Tripteroides

Tripteroides, probably T. atripes, copyright John Tann.

Belongs within: Culicidae.

Tripteroides is a genus of mosquitoes which possess bristles on the spiracular area but whose wings lack bristles on the stem vein and ventral surface of the subcosta (Liehne 1991).

Characters (from Liehne 1991): Adult with vertex clothed with broad flat scales, upright forked scales few in number and confined to occiput; scutal scaling variable; scutellum with broad flat scales; spiracular bristles present, lower mesepimeral bristles absent; pleura covered with broad flat appressed scales; legs slender, hindtarsus I usually longer than tibia; claws of female equal, simple, pulvilli absent; abdomen blunt-ended, segment VIII of female usually broad and bristly. Larva with head small; antenna short with seta 1-A small, inserted beyond midpoint of antenna; thorax and abdomen generally clothed in stout stellate setae; thoracic spines present, generally well developed; lateral comb always a single row of teeth; seta 1-VIII always more strongly developed than other pentad hairs; pecten absent, siphon covered in numerous setae, some of which may form a 'false' pecten; ventral brush (seta 4-X) always a single pair of setae.

<==Tripteroides L91
    |  i. s.: T. bambusa RK04
    |--T. (Tripteroides) L91
    |    |--T. (T.) magnesianus (Edwards 1924) L91
    |    `--T. (T.) quasiornatus L91
    |--T. (Polylepidomyia) L91
    |    |--T. (P.) atripes (Skuse 1889) [incl. T. apicotriangulata Theobald 1910] L91
    |    `--T. (P.) punctolateralis (Theobald 1903) [incl. T. occidentalis Brug 1934] L91
    `--T. (Rachisoura) L91
         |--T. (R.) sylvestris [incl. T. sylvestris var. hilli] L91
         `--T. (R.) tasmaniensis L91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[L91] Liehne, P. F. S. 1991. An Atlas of the Mosquitoes of Western Australia. Health Department of Western Australia.

[RK04] Russell, R. C., & B. H. Kay. 2004. Medical entomology: changes in the spectrum of mosquito-borne disease in Australia and other vector threats and risks, 1972–2004. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 271–282.

Bacillus

Gram-stained culture of Bacillus subtilis, copyright Y tambe.

Belongs within: Bacilli.

Bacillus is a diverse genus of rod-shaped, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria that produce dormant endospores when exposed to unfavorable conditions.

<==Bacillus
    |--+--B. pumilus VK03
    |  `--B. subtilis VK03 [incl. B. subtilis var. niger CV66]
    `--+--B. firmus VK03
       |--B. lentus VK03
       |--+--B. benzoevorans VK03
       |  `--+--B. circulans VK03
       |     `--B. nealsonii Venkateswaran, Kempf et al. 2003 VK03
       |--+--B. megaterium VK03
       |  `--+--B. flexus VK03
       |     `--B. simplex VK03
       `--+--+--‘B. macroides’ VK03
          |  `--B. psychrosaccharolyticus VK03
          `--+--B. niacini VK03
             `--+--B. fumarioli VK03
                `--‘B. pseudomegaterium’ VK03

Bacillus incertae sedis:
  B. aeolius Gugliandolo, Maugeri et al. 2003^VP IJSEM03
  B. alcalophilus PHK96
  B. amyloliquefaciens PHK96
  B. anthracis KE03
  B. azotofixans E92
  B. brevis CM92
  ‘B. caldolyticus’ DC03
  B. caldotenax C-S02
  B. cereus VK03
  B. coagulans PHK96
  B. fastidiosus PHK96
  B. haloalkaliphilus MO03
  B. halodenitrificans SJ04
  B. halodurans Z03
  B. infernus KGP02
  B. larvae White 1906 BB37
  B. laterosporus Z92
  B. licheniformis VK03
  B. methanolicus DC03
  B. mycoides VK03
  B. nitritollens Z92
  B. pantothenticus Z92
  B. pasteurii PHK96
  B. pluton White 1906 BB37
  B. popilliae PHK96
  B. psychrophilus PHK96
  B. pulvefaciens Z92
  B. pycnoticus AS92
  B. schlegelii AS92
  B. selenitireducens Switzer Blum et al. 2001 JC08
  B. sphaericus VK03
  B. stearothermophilus MN03
  B. subterraneus Kanso, Greene & Patel 2002 KGP02
  B. thermantarcticus Nicolaus et al. 2002 JC08
  B. thermocatenulatus DC03
  B. thermocloacae DC03
  B. thermoruber DC03
  B. thuringiensis L91
    |--B. t. var. thuringiensis L91
    `--B. t. var. israelensis L91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS92] Aragno, M., & H. G. Schlegel. 1992. The mesophilic hydrogen-oxidizing (knallgas) bacteria. In: Balows, A., H. G. Trüper, M. Dworkin, W. Harder & K.-H. Schleifer (eds) The Prokaryotes: A handbook on the biology of bacteria: Ecophysiology, isolation, identification, applications 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 344–384. Springer-Verlag: New York.

