Pipistrellus

Japanese house bat Pipistrellus abramus, photographed by Yushi Osawa.

Belongs within: Vespertilioninae.

Pipistrellus, the pipistrelles, is a genus of small bats found in most of the Old World (including northern Australia) and North America. Most species of the genus have a distinctive weak, fluttery manner of flight that has been described as butterfly-like.

Characters (from Miller 1907): Dental formula I 2/3, C 1/1, Pm 2/2, M 3/3; teeth unspecialised. Outer upper incisor not as large as inner, but extending considerably beyond its cingulum. Inner upper incisor simple, or more often with a well-developed secondary cusp. Canines usually rather stout, posterior cutting edge of upper canine often, though not invariably, with incipient secondary cusp. Anterior upper premolar barely or not in toothrow. Skull similar to Myotis, though with tendency to greater breadth. External characters also similar to Myotis, except ear usually shorter and broader, tragus less acutely pointed, in some species bent forward at tip.

<==Pipistrellus Kaup 1829 (see below for synonymy) M07
    |--*P. pipistrellus (Schreber 1774) M07, K92 [=Vespertilio pipistrellus M07, Nannugo pipistrellus M07]
    |--P. abramus I92
    |--P. adamsi MF05
    |--P. aegyptius IT07
    |--P. aero IT07
    |--P. affinis IT07
    |--P. anchietai IT07
    |--P. angulatus MP78
    |--P. anthonyi IT07
    |--P. arabicus IT07
    |--P. ariel M07
    |--P. babu IT07
    |--P. bodenheimeri IT07
    |--P. cadornae IT07
    |--P. ceylonicus M07
    |--P. chrysothrix M07
    |--P. circumdatus IT07
    |--P. collinus MP78 [=P. angulatus collinus M72]
    |--P. coromandra IT07
    |--P. crassulus M07
    |--P. cuprosus IT07
    |--P. deserti M07
    |--P. dormeri IT07
    |--P. eisentrauti IT07
    |--P. endoi Imaizumi 1959 I92
    |--P. hesperus (Allen 1864) MB86
    |--P. imbricatus M07 [=Vespertilio imbricatus M89]
    |--P. inexspectatus IT07
    |--P. javanicus (Gray 1838) K92
    |--P. joffrei IT07
    |--P. kitcheneri IT07
    |--‘Hypsugo’ krascheninikowii M07
    |--P. kuhli (Kuhl 1819) KK54 [=Nannugo kuhlii M07, Vesperugo kuhlii T66; incl. *Romicia calcarata M07]
    |--‘Vesperugo’ leisleri P66
    |--P. lophurus IT07
    |--P. macrotis IT07 [=Vesperugo macrotis M89]
    |--P. maderensis IT07
    |--‘Hypsugo’ maurus M07
    |--P. mimus IT07
    |--P. minahassae IT07
    |--P. mordax IT07
    |--P. murrayi M07
    |--P. musciculus IT07
    |--P. nanulus M07
    |--P. nanus (Peters 1852) K92 [=Glischropus nanus M07]
    |--P. nathusii IT07 [=Nannugo nathusii M07]
    |--P. paterculus IT07
    |--P. peguensis IT07
    |--P. permixtus IT07
    |--P. petersi IT07
    |--P. ponceleti MP78 [=P. angulatus ponceleti M72]
    |--P. pulveratus IT07
    |--P. pygmaeus JE06
    |--P. raptor M07
    |--P. ridleyi M07
    |--P. rueppelli B78 [=Scotozous rueppelli B78; incl. *Alobus temminckii M07]
    |--P. rusticus IT07
    |--P. savii (Bonaparte 1837) K92
    |    |--P. s. savii I92
    |    `--P. s. velox (Ognev 1927) I92
    |--P. societatis IT07
    |--P. stenopterus IT07
    |--P. sturdeei Thomas 1915 I92
    |--P. subflavus (Cuvier 1832) [=Vespertilio subflavus] B75
    |    |--P. s. subflavus G69
    |    `--P. s. veraecrucis G69
    |--P. tasmaniensis IT07
    |--P. tenuis [=Vesperugo tenuis] MP78
    |    |--P. t. tenuis MP78
    |    `--P. t. papuanus (Peters & Doria 1881) MP78, R64 [=Vesperugo papuanus R64]
    |--P. vordermanni BP87
    `--P. westralis MF05

Pipistrellus Kaup 1829 [incl. Alobus Peters 1867 non Le Conte 1856, Hypsugo Kolenati 1856, Nannugo Kolenati 1856, Romicia Gray 1838, Romicius Blyth 1840, Vesperugo Keyserling & Blasius 1839] M07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[B78] Butler, P. M. 1978. Insectivora and Chiroptera. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 56–68. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JE06] Jacobs, D. S., G. N. Eick, M. C. Schoeman & C. A. Matthee. 2006. Cryptic species in an insectivorous bat, Scotophilus dinganii. Journal of Mammalogy 87 (1): 161–170.

