Tetranychus

Two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, copyright J. Holopainen.

Belongs within: Tetranychinae.

Tetranychus is a genus of spider mites with the duplex setae on tarsus I widely separated and the empodium of the female and empodia III and IV of the male consisting of three pairs of hairs with or without a proximodorsal claw (Baker & Pritchard 1960). In members of the subgenus Armenychus, the striae on the hysterosoma of females are transverse whereas in the subgenus Tetranychus sensu stricto they form a diamond-shaped pattern. Several species are significant horticultural pests such as the two-spotted spider mite T. urticae; this species is extremely polyphagous and feeds on hosts ranging from tomatoes to roses to corn. Conversely, the gorse spider mite T. lintearius has been deliberately introduced to regions of the USA to try and control gorse. The carmine spider mite T. cinnabarinus is a close relative of T. urticae that is notorious for its resistance to various pesticides.

<==Tetranychus Dufour 1832 H98
    |--T. gloveri NG96
    |--T. neocaledonicus (André 1933) NG96, H98 [=Eotetranychus neocaledonicus H98]
    `--+--+--T. kanzawai Kishida 1927 NG96, H98 [incl. T. hydrangeae Pritchard & Baker 1955 WL09, H98]
       |  `--+--T. pacificus NG96
       |     `--T. (Armenychus Wainstein 1960) BT72
       |          |--T. (*A.) armeniaca BT72
       |          |--T. (A.) cobrensus Baker & Tuttle 1972 BT72
       |          `--T. (A.) mcdanieli McGregor 1931 NG96, BT72
       `--T. (Tetranychus) BT72
            |--*T. (T.) lintearius Dufour 1832 BT72 [incl. T. russeolus CF77, T. ulmi CF77, T. vestitus CF77]
            |--T. (T.) cinnabarinus (Boisduval 1867) AP80, H98 (see below for synonymy)
            |--T. (T.) ludeni Zacher 1913 AP80, H98
            |--T. (T.) mexicanus AP80
            |--T. (T.) nakahari AP80
            |--T. (T.) urticae Koch 1836 NG96, BT72 (see below for synonymy)
            `--T. (T.) yusti AP80

Tetranychus incertae sedis:
  T. abacae MF07
  T. andrei Baker & Pritchard 1960 BP60
  T. armipennis W99
  T. bastosi S91
  T. browningi Baker & Pritchard 1960 BP60
  T. canadensis NMF07
  T. collyerae Manson 1967 SL71
  T. crataegi Hirst 1920 H23
  T. cucurbitae Rahman & Sapra 1958 RS91, BP60
  T. desertorum Banks 1900 [incl. T. opuntiae Banks 1908] H98
  T. dianellae Davis 1967 H98
  T. dugesi Cano & Alsacio 1886 Hof07
  T. elsae Manson 1967 SL71
  T. evansi Baker & Pritchard 1960 BP60
  T. eyrewellensis Manson 1967 SL71
  T. frater NMF07
  T. gibbus Koch & Berendt 1854 S93
  T. lambi Pritchard & Baker 1955 H98
  T. latus CF77
  T. lombardinii Baker & Pritchard 1960 H98
  T. macfarlanei Baker & Pritchard 1960 BP60
  T. marianae McGregor 1950 H98
  T. molestissimus AL37
  T. moutensis Manson 1970 SL71
  T. ogmophallos MF07
  T. papayae G01
  T. piercei Ho07
  T. pilosus CF77
  T. pueraricola WL09
  T. quercivorus NG96
  T. rhagodiae Miller 1966 H98
  T. savenkoae NG96
  T. sayedi Baker & Pritchard 1960 BP60
  T. schoenei NMF07
  T. sinhai BY99
  T. spinigerus Lucas 1847 (n. d.) E12 [=Metatetranychus spinigerus BP60]
  T. truncatus NMF07
  T. tumidosus Baker & Pritchard 1960 BP60
  T. turkestani Ugarov & Nikolski 1937 KB91 [incl. T. atlanticus McGregor 1941 WL09, SL71]

Tetranychus (Tetranychus) cinnabarinus (Boisduval 1867) AP80, H98 [=Acarus cinnabarinus H98; incl. T. cucurbitacearum Sayed 1946 BP60]

Tetranychus (Tetranychus) urticae Koch 1836 NG96, BT72 [incl. T. arabicus K07, Epitetranychus alceae Linnaeus 1758 S61, T. altheae S61, Acarus cucumeris Boisduval 1867 H98, T. cucumeris H98, A. rosarum Boisduval 1867 H98, T. rosarum H98, A. sambuci Schranck 1781 S61, A. telarius Linnaeus 1758 (nom. rej.) H98, Eotetranychus telarius SB63, Tetranychus telarius H98]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AL37] André, M., & É. Lamy. 1937. Les Idées actuelles sur la Phylogénie des Acariens. Published by the author: Paris.