[BB37] Bishopp, F. C., & C. E. Burnside. 1937. In memorian: Gershom Franklin White. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (7): 184–188.

[C-S02] Cavalier-Smith, T. 2002. The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52: 7–76.

[CM92] Coughlan, M. P., & F. Mayer. 1992. The cellulose-decomposing bacteria and their enzyme systems. In: Balows, A., H. G. Trüper, M. Dworkin, W. Harder & K.-H. Schleifer (eds) The Prokaryotes: A handbook on the biology of bacteria: Ecophysiology, isolation, identification, applications 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 460–516. Springer-Verlag: New York.

[CV66] Curds, C. R., & J. M. Vandyke. 1966. The feeding habits and growth rates of some freshwater ciliates found in activated-sludge plants. Journal of Applied Ecology 3: 127–137.

[DC03] Duan, Y. P., H. F. Castro, T. E. Hewlett, J. H. White & A. V. Ogram. 2003. Detection and characterization of Pasteuria 16S rRNA gene sequences from nematodes and soils. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 105–112.

[E92] Eady, R. R. 1992. The dinitrogen-fixing bacteria. In: Balows, A., H. G. Trüper, M. Dworkin, W. Harder & K.-H. Schleifer (eds) The Prokaryotes: A handbook on the biology of bacteria: Ecophysiology, isolation, identification, applications 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 534–553. Springer-Verlag: New York.

[IJSEM03] IJSEM. 2003. Validation list no. 94. Validation of publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSEM. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1701–1702.

[JC08] Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes. 2008. Status of strains that contravene Rules 27 (3) and 30 of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria. Opinion 81. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 58: 1755–1763.

[KGP02] Kanso, S., A. C. Greene & B. K. C. Patel. 2002. Bacillus subterraneus sp. nov., an iron- and manganese-reducing bacterium from a deep subsurface Australian thermal aquifer. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52: 869–874.

[KE03] Kobayashi, K., S. D. Ehrlich, A. Albertini, G. Amati, K. K. Andersen, M. Arnaud, K. Asai, S. Ashikaga, S. Aymerich, P. Bessieres, F. Boland, S. C. Brignell, S. Bron, K. Bunai, J. Chapuis, L. C. Christiansen, A. Danchin, M. Débarbouillé, E. Dervyn, E. Deuerling, K. Devine, S. K. Devine, O. Dreesen, J. Errington, S. Fillinger, S. J. Foster, Y. Fujita, A. Galizzi, R. Gardan, C. Eschevins, T. Fukushima, K. Haga, C. R. Harwood, M. Hecker, D. Hosoya, M. F. Hullo, H. Kakeshita, D. Karamata, Y. Kasahara, F. Kawamura, K. Koga, P. Koski, R. Kuwana, D. Imamura, M. Ishimaru, S. Ishikawa, I. Ishio, D. Le Coq, A. Masson, C. Mauël, R. Meima, R. P. Mellado, A. Moir, S. Moriya, E. Nagakawa, H. Nanamiya, S. Nakai, P. Nygaard, M. Ogura, T. Ohanan, M. O’Reilly, M. O’Rourke, Z. Pragai, H. M. Pooley, G. Rapoport, J. P. Rawlins, L. A. Rivas, C. Rivolta, A. Sadaie, Y. Sadaie, M. Sarvas, T. Sato, H. H. Saxild, E. Scanlan, W. Schumann, J. F. M. L. Seegers, J. Sekiguchi, A. Sekowska, S. J. Séror, M. Simon, P. Stragier, R. Studer, H. Takamatsu, T. Tanaka, M. Takeuchi, H. B. Thomaides, V. Vagner, J. M. van Dijl, K. Watabe, A. Wipat, H. Yamamoto, M. Yamamoto, Y. Yamamoto, K. Yamane, K. Yata, K. Yoshida, H. Yoshikawa, U. Zuber & N. Ogasawara. 2003. Essential Bacillus subtilis genes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 100 (8): 4678–4683.