[KK54] Klemmer, K., & H. E. Krampitz. 1954. Zur Kenntnis der Säugetierfauna Siziliens. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (3–4): 121–135.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i–vi, 1–154.

[MB86] Matson, J. O., & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[M72] McKean, J. L. 1972. Notes on some collections of bats (order Chiroptera) from Papua-New Guinea and Bougainville Island. CSIRO Division of Wildlife Research Technical Paper 26: 1–35.

[MP78] McKean, J. L., & W. J. Price. 1978. Pipistrellus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in northern Australia with some remarks on its systematics. Mammalia 42 (3): 343–347.

[M07] Miller, G. S., Jr. 1907. The families and genera of bats. Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, Bulletin 57: i–xvii, 1–282, pl. I–XIV.

[MF05] Milne, D. J., A. Fisher, I. Rainey & C. R. Pavey. 2005. Temporal patterns of bats in the Top End of the Northern Territory, Australia. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (5): 909–920.

[M89] Modigliani, E. 1889. Appunti intorno ai mammiferi dell’isola Nias. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a 7: 238–245.

[P66] Peters, W. 1866. Note on a bat from the Azores. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 558.

[R64] Ride, W. D. L. 1964. A list of mammals described from Australia between the years 1933 and 1963 (comprising newly proposed names and additions to the Australian faunal list). Australian Mammal Society Bulletin 7 (Suppl.): 1–15.

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84–93.

Euchaetidae

Paraeuchaeta barbara, from Russ Hopcroft.

Belongs within: Copepoda.

The Euchaetidae are a group of bathypelagic copepods characterised by a prominent supralabrum bearing a rake formed from long stiff hairs.

Characters (from Park 1995): Supralabrum anterior to labrum, highly prominent with rows of long stiff hairs forming a 'rake'; antennule with segments 8 and 9 fused, extremely long seta on each of segments 3, 7, 9, 14, 18, 21, 24; second exopodal segment of male left P5 extending distally into serrated lamella and with a digitiform process; appendicular caudal setae highly developed, straight, smoothly curved, or geniculated, usually longer than marginal caudal setae.

