |--Smilacicola Takagi 1969 [Smilacicolini] T02
         |    |--*S. apicalis Takagi 1969 T02
         |    |--S. crenatus Takagi 1983 T02
         |    `--S. heimi (Balachowsky 1947) [=Rugaspidiotus heimi] T02
         |--Leucaspidini T02
         |    |--Leucaspis cordylinidis M27
         |    |--Lopholeucaspis T02
         |    |    |--L. cockerelli M96
         |    |    `--L. japonica (Cockerell 1897) T02
         |    `--Mongrovaspis Bodenheimer 1951 T02
         |         `--*M. quadrispinosa (Green 1934) [=Leucaspis quadrispinosa] T02
         `--Aspidiotus T02

Diaspididae incertae sedis:
  Lapazia Ferris 1937 OK06
    `--L. obtecta M96
  Pinnaspis M96
    |--P. aspidistrae M96
    |--P. buxi M96
    `--P. strachani MHG04
  Aonidiella GE05
    |--A. aurantii S07 [=Aspidiotus aurantii D37]
    |--A. citrina CGW91
    `--A. orientalis M96
  Xanthophthalma concinnum M96
  Salicicola T02
    |--S. kermanensis (Lindinger 1906) T02
    `--S. vayssierei Balachowsky 1928 T02
  Melanaspis KU07
  Pseudaulacaspis S07
    |--P. cockerelli M96
    `--P. pentagona S07
  Chrysomphalus S07
    |--C. aonidum CGW91
    |--C. aurantii K08
    |--C. bifasciculatus M96
    |--C. dictyospermi [incl. C. dictyospermi var. pinnulifera] K08
    `--C. ficus WEE70
  Unaspis S07
    |--U. citri S07
    `--U. euonymi M96
  Quadraspidiotus CGW91
    |--Q. forbesi M96
    |--Q. juglansregiae M96
    |--Q. lenticularis CGW91
    |--Q. ostreaeformis CGW91
    |--Q. perniciosus CGW91
    `--Q. pyri CGW91
  Berlesaspis spinifera CGW91
  Maskellia globosa CGW91
  Abgrallaspis M96
    |--A. cyanophylli M96
    |--A. flabellata M96
    |--A. fraxini M96
    |--A. howardi M96
    `--A. townsendi M96
  Acutaspis M96
    |--A. agavis M96
    |--A. albopicta M96
    |--A. aliena M96
    |--A. decorosa M96
    |--A. perseae M96
    |--A. reniformis M96
    |--A. rhizophorae M96
    |--A. scutiformis M96
    `--A. tingi M96
  Ancepaspis M96
    |--A. novemdentata M96
    |--A. quadridentata M96
    `--A. tridentata M96
  Annulaspis singularis M96
  Aonidomytilus M96
    |--A. albus M96
    |--A. concolor M96
    |--A. insulanus M96
    `--A. peninsularis M96
  Aspidiella sacchari M96
  Carulaspis minima M96
  Chortinaspis subchortina M96
  Circulaspis M96
    |--C. bibursella M96
    `--C. fistulata M96
  Clavaspis M96
    |--C. coursetiae M96
    |--C. covilleae M96
    |--C. herculeana M96
    |--C. pedilanthi M96
    |--C. subsimilis M96
    `--C. texana M96
  Comstockiella sabalis M96
  Crassaspis M96
    |--C. maculata M96
    `--C. multipora M96
  Crenulaspidiotus maurellae M96
  Dactylaspis M96
    |--D. acuta M96
    |--D. calcarata M96
    |--D. dactylifera M96
    |--D. flaccida M96
    `--D. serratiloba M96
  Diaspidiotus M96
    |--D. aesculi M96
    |--D. alni W91
    |--D. ancylus M96
    |--D. bumeliae M96
    |--D. coniferarum M96
    |--D. crescentiae M96
    `--D. osborni M96
  Duplaspidiotus M96
    |--D. fossor M96
    `--D. tesseratus M96
  Epidiaspis M96
    |--E. baccharidis M96
    |--E. leperii M96
    |--E. michoacana M96
    |--E. montana M96
    |--E. peragrata M96
    `--E. persimilis M96
  Exuviaspis enceliae M96
  Ferrisidea M96
    |--F. dentiloba M96
    |--F. magna M96
    `--F. prosopidis M96
  Furcaspis biformis M96
  Haliaspis M96
    |--H. distichlii M96
    `--H. milleri M96
  Helaspis mexicana M96
  Hemiberlesia M96
    |--H. candidula M96
    |--H. cupressi M96
    |--H. diffinis M96
    |--H. lataniae M96
    |--H. palmae M96
    |--H. popularum M96
    `--H. rapax M96
  Ischnaspis Douglas 1887 M96, EH09
    `--I. longirostris M96
  Lindingaspis rossi M96
  Manacaspis piriformis M96
  Morganella M96
    |--M. cueroensis M96
    `--M. longispina M96
  Mycetaspis M96
    |--M. apicata M96
    |--M. defectopalus M96
    |--M. personata M96
    `--M. sphaerioides M96
  Mytilaspis M96
    |--M. cordylinidis G29
    |--M. fulva A99
    `--M. mexicana M96
  Nicholiella digitata M96
  Niveaspis M96
    |--N. argentata M96
    |--N. cattleyae M96
    |--N. fenestrata M96
    `--N. townsendiana M96
  Nuculaspis M96
    |--N. apacheca M96
    `--N. californica M96
  Opuntiaspis M96
    |--O. carinata M96
    |--O. javanensis M96
    `--O. philococcus M96
  Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis M96
  Pseudischnaspis M96
    |--P. acephala M96
    `--P. bowreyi M96
  Pseudodiaspis elaphrii M96
  Pseudoparlatoria M96
  Quernaspis quercus M96
  Rhizaspidiotus dearnessi M96
  Rugaspidiotinus M96
    |--R. circumdatus M96
    `--R. fuscitatis M96
  Rugaspidiotus M96
    |--R. arizonicus M96
    `--R. sculpturatus M96
  Scytalaspis quadriclavata M96
  Selenaspidopsis M96
    |--S. browni M96
    `--S. mexicana M96
  Selenaspidus articulatus M96
  Situlaspis M96
    |--S. ruelliae M96
    `--S. yuccae M96
  Stramenaspis kelloggi M96
  Velataspis M96
    |--V. anasterias M96
    `--V. mimosarum M96
  Vinculaspis M96
    |--V. laniata M96
    `--V. virgata M96
  Xerophilaspis prosopidis M96
  Aulacaspis S07
    |--A. difficilis S07
    |--A. rosae K08
    |--A. tegalensis S07
    `--A. tubercularis S07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A99] Ax, P. 1999. Das System der Metazoa II. Ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik. Gustav Fisher Verlag: Stuttgart (translated: 2000. Multicellular Animals: The phylogenetic system of the Metazoa vol. 2. Springer).