[L91] Liehne, P. F. S. 1991. An Atlas of the Mosquitoes of Western Australia. Health Department of Western Australia.

[MN03] Moffitt, M. C., & B. A. Neilan. 2003. Evolutionary affiliations within the superfamily of ketosynthases reflect complex pathway associations. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 446–457.

[MO03] Müller, V., & A. Oren. 2003. Metabolism of chloride in halophilic prokaryotes. Extremophiles 7: 261–266.

[PHK96] Prescott, L. M., J. P. Harley & D. A. Klein. 1996. Microbiology 3^rd ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).

[SJ04] Spring, S., U. Jäckel, M. Wagner & P. Kämpfer. 2004. Ottowia thiooxydans gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel facultatively anaerobic, N2O-producing bacterium isolated from activated sludge, and transfer of Aquaspirillum gracile to Hylemonella gracilis gen. nov., comb. nov. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 54: 99–106.

[VK03] Venkateswaran, K., M. Kempf, F. Chen, M. Satomi, W. Nicholson & R. Kern. 2003. Bacillus nealsonii sp. nov., isolsted from a spacecraft-assembly facility, whose spores are γ-radiation resistant. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 165–172.

[Z03] Zeigler, D. R. 2003. Gene sequences useful for predicting relatedness of whole genomes in bacteria. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1893–1900.

[Z92] Zumpft, W. G. 1992. The denitrifying prokaryotes. In: Balows, A., H. G. Trüper, M. Dworkin, W. Harder & K.-H. Schleifer (eds) The Prokaryotes: A handbook on the biology of bacteria: Ecophysiology, isolation, identification, applications 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 554–582. Springer-Verlag: New York.

Cyprinodontiformes

Blue panchax Aplocheilus panchax, copyright Sahat Ratmuangkhwang.

Belongs within: Atherinomorpha.
Contains: Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Poeciliidae.

The Cyprinodontiformes, killifishes and related forms, are a cosmopolitan group of small fishes usually found in estuarine or marine environments (Bond 1996). Members include the four-eyed fishes of the Anablepidae, in which the pupil is divided between an upper and a lower section to enable simultaneous vision above and below the water line. The Aplocheilidae of tropical Asia and Madagascar have the pelvic fin bases inserted close together and a black blotch is present on the dorsal fin of females.

Characters (from Bond 1996): Soft-rayed physoclists with abdominal pelvic fins. Single dorsal fin set behind middle of body. Caudal fin with varying number of rays, never forked. Orbitosphenoid, mesocoracoid, and basisphenoid absent; maxillaries excluded from border of mouth by premaxillaries. Lateral line canal system incomplete or not well formed on head and body.

Cyprinodontiformes [Microcyprini]
    |--Aplocheilidae [Aplocheilinae, Aplocheiloidei] B-RB13
    |    |--Fundulopanchax B96
    |    |--Aphiosemion B96
    |    |--Epiplatys B96
    |    |--Pachypanchax playfairii B96, ND13
    |    `--Aplocheilus L91
    |         |--A. latipes L91
    |         `--A. panchax CS77
    `--Cyprinodontoidei B-RB13
         |  i. s.: Profundulus B96 [Profundulidae B-RB13]
         |           `--P. hildebrandi B96
         |         Valencia B96 [Valenciidae B-RB13]
         |           `--V. hispanica B96
         |         Anablepidae B-RB13
         |           |--Jenynsia [Jenynsiidae] B96
         |           |    `--J. multidentata (Jenyns 1842) MGV06
         |           `--Anableps LD09
         |                |--A. anableps (Linnaeus 1758) LD09 [incl. A. tetrophthalmus Günther 1866 F16]
         |                `--A. microleps Müller & Troschel 1844 PC01
         |         Goodeidae B-RB13
         |           |  i. s.: Tapatia occidentalis Alvarez & Arriola 1972 P93
         |           |--Goodeinae B96
         |           `--Empetrichthyinae B96
         |                |--Crenichthys B96
         |                `--Empetrichthys B96
         |                     |--E. erdisi G88
         |                     |--E. latos USDI77
         |                     |    |--E. l. latos D81
         |                     |    |--E. l. concavus D81
         |                     |    `--E. l. pahrump D81
         |                     `--E. merriami D81
         |         Nothobranchius B96 [Nothobranchiidae B-RB13]
         |           `--N. rachowi B96
         |         Rivulidae B-RB13
         |           |--Pterolebias B96
         |           |--Cynolebias B96
         |           `--Rivulus R88
         |                |--R. cylindraceus R88
         |                |--R. garciai R88
         |                |--R. harti [=Haplochilus harti; incl. R. micropus Günther 1866] F16
         |                |--R. heyei R88
         |                |--R. insulaepinorum R88
         |                |--R. isthmensis F15
         |                |--R. marmoratus R86
         |                `--R. roloffi R88
         |--Cyprinodontidae ND13
         `--+--Fundulidae ND13
            `--Poeciliidae ND13