<==Euchaetidae
    |--Euchaeta Philippi 1843 P95
    |    |  i. s.: E. ovata Sato 1913 P95
    |    |         E. wrighti Park 1968 P95
    |    |--E. spinosa Giesbrecht 1892 P95
    |    `--+--+--E. acuta Giesbrecht 1892 P95
    |       |  |--E. magniloba Park 1978 P95
    |       |  |--E. media Giesbrecht 1888 [incl. E. diegensis Esterly 1911, E. acuta var. pacifica Esterly 1911] P95
    |       |  |--E. paracuta Tanaka 1973 P95
    |       |  |--E. pubera Sars 1907 P95
    |       |  `--E. tenuis Esterly 1906 [incl. E. solida Esterly 1911] P95
    |       `--+--+--*E. marina (Prestandrea 1833) [=Cyclops marinus] P95
    |          |  |--E. indica Wolfenden 1905 [incl. E. wolfendeni Scott 1909] P95
    |          |  |--E. marinella Bradford 1974 P95
    |          |  `--E. rimana Bradford 1974 P95
    |          `--+--E. concinna Dana 1849 [incl. E. consimilis Farran 1936] P95
    |             |--E. longicornis Giesbrecht 1888 P95
    |             |--E. paraconcinna Fleminger 1957 [incl. E. gladiofera Gaudy 1963] P95
    |             `--E. plana Mori 1937 [incl. E. murrayi Sewell 1947] P95
    `--Paraeuchaeta Scott 1909 P95
         |  i. s.: P. abyssaloides Heptner 1987 P95
         |         P. affinis (Cleve 1904) [=Euchaeta affinis] P95
         |         P. bulbirostris Heptner 1987 P95
         |         P. flava (Giesbrecht 1888) [=Euchaeta flava] P95
         |         P. perplexa Heptner 1987 P95
         |         P. rotundirostris Heptner 1987 P95
         |         P. tridentata Heptner 1987 P95
         |--+--P. bisinuata (Sars 1907) [=Euchaeta bisinuata] P95
         |  `--+--P. antarctica (Giesbrecht 1902) [=Euchaeta antarctica] P95
         |     |--P. austrina (Giesbrecht 1902) [=Euchaeta austrina] P95
         |     |--P. erebi Farran 1929 P95
         |     |--P. similis (Wolfenden 1908) [=Euchaeta similis] P95
         |     `--P. tycodesma (Park 1978) [=Euchaeta tycodesma] P95
         `--+--+--P. elongata (Esterly 1913) [=Euchaeta elongata; incl. E. japonica Marukawa 1921] P95
            |  |--P. hebes (Giesbrecht 1888) [=Euchaeta hebes] P95
            |  |--P. russelli (Farran 1936) [=Euchaeta russelli; incl. E. daitomarui Mori 1937] P95
            |  `--P. simplex Tanaka 1958 P95
            `--+--+--P. glacialis (Hansen 1887) [=Euchaeta glacialis] P95
               |  `--P. tumidula (Sars 1905) (see below for synonymy) P95
               `--+--P. grandiremis (Giesbrecht 1888) [=Euchaeta grandiremis] P95
                  `--+--+--P. biloba Farran 1929 P95
                     |  `--+--*P. norvegica (Boeck 1872) [=Euchaeta norvegica] P95
                     |     |--P. exigua (Wolfenden 1911) [=Euchaeta exigua] P95
                     |     |--P. gracilis (Sars 1905) [=Euchaeta gracilis; incl. E. quadrata Farran 1908] P95
                     |     |--P. incisa (Sars 1905) [=Euchaeta incisa] P95
                     |     |--P. pseudotonsa (Fontaine 1967) [=Euchaeta pseudotonsa] P95
                     |     |--P. tonsa (Giesbrecht 1895) [=Euchaeta tonsa; incl. E. spinifera Esterly 1906] P95
                     |     |--P. tuberculata Scott 1909 [incl. Euchaeta scaphula Fontaine 1967] P95
                     |     `--P. weberi Scott 1909 P95
                     `--+--+--P. dactylifera (Park 1978) [=Euchaeta dactylifera] P95
                        |  |--P. pavlovskii Brodsky 1955 P95
                        |  |--P. scopaeorhina Park 1995 P95
                        |  |--P. sesquipedalis Park 1995 P95
                        |  `--P. vervoorti (Park 1978) [=Euchaeta vervoorti] P95
                        `--+--P. abbreviata (Park 1978) [=Euchaeta abbreviata] P95
                           |--P. abrikosovi Heptner 1971 P95
                           |--P. abyssalis Brodsky 1950 P95
                           |--P. aequatorialis Tanaka 1958 P95
                           |--P. alaminae (Park 1975) [=Euchaeta alaminae] P95
                           |--P. altibulla Park 1995 P95
                           |--P. anfracta Park 1995 P95
                           |--P. barbata (Brady 1883) (see below for synonymy) P95
                           |--P. birostrata Brodsky 1950 P95
                           |--P. bradyi (With 1915) [=Euchaeta bradyi] P95
                           |--P. brevirostris Brodsky 1950 [incl. P. laudabilis Tanaka & Omori 1968] P95
                           |--P. californica (Esterly 1906) [=Euchaeta californica; incl. E. dubia Esterly 1906] P95
                           |--P. calva Tanaka 1958 (see below for synonymy) P95
                           |--P. comosa Tanaka 1958 P95
                           |--P. confusa Tanaka 1958 P95
                           |--P. copleyae Park 1995 P95
                           |--P. eltaninae (Park 1978) [=Euchaeta eltaninae] P95
                           |--P. eminens Tanaka & Omori 1968 P95
                           |--P. euryrhina Park 1995 P95
                           |--P. gracilicauda Scott 1909 P95
                           |--P. guttata Heptner 1971 P95
                           |--P. hansenii (With 1915) [=Euchaeta hansenii; incl. P. withi Sewell 1947] P95
                           |--P. hastata Heptner 1987 P95
                           |--P. implicata Heptner 1987 P95
                           |--P. investigatoris Sewell 1929 P95
                           |--P. kurilensis Heptner 1971 [incl. Euchaeta longissima Park 1978] P95
                           |--P. longisetosa Heptner 1971 P95
                           |--P. malayensis Sewell 1929 P95
                           |--P. megaloba Park 1995 P95
                           |--P. mexicana Park 1995 P95
                           |--P. modesta Brodsky 1950 P95
                           |--P. oculata Heptner 1971 P95
                           |--P. orientalis Brodsky 1950 P95
                           |--P. papilliger Park 1995 P95
                           |--P. parabbreviata Park 1995 P95
                           |--P. paraprudens Park 1995 P95
                           |--P. parvula (Park 1978) [=Euchaeta parvula] P95
                           |--P. plaxiphora Park 1995 P95
                           |--P. plicata Heptner 1971 P95
                           |--P. polaris Brodsky 1950 P95
                           |--P. prima Heptner 1971 P95
                           |--P. propinqua (Esterly 1906) [=Euchaeta propinqua] P95
                           |--P. prudens Tanaka & Omori 1968 P95
                           |--P. rasa Farran 1929 P95
                           |--P. regalis (Grice & Hulsemann 1968) [=Euchaeta regalis] P95
                           |--P. robusta (Wolfenden 1911) [=Euchaeta robusta] P95
                           |--P. rubicunda (Farran 1908) [=Euchaeta rubicunda] P95
                           |--P. rubra Brodsky 1950 [incl. P. crassa Tanaka 1958] P95
                           |--P. sarsi (Farran 1908) [=Euchaeta sarsi; incl. P. dentata Scott 1909] P95
                           |--P. scotti (Farran 1908) [=Euchaeta scotti] P95
                           |--P. sibogae Scott 1909 P95
                           |--P. subtilirostris Heptner 1971 P95
                           |--P. triloba Park 1995 P95
                           `--P. vorax (Grise & Hulsemann 1968) (see below for synonymy) P95