[AP80] Andrews, K. L., & S. L. Poe. 1980. Spider mites of El Salvador, Central America (Acari: Tetranychidae). Florida Entomologist 63 (4): 502–505.

[BP60] Baker, E. W., & A. E. Pritchard. 1960. The tetranychoid mites of Africa. Hilgardia 29 (11): 455–574.

[BT72] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1972. New species and further notes on the Tetranychoidea mostly from the southwestern United States (Acarina: Tetranychidae and Tenuipalpidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 116: 1–37.

[BY99] Bakker, F. M., & J. S. Yaninek. 1999. Mite pests in tropical agriculture. In: Needham, G. R., R. Mitchell, D. J. Horn & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 2. Symposia pp. 255–263. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[CF77] Canestrini, G., & F. Fanzago. 1877. Intorno agli Acari Italiani. Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Serie 5, 4: 69–208, pls 2–7.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[G01] Gupta, S. K. 2001. A conspectus of natural enemies of phytophagous mites and mites as potential biocontrol agents of agricultural pests in India. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 484–497. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[H23] Hirst, S. 1923. On some new or little-known species of Acari. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1923: 971–1000.

[Ho07] Ho, C.-C. 2007. Crop mite pests of southeast Asia and tropical far east. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 259–266. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[Hof07] Hoffmann, A. 2007. Acarology in Mexico: prehispanic to modern times. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 21–26. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[K07] Knapp, M. 2007. Important mite crop pests in Africa. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 267–277. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[KB91] Kreiter, S., F. Brian, C. Magnien, G. Sentenac & G. Valentin. 1991. Spider mites and chemical control of weeds: interactions. In Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 725–736. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[MF07] Moraes, G. J. de, & C. H. W. Flechtmann. 2007. Phytophagous mites of tropical crops in eastern South America. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 279–288. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[NG96] Navajas, M., & J. Gutierrez. 1996. Molecular phylogeny in spider mites (Tetranychidae). In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 305–308. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).

[NMF07] Navia, D., G. J. de Moraes & C. H. W. Flechtmann. 2007. Phytophagous mites as invasive alien species: quarantine procedures. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 307–316. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[RS91] Rai, A. B., A. S. Sejalia, C. B. Patel & A. H. Shah. 1991. Studies on okra mite Tetranychus macfarlanei (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its chemical control. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 571–580. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[S91] Sabelis, M. W. 1991. Life-history evolution of spider mites. In: Schuster, R., & P. W. Murphy (eds) The Acari: Reproduction, development and life-history strategies pp. 23–49. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SB63] Schweizer, J., & C. Bader. 1963. Die Landmilben der Schweiz (Mittelland, Jura und Alpen): Trombidiformes Reuter, mit 217 Arten und Unterarten und 193 Originalzeichnungen. Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft [Mémoires de la Société Helvétique des Sciences Naturelles] 84 (2): i–vi, 209–378.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S61] Southcott, R. V. 1961. Studies on the systematics and biology of the Erythraeoidea (Acarina), with a critical revision of the genera and subfamilies. Australian Journal of Zoology 9: 367–610.

[SL71] Spain, A. V., & M. Luxton. 1971. Catalog and bibliography of the Acari of the New Zealand subregion. Pacific Insects Monograph 25: 179–226.

[W99] Walter, D. E. 1999. Cryptic inhabitants of a noxious weed: mites (Arachnida: Acari) on Lantana camara L. invading forests in Queensland. Australian Journal of Entomology 38: 197–200.

[WL09] Walter, D. E., E. E. Lindquist, I. M. Smith, D. R. Cook & G. W. Krantz. 2009. Order Trombidiformes. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 233–420. Texas Tech University Press.

Last updated: 22 June 2022.