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B-RB13] Betancur-R., R., R. E. Broughton, E. O. Wiley, K. Carpenter, A. López, C. Li, N. I. Holcroft, D. Arcila, M. Sanciangco, J. C. Cureton, II, F. Zhang, T. Buser, M. A. Campbell, J. A. Ballesteros, A. Roa-Varon, S. Willis, W. C. Borden, T. Rowley, P. C. Reneau, D. J. Hough, G. Lu, T. Grande, G. Arratia & G. Ortí. 2013. The tree of life and a new classification of bony fishes. PLoS Currents Tree of Life April 18 2013. doi: 10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288.

[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2^nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[D81] Day, D. 1981. The Doomsday Book of Animals: A unique natural history of three hundred vanished species. Ebury Press: London.

[F15] Fowler, H. W. 1915. Cold-blooded vertebrates from Florida, the West Indies, Costa Rica, and eastern Brazil. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 244–269.

[F16] Fowler, H. W. 1916. The fishes of Trinidad, Grenada, and St. Lucia, British West Indies. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 520–548.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[LD09] Li, B., A. Dettaï, C. Cruaud, A. Couloux, M. Desoutter-Meniger & G. Lecointre. 2009. RNF213, a new nuclear marker for acanthomorph phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 50: 345–363.

[L91] Liehne, P. F. S. 1991. An Atlas of the Mosquitoes of Western Australia. Health Department of Western Australia.

[MGV06] Mai, A. C. G., A. M. Garcia & J. P. Vieira. 2006. Ecologia alimentar do barrigudinho Jenynsia multidentata (Jenyns, 1842) (Pisces: Cyprinodontiformes) no estuário da Laguna dos Patos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Comunicações do Museo de Ciências e Tecnologia da PUCRS, Serie Zoologia 19 (1): 3–18.

[ND13] Near, T. J., A. Dornburg, R. I. Eytan, B. P. Keck, W. L. Smith, K. L. Kuhn, J. A. Moore, S. A. Price, F. T. Burbrink, M. Friedman & P. C. Wainwright. 2013. Phylogeny and tempo of diversification in the superradiation of spiny-rayed fishes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 110 (31): 12738–12743.

[P93] Patterson, C. 1993. Osteichthyes: Teleostei. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 621–656. Chapman & Hall: London.

[PC01] Pichelin, S., & T. H. Cribb. 2001. The status of the Diplosentidae (Acanthocephala: Palaeacanthocephala) and a new family of acanthocephalans from Australian wrasses (Pisces: Labridae). Folia Parasitologica 48: 289–303.

[R88] Rauchenberger, M. 1988. Historical biogeography of poeciliid fishes in the Caribbean. Systematic Zoology 37 (4): 356–365.

[R86] Rivas, L. R. 1986. Comments on Briggs (1984): freshwater fishes and biogeography of Central America and the Antilles. Systematic Zoology 35 (4): 633–639.

[USDI77] United States Department of the Interior. 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.

Last updated: 9 February 2022.

Craspedia

Craspedia globosa, from here.

Belongs within: Gnaphalieae.

Craspedia is an Australasian genus of woolly herbs bearing flowers in dense globular or ovoid compound heads (Black & Robertson 1965). In the New Zealand upland species C. incana and C. lanata, the rosette leaves are densely clad on both sides with long woolly or cottony hairs (Allan 1961).