Paraeuchaeta barbata (Brady 1883) [=Euchaeta barbata; incl. E. farrani With 1915, E. porrecta Sars 1905] P95

Paraeuchaeta calva Tanaka 1958 [incl. P. polita Tanaka & Omori 1968, P. simulantis Tanaka & Omori 1968] P95

Paraeuchaeta tumidula (Sars 1905) [=Euchaeta tumidula; incl. E. biconvexa Park 1978, Paraeuchaeta pseudotumidula Brodsky 1950] P95

Paraeuchaeta vorax (Grise & Hulsemann 1968) [=Euchaeta vorax; incl. P. striata Tanaka & Omori 1968] P95

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[P95] Park, T. 1995. Taxonomy and distribution of the marine calanoid copepod family Euchaetidae. Bulletin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego 29: i-xi, 1-203.

Canis

Coyote Canis latrans, photographed by Dawn Beattie.

Belongs within: Canidae.

The genus Canis includes the true dogs, wolves and jackals; they are relatively large and often highly social canids. Members of this genus are found in Eurasia, Africa and North America, with the dingo Canis dingo also prehistorically introduced to Australia. The domestic dog Canis familiaris and dingo C. dingo are both derivatives of the grey wolf C. lupus modified by association with humans, and are often treated as subspecies of the latter.

See also: Wolf and wolf and wolf and wolf and cub; The wolf in time.