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[EH09] Edward, K. L., & M. S. Harvey. 2009. A new species of Ischnothyreus (Araneae: Oonopidae) from monsoon rainforest of northern Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (3): 287–293.

[G29] Girault, A. A. 1929. Description of a case of lunacy in Homo and of six-legged articulates. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 262–265).

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[KU07] Khanjani, M., & E. A. Ueckermann. 2007. Natural enemies of the walnut pest Aceria tristriatus (Nal.) (Acari: Eriophyidae) in western Iran. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 451–453. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[K08] Kirkaldy, G. W. 1908. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 345–391, pl. 4.

[MHG04] Maynard, G. V., J. G. Hamilton & J. F. Grimshaw. 2004. Quarantine—phytosanitary, sanitary and incursion management: an Australian entomological perspective. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 318–328.

[M96] Miller, D. R. 1996. Checklist of the scale insects (Coccoidea: Homoptera) of Mexico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (1): 68–86.

[M27] Myers, J. G. 1927. On the nomenclature of New Zealand Homoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 685–690.

[OK06] Özdikmen, H., & A. B. Kury. 2006. Three homonymous generic names in Araneae and Opiliones. Journal of Arachnology 34 (1): 279–280.

[S07] Ślipiński, A. 2007. Australian Ladybird Beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): Their biology and classification. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

[T02] Takagi, S. 2002. One new subfamily and two new tribes of the Diaspididae (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Insecta Matsumurana, new series 59: 55–100.

[WEE70] Woodward, T. E., J. W. Evans & V. F. Eastop. 1970. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 387–457. Melbourne University Press.

[W91] Wunderle, I. 1991. Life-histories and notes on the behaviour of tree-living oribatid mites. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 529–535. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

Last updated: 30 April 2022.