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Erect herbs with radical or alternate entire leaves. Partial flowerheads numerous, three- to ten-flowered, sessile or nearly so, in dense globular or ovoid terminal compound head, usually with general involucre of a few small bracts which are concealed when in full flower; general receptacle or rhachis woolly; partial involucres of few oblong hyaline glabrous and caducous bracts without distinct laminae, rather shorter than the small flowers, which are yellow, tubular, bisexual, five-toothed; partial receptacle with hyaline scale enclosing each flower, similar to involucral bracts; anthers tailed; achenes silky-hairy; pappus of more or less plumose bristles.

<==Craspedia Forster 1786 A61
    |--*C. uniflora Forster 1786 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--C. u. var. uniflora A61
    |    |--C. u. var. grandis Allan 1961 A61
    |    |--C. u. var. maritima Allan 1961 [=C. maritima Cockayne & Allan in Cockayne 1928 (n. n.)] A61
    |    `--C. u. var. subhispida Allan 1961 A61
    |--C. chrysantha M99
    |--C. globosa M99
    |--C. haplorrhiza M99
    |--C. incana Allan 1961 A61
    |--C. lanata (Hooker) Allan 1961 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--C. l. var. lanata A61
    |    `--C. l. var. elongata Allan 1961 A61
    |--C. major (Hooker) Allan 1961 [=C. fimbriata var. major Hooker 1853] A61
    |--C. minor (Hooker) Allan 1961 A61 [=C. fimbriata var. minor Hooker 1853 A61, C. uniflora var. minor C06]
    |    |--C. m. var. minor A61
    |    `--C. m. var. viscosa (Colenso) Allan 1961 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |--C. pleiocephala M99
    |--C. robusta (Hooker) Cockayne 1913 A61 [=C. fimbriata var. robusta Hooker 1853 A61, C. uniflora var. robusta C06]
    |    |--C. r. var. robusta A61
    |    `--C. r. var. pedicellata (Kirk) Allan 1961 [=C. uniflora var. pedicellata Kirk 1899] A61
    `--C. variabilis GK00

Craspedia lanata (Hooker) Allan 1961 A61 [=C. fimbriata var. lanata Hooker 1853 A61, C. uniflora var. lanata C06; incl. C. alpina Backh. in Hoof. 1847 C06]

Craspedia minor var. viscosa (Colenso) Allan 1961 [=C. viscosa Colenso 1884, C. uniflora var. viscosa (Colenso) Kirk 1899] A61

*Craspedia uniflora Forster 1786 A61 [incl. C. fimbriata DC. 1838 A61, Staehilinia fimbriata Forster in DC. 1838 A61, Richea glauca Labillardière 1799 BR65, Craspedia glauca (Labillardière) Sprengel 1826 BR65, C. fimbriata var. marginata Hooker 1853 A61, C. richea Cassini 1818 BR65]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

Last updated: 25 March 2020.

Angianthus

Angianthus pusillus, copyright Mark Marathon.

Belongs within: Gnaphalieae.

Angianthus is an Australian genus of composite plants with compound flower-heads in which the involucres of the partial heads are compressed and composed of only a few bracts (Black & Robertson 1965).

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965). Herbs with alternate entire leaves. Partial flower-heads numerous, few-flowered, crowded on a general receptacle in a dense compound terminal head; general involucre never conspicuous, consisting of a few empty basal bracts similar to those subtending partial involucres or of scarious bracts not longer than enclosed partial involucres, and concealed by floral leaves; partial involucres usually compresssed, consisting of two to several hyaline bracts, mostly opposite in pairs, outer involucres concave or conduplicate, inner involucres flat; flowers tubular, bisexual, yellow, usually five-toothed; anthers tailed; pappus various or absent.