<==Canis
    |--C. adustus Mo84
    |--C. africanus S78
    |--C. antiquus S78
    |--C. armbrusteri V91
    |--C. atrox S78
    |--C. aureus Mo84 [incl. C. syriacus T66]
    |--C. brevirostris S78
    |--C. davisi V91
    |--C. dingo [incl. C. hallstromi] Ma84
    |--C. dingoides Matschie 1915 R64
    |--C. dirus C77
    |--C. etruscus ME05
    |--C. familiaris R64
    |    |--C. f. familiaris R64
    |    `--C. f. novaehollandiae Voigt 1831 R64
    |--C. gallaensis S78
    |--C. gezi V91
    |--C. gregarius C77
    |--C. hartshornianus C77
    |--C. haydenii C77
    |--C. hodophilax Temminck 1839 I92
    |--C. lamperti S78
    |--C. latrans M06
    |    |--C. l. latrans MB86
    |    |--C. l. cagottis G69
    |    |--C. l. frustror GSD74
    |    |--C. l. goldmani G69
    |    |--C. l. impavidus Allen 1903 MB86
    |    |--C. l. mearnsi Merriam 1897 MB86
    |    `--C. l. thamnos Jackson 1949 B75
    |--C. lepophagus V91
    |--C. lippincottianus C77
    |--C. lupus Linnaeus 1758 K92 [incl. C. saevus Leidy 1869 C77]
    |    |--C. l. lupus H84
    |    |--C. l. albus H84
    |    |--C. l. baileyi Nelson & Goldman 1929 MB86
    |    |--C. l. campestris H84
    |    |--C. l. hattai Kishida 1931 I92
    |    |--C. l. irremotus USDI77
    |    |--C. l. monstrabilis USDI77
    |    |--C. l. mosbachensis ME05
    |    |--C. l. nubilus Say in James 1823 B75
    |    |--C. l. pallipes Ma84
    |    `--C. l. tundarum H84
    |--C. lycaon M06 [=C. lupus lycaon H84]
    |--C. macdonnellensis Matschie 1915 R64
    |--C. mesomelas Mo84
    |--C. nehringi V91
    |--C. niger B75
    |    |--C. n. niger B75
    |    `--C. n. gregoryi Goldman 1937 B75
    |--C. osorum C77
    |--C. priscolatrans V91
    |--C. rufus H84
    |--C. simensis Mo84
    |    |--C. s. simensis BP87
    |    `--C. s. citernii BP87
    |--C. temerarius C77
    |--C. terblanchei S78
    |--C. ursinus Cope 1875 C77
    |--C. vafer C77
    `--C. wheelerianus Cope 1876 C77

Inorganic: Canis familiaris protominilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87
           Canis lupus protominilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

Nomen rejiciendum: Canis antarcticus Kerr 1792 R64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[C77] Cope, E. D. 1877. Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (2): i–iv, 1–370.

[GSD74] Gipson, P. S., J. A. Sealander & J. E. Dunn. 1974. The taxonomic status of wild Canis in Arkansas. Systematic Zoology 23 (1): 1–11.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[H84] Harrington, F. H. 1984. Wolves. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 50–51. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[K92] Klompen, J. S. H. 1992. Phylogenetic relationships in the mite family Sarcoptidae (Acari: Astigmata). Miscellaneous Publications, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 180: i–vi, 1–154.

[Ma84] Macdonald, D. W. 1984. Other dogs. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 76–77. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[MB86] Matson, J. O., & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[M06] Mech, L. D. 2006. Age-related body mass and reproductive measurements of gray wolves in Minnesota. Journal of Mammalogy 87 (1): 80–84.

[Mo84] Moehlman, P. D. 1984. Jackals. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Carnivores pp. 56–59. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

[ME05] Moullé, P.-E., A. Echassoux, F. Lacombat, E. Desclaux & S. Bailon. 2005. L’environnement animal des premiers habitants de l’Europe méditerranéenne: les grands mammifères contemporains de l’homme du Vallonnet, données taxonomiques et biostratigraphiques pour la deuxième moitie du Pléistocène inférieur. BAR International Series 1364: 105–113.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[R64] Ride, W. D. L. 1964. A list of mammals described from Australia between the years 1933 and 1963 (comprising newly proposed names and additions to the Australian faunal list). Australian Mammal Society Bulletin 7 (Suppl.): 1–15.

[S78] Savage, R. J. G. 1978. Carnivora. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 249–267. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84–93.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.

[V91] Valkenburgh, B. van. 1991. Iterative evolution of hypercarnivory in canids (Mammalia: Carnivora): evolutionary interactions among sympatric predators. Paleobiology 17 (4): 340–362.

Martes

Pine marten Martes martes, from here.

Belongs within: Mustelidae.

Martes, the martens, is a group of semiarboreal mustelids found in Eurasia and North America. Members of the genus have moderately elongate bodies, wedge-shaped faces with relatively large rounded ears, and bushy tails (Powell 1984).

<==Martes
    |--M. americana (Turton 1806) B75
    |--M. flavigula P84
    |    |--M. f. flavigula BP87
    |    |--M. f. chrysospila BP87
    |    `--M. f. robinsoni BP87
    |--M. foina P84
    |--M. gwatkinsi P84
    |--M. martes P84
    |--M. melampus Wagner 1840 M76
    |    |--M. m. melampus I92
    |    `--M. m. tsuensis (Thomas 1897) I92
    |--M. pennanti (Erxleben 1777) [=Mustela pennanti] B75
    `--M. zibellina P84

Inorganic: Martes zibellina minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1-184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[M76] Masui, M. 1976. Nihon no Doobutsu. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347-573.

[P84] Powell, R. A. 1984. Martens. In All the World’s Animals: Carnivores (D. Macdonald, ed.) pp. 110-111. Torstar Books Inc.: New York.

Odocoileini

White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus goudotii, photographed by Petruss.

Belongs within: Cervidae.

The Odocoileini includes the endemic New World genera of deer, together with the reindeer Rangifer tarandus. Monophyly of the group is supported by molecular data, and by the presence of a vomerine septum dividing the choana into two chambers (Gilbert et al. 2006). The brockets Mazama and pudus Pudu are small deer with the antlers as simple spikes only; the remaining genera have the antlers branched. The reindeer or caribou Rangifer tarandus is found in boreal regions of both Eurasia and North America; it is the only deer species in which both males and females grow antlers. The genus Odocoileus, found over a large part of both North and South America, includes the mule deer O. hemionus and the white-tailed deer O. virginianus. Mature male mule deer have dichotomously branching antlers whereas white-tailed deer have tines branching vertically from a curved main beam.

<==Odocoileini [Mazaminae]
    |  i. s.: Pavlodaria GRH06
    |         Bretzia GRH06
    |         Eocoileus GRH06
    |         Epieuryceros GRH06
    |         ‘Cervus’ mangivorus Schrank 1819 (n. d.) H48
    |--+--Rangifer Smith in Griffith, Smith & Pidgeon 1827 GRH06 (see below for synonymy)
    |  |    `--*R. tarandus (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |         |--R. group Cylindricornis Jacobi 1931 B61
    |  |         |    |--+--R. t. eogroenlandicus Degerbøl 1957 B61
    |  |         |    |  `--R. t. pearyi Allen 1902 B61
    |  |         |    |--+--R. t. guettardi (Desmarest 1822) (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |         |    |  `--+--R. t. tarandus (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |         |    |     `--R. t. platyrhynchus (Vrolik 1829) (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |         |    `--+--R. t. granti Allen 1902 (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |         |       |--R. t. groenlandicus (Linnaeus 1767) (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |         |       `--R. t. muscatinensis Leidy 1879 B61
    |  |         `--R. group Compressicornis Jacobi 1931 B61
    |  |              |--+--R. t. constantini Flerov 1934 B61
    |  |              |  `--R. t. fennicus Lonnberg 1909 (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |              `--+--R. t. caribou (Gmelin 1788) (see below for synonymy) B61
    |  |                 |--R. t. dawsoni Seton-Thompson 1900 [=R. arcticus dawsoni, Tarandus rangifer dawsoni] B61
    |  |                 `--R. t. fricki Schultz & Howard 1935 B61
    |  `--+--Agalmoceros blicki FS15
    |     `--Morenelaphus FS15
    |          |--M. brachyceros FS15
    |          `--M. lujanensis FS15
    `--+--+--Pudu Gray 1852 FS15, GRH06
       |  |    |--P. mephistophiles IT07
       |  |    `--P. puda GRH06
       |  `--+--+--‘Mazama’ gouazoubira FS15
       |     |  `--‘Mazama’ nemorivaga FS15
       |     `--+--Blastocerus Gray 1850 FS15, GRH06
       |        |    `--B. dichotomus GRH06
       |        `--+--Ozotoceros Ameghino 1891 FS15, GRH06
       |           |    `--O. bezoarticus H48
       |           |         |--O. b. bezoarticus H48
       |           |         |--O. b. celer BP87
       |           |         `--O. b. leucogaster H48
       |           `--Hippocamelus Leuckart 1816 FS15, GRH06
       |                |--H. antisensis GRH06
       |                `--H. bisulcus IT07
       `--+--+--Sangamona fugitiva FS15
          |  `--+--Antifer Ameghino 1899 FS15, B61
          |     |    `--A. ultra FS15
          |     `--Mazama Rafinesque 1817 GRH06
          |          |  i. s.: M. permira N10
          |          |--+--M. chunyi Hershkovitz 1959 FS15, N10
          |          |  `--M. rufina FS15
          |          `--+--+--M. bororo FS15
          |             |  `--M. nana FS15
          |             `--+--M. bricenii FS15
          |                `--+--M. temama FS15 [=M. americana temama G69]
          |                   `--+--M. americana FS15
          |                      `--M. pandora FS15
          `--+--Paraceros fragilis FS15
             `--+--Navahoceros fricki FS15
                `--Odocoileus Rafinesque 1832 GRH06 (see below for synonymy)
                     |--*O. spelaeus H48
                     |--O. hemionus (Rafinesque 1817) [=Cervus hemionus] B75
                     |    |--O. h. hemionus MB86
                     |    |--O. h. cerrosensis BP87
                     |    |--O. h. columbianus GD93
                     |    |--O. h. crooki (Mearns 1897) MB86
                     |    `--O. h. sitkensis GD93
                     `--O. virginianus (Zimmerman 1780) [=*Dama virginiana] H48
                          |--O. v. virginianus H48
                          |--O. v. acapulcensis G69
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ cariacou (Boddaert 1784-1785) (see below for synonymy) H48
                          |--O. v. clavium BP87
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ consul Lönnberg 1922 H48
                          |--O. v. couesi (Coues & Yarrow 1875) MB86
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ curassavicus Hummelinck 1940 H48
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ goudotii Gay & Gervais 1846 [incl. D. columbicus] H48
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ gymnotis (see below for synonymy) H48
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ lasiotis Osgood 1914 H48
                          |--O. v. leucurus BP87
                          |--O. v. macrourus (Rafinesque 1817) [=Corvus (l. c. for Cervus) macrourus] B75
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ margaritae Osgood 1910 H48
                          |--O. v. miquihuananensis MB86
                          |--O. v. oaxacensis G69
                          |--‘Dama virginiana’ peruviana Gray 1874 [incl. D. brachyceros, D. philippii] H48
                          |--O. v. thomasi G69
                          |--O. v. toltecus G69
                          `--‘Dama virginiana’ tropicalis Cabrera 1918 H48