<==Angianthus Wendland 1809 (nom. cons.) [incl. Siloxerus Labillardière 1806] BR65
    |--A. acrohyalinus KM08
    |--A. brachypappus BR65
    |    |--A. b. var. brachypappus BR65
    |    `--A. b. var. conocephalus BR65
    |--A. burkittii [=Gnephosis burkittii Bentham 1866; incl. A. whitei Black 1913] BR65
    |--A. cunninghamii KM08
    |--A. humifusus RL05 [=Siloxerus humifusus GK00]
    |--A. microcephalus KM08
    |--A. milnei KM08
    |--‘Siloxerus’ multiflorus OS04
    |--A. phyllocalymmeus (von Mueller) Domin. 1923 (see below for synonymy) BR65
    |--A. preissianus [=Skirrophorus preissianus; incl. A. eriocephalus] BR65
    |--A. pusillus BR65
    |--A. strictus [=Skirrophorus strictus] BR65
    |--A. tenellus BR65
    `--A. tomentosus BR65

Angianthus phyllocalymmeus (von Mueller) Domin. 1923 [=Pleuropappus phyllocalymmeus von Mueller 1855; incl. A. pleuropappus Bentham 1866] BR65

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

Coreopsideae

Hairy beggarticks Bidens pilosa, copyright Prenn.

Belongs within: Asteroideae.

The Coreopsideae are a group of composite plants in which the disk-achenes are more or less dorsally compressed and the receptacular scales are flattish (Black & Robertson 1965). Members include the genus Bidens, beggarticks, whose species typically bear bristly and barbed fruits adapted for dispersal by sticking to animal fur or feathers (and clothing).

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965, as Coreopsidinae): Heads bisexual, heterogamous-radiate; receptacle with chaffy, flattish scales; corolla present in both sexes; anthers united, obtuse at base; style-branches flattish, not truncate; disk-achenes more or less dorsally compressed.

<==Coreopsideae [Coreopsidinae]
    |--Dahlia pinnata N10, MH98
    |--Glossogyne BR65
    |    |--G. hennedyi Br. 1883 A61
    |    `--G. tenuifolia BR65
    |--Coreopsis N10
    |    |--C. bigelovii H93
    |    |--C. californica H93
    |    |--C. calliopsidea H93
    |    |--C. douglasii H93
    |    |--C. gigantea H93
    |    |--C. grandiflora I92
    |    |--C. hamiltonii H93
    |    |--C. lanceolata H06
    |    |--C. maritima H93
    |    |--C. nuecensis G84
    |    |--C. nuecensoides G84
    |    |--C. stillmanii H93
    |    |--C. tinctoria [incl. C. atkinsoniana] H93
    |    `--C. wrightii [=C. basalis var. wrightii] H93
    |--Cosmos HGT96
    |    |--C. bipinnatus MH98
    |    |--C. caudatus BBO01
    |    `--C. sulphureus H93
    `--Bidens Linnaeus 1753 N10, A61
         |--B. alba ACW01
         |--B. aurantiacus Colenso 1895 A61
         |--B. bipinnata C55b
         |--B. biternata PP07
         |--B. cernua C55a
         |--B. frondosa MH98
         |--B. hendersonensis SJP60
         |    |--B. h. var. hendersonensis SJP60
         |    `--B. h. var. oenoensis SJP60
         |--B. laevis H93
         |--B. leucantha C55b
         |--B. pilosa Linnaeus 1753 A61
         |--B. tripartita [incl. B. connata var. petiolata] H93
         `--B. vulgata H93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[ACW01] Aguilar, H., C. C. Childers & W. C. Welbourn. 2001. Relative abundance and seasonal occurrence of mites in the family Tydeidae on citrus in Florida. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 376–380. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BBO01] Begerow, D., R. Bauer & F. Oberwinkler. 2001. Muribasidiospora: Microstromatales or Exobasidiales? Mycological Research 105 (7): 798–810.

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[G84] Gosling, E. M. 1984. The systematic status of Mytilus galloprovincialis in western Europe: a review. Malacologia 25 (2): 551–568.

[HGT96] Headrick, D. H., R. D. Goeden & J. A. Teerink. 1996. Life history and description of immature stages of Dioxyna picciola (Bigot) (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Coreopsis spp. (Asteraceae) in southern California. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 332–349.

[H06] Henderson, L. 2006. Comparisons of invasive plants in southern Africa originating from southern temperate, northern temperate and tropical regions. Bothalia 36 (2): 201–222.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[I92] Imes, R. 1992. The Practical Entomologist. Aurum Press: London.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[N10] Norrbom, A. L. 2010. Tephritidae (fruit flies, moscas de frutas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 2 pp. 909–954. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[SJP60] St. John, H., & W. R. Philipson. 1960. List of the flora of Oeno Atoll, Tuamotu Archipelago, south-central Pacific Ocean. Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand 88 (3): 401–403.