Inorganic: Mazama americana minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87

‘Dama virginiana’ cariacou (Boddaert 1784-1785) [=Capreolus cariacou, Cervus cariacou Kerr 1792; incl. Ce. campestris Cuvier 1817, Ce. spinosus Gay & Gervais 1846, Ce. sylvaticus Kerr 1792] H48

‘Dama virginiana’ gymnotis [incl. Cervus savannarum Cabanis in Schomburgk 1848, Mazama tumatumari, Dama wiegmanni] H48

Odocoileus Rafinesque 1832 GRH06 [=Odocoelus H48, Odontocoelus H48; incl. Dama Zimmermann 1780 non Frisch 1775 H48]

Rangifer Smith in Griffith, Smith & Pidgeon 1827 GRH06 [incl. Achlis Reichenbach 1845 B61, Procervus Blainville 1840 B61, Tarandus Billberg 1827 B61; Rangerinae, Rangiferinae, Rangiferini, Rangiferinidae]

*Rangifer tarandus (Linnaeus 1758) [=Cervus tarandus; incl. Tarandus borealis Ruppell 1842, T. lapponum Billberg 1827] B61

Rangifer tarandus caribou (Gmelin 1788) [=Cervus tarandus caribou; incl. R. arcticus caboti Allen 1914, R. tarandus caboti, R. arcticus fortidens Hollister 1912, R. tarandus fortidens, Cervus hastalis Agassiz 1847, Tarandus rangifer keewatinensis Millais 1915, T. rangifer labradorensis Millais 1915, Rangifer mcguirei Figgins 1919, R. arcticus montanus Seton-Thompson 1899, R. tarandus montanus, Tarandus rangifer ogilvyensis Millais 1915, R. arcticus osborni Allen 1902, R. tarandus osborni, R. montanus selousi Barclay 1935, R. arcticus stonei Allen 1901, R. tarandus stonei, R. tarandus var. sylvestris Richardson 1829, R. caribou sylvestris, R. caribou terraenovae Bangs 1896, R. tarandus terraenovae] B61

Rangifer tarandus fennicus Lonnberg 1909 [incl. R. tarandus angustirostris Flerov 1932, Tarandus rangifer buskensis Millais 1915, T. rangifer chukchensis Millais 1915, Rangifer tarandus dichotomus Hilzheimer 1936, R. tarandus phylarchus Hollister 1912, R. tarandus setoni Flerov 1933, R. tarandus silvicola Hilzheimer 1936, R. tarandus transuralensis Hilzheimer 1936, R. tarandus valentinae Flerov 1933, Tarandus rangifer yakutskensis Millais 1915] B61

Rangifer tarandus granti Allen 1902 [=R. arcticus granti, Tarandus rangifer granti; incl. R. excelsifrons Hollister 1912] B61

Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus (Linnaeus 1767) [=Capra groenlandica, Cervus tarandus groenlandicus, Ce. gronlandicus; incl. Rangifer tarandus var. arctica Richardson 1829, R. tarandus arcticus] B61

Rangifer tarandus guettardi (Desmarest 1822) [=Cervus guettardi; incl. C. bucklandi Owen 1846, C. destrenii Serres 1835, C. tarandus diluvii Rutten 1909, Rangifer tarandus hibernicus Scharff 1918, C. leptocerus Eichwald 1835, C. leufroyi Serres 1835, C. martialis Gervais 1852, Tarandus priscus Sternberg 1828, C. priscus, C. rebulii Serres 1835, Tarandus schottini Sternberg 1828, C. tournalii Serres 1835] B61

Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus (Vrolik 1829) [=Cervus (Tarandus) platyrhynchus; incl. C. tarandus f. spetsbergensis Andersén 1863, Rangifer arcticus var. spitzbergensis, R. tarandus spetsbergensis] B61

*Rangifer tarandus tarandus (Linnaeus 1758) [=R. tarandus typicus Lydekker 1898; incl. Tarandus rangifer asiaticus Millais 1915, R. arcticus asiaticus, R. tarandus var. cilindricornis Camerano 1902, Tarandus rangifer lenensis Millais 1915, R. tarandus pearsoni Lydekker 1903, Cervus tarandus rangifer Gmelin 1788, Tarandus rangifer, C. sibiricus Schreber 1784, T. rangifer sibiricus] B61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B61] Banfield, A. W. F. 1961. A revision of the reindeer and caribou, genus Rangifer. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 177: i–vi, 1–137.

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.

[GD93] Garland, T., Jr, A. W. Dickerman, C. M. Janis & J. A. Jones. 1993. Phylogenetic analysis of covariance by computer simulation. Systematic Biology 42 (3): 265–292.

[GRH06] Gilbert, C., A. Ropiquet & A. Hassanin. 2006. Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): systematics, morphology, and biogeography. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 101–117.

[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.

[H48] Hershkovitz, P. 1948. The technical name of the Virginia deer with a list of the South American forms. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 61: 41–45.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[MB86] Matson, J. O., & R. H. Baker. 1986. Mammals of Zacatecas. Special Publications, Museum of Texas Tech University 24: 1–88.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

Cervus

Corsican red deer Cervus elaphus corsicanus, photographed by Iosto Doneddu.

Belongs within: Cervini.

The genus Cervus includes the red deer C. elaphus and related species. Males of this genus have well-developed branching, often rugose antlers associated with a harem breeding strategy. Phylogenetically, this group also includes the Père David's deer Elaphurus davidiensis, a species native to China though now extinct in the wild, which has distinctive backward-pointing tines on its antlers.

Cervus Linnaeus 1758 [incl. Elaphurus Milne-Edwards 1866] GRH06
    |--+--‘Elaphurus’ davidiensis HH06
    |  `--C. eldi HH06
    |       |--C. e. eldi BP87
    |       |--C. e. siamensis BP87
    |       `--C. e. thamin BP87
    `--+--C. elaphus Linnaeus 1758 HH06, H78
       |    |--C. e. elaphus H78
       |    |--C. e. bactrianus BP87
       |    |--C. e. barbarus H78
       |    |--C. e. corsicanus C84
       |    |--C. e. hanglu C84
       |    |--C. e. hippelaphus C84
       |    |--C. e. macneilli USDI77
       |    |--C. e. scoticus C84
       |    |--C. e. wallichi USDI77
       |    `--C. e. yarkandensis BP87
       `--+--+--C. porcinus HH06 [=Axis porcinus GRH06, Hyelaphus porcinus USDI77]
          |  |    |--C. p. porcinus USDI77
          |  |    `--‘Axis’ p. annamiticus [=Hyelaphus porcinus annamiticus] USDI77
          |  |--C. timorensis HH06
          |  |    |--C. t. timorensis BP87
          |  |    `--C. t. russa BP87
          |  `--C. unicolor GRH06
          |       |--C. u. unicolor TB01
          |       `--C. u. equinus TB01
          `--+--C. albirostris HH06
             `--+--C. canadensis Erxleben 1777 HH06, B75 [=C. elaphus canadensis B75]
                `--C. nippon Temminck 