Last updated: 21 December 2019.

Eupatorium

Hemp agrimony Eupatorium cannabinum, copyright Evelyn Simak.

Belongs within: Asteroideae.

Eupatorium is a Holarctic genus of perennial herbs bearing flowers in clusters of discoid heads.

Characters (from Flora of North America): Perennials, 30–200 cm. Stems erect, usually not branched proximal to arrays of heads (from caudices or rhizomes). Leaves mostly cauline; usually opposite (rarely whorled, distal sometimes alternate); petiolate or sessile; blades usually 3-nerved from or distal to bases, or pinnately nerved, mostly deltate or ovate to lanceolate or linear (and intermediate shapes, sometimes elliptic, oblong, rhombic, or suborbiculate, sometimes pinnatifid, 1–2-pinnately, ternately, or palmately lobed), ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces glabrous or puberulent, pubescent, scabrous, or setulose, usually gland-dotted. Heads discoid, in corymbiform or diffuse to dense, paniculiform arrays. Involucres obconic to ellipsoid, 1–3(–5+) mm diam. Phyllaries persistent, 7–15+ in 2–3(–4+) series, (usually green) 2–3-nerved, or not notably nerved, or pinnately nerved, elliptic, lanceolate, oblong, or obovate, usually unequal, sometimes ± equal (margins scarious, hyaline, apices rounded to acute or acuminate sometimes mucronate, faces usually puberulent or villous, usually gland-dotted, rarely glabrous). Receptacles flat or convex, epaleate. Florets (3–)5(–15+); corollas usually white, rarely pinkish, throats funnelform to campanulate, lobes 5, triangular; styles: bases sometimes enlarged, usually puberulent (rarely glabrous), branches mostly filiform. Cypselae (brownish to black) prismatic, 5-ribbed, usually glabrous, usually gland-dotted; pappi persistent, of 20–50 (whitish) barbellulate bristles in 1 series. x = 10.

<==Eupatorium
    |--E. cabaionum J87
    |--E. cannabinum LDB98
    |--E. capillifolium ACW01
    |--E. elphantus BM76
    |--E. flavidulum J87
    |--E. glabrum BT87
    |--E. glehni T03
    |--E. hemiteropododum BT87
    |--E. illitum J87
    |--E. microchaetum J87
    |--E. mikaniodes M83
    |--E. nervosum J87
    |--E. odoratum G01
    |--E. polystachyum RJ11
    |--E. porphyrocladium J87
    |--E. puberulum J87
    |--E. purpureum C38
    |--E. rugosum EBS98
    |--E. selleanum J87
    |--E. stigmaticum J87
    `--E. urbanii J87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[ACW01] Aguilar, H., C. C. Childers & W. C. Welbourn. 2001. Relative abundance and seasonal occurrence of mites in the family Tydeidae on citrus in Florida. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 376–380. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[BT87] Baker, E. W., & D. M. Tuttle. 1987. The false spider mites of Mexico (Tenuipalpidae: Acari). United States Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin 1706: 1–237.

[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.

[C38] Crawford, J. C. 1938. Some new or little known Thysanoptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (2): 35–43.

[EBS98] Elliott, K. J., L. R. Boring & W. T. Swank. 1998. Changes in vegetation structure and diversity after grass-to-forest succession in a southern Appalachian watershed. American Midland Naturalist 140: 219–232.

[G01] Gupta, S. K. 2001. A conspectus of natural enemies of phytophagous mites and mites as potential biocontrol agents of agricultural pests in India. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 484–497. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[LDB98] Lenssen, J. P. M., G. E. ten Dolle & C. W. P. M. Blom. 1998. The effect of flooding on the recruitment of reed marsh and tall forb plant species. Plant Ecology 139: 13–23.

[M83] Myers, R. L. 1983. Site susceptibility to invasion by the exotic tree Melaleuca quinquenervia in southern Florida. Journal of Applied Ecology 20: 645–658.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[T03] Tsurusaki, N. 2003. Phenology and biology of harvestmen in and near Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, with some taxonomical notes on Nelima suzukii n. sp. and allies (Arachnida: Opiliones). Acta Arachnologica 52: 5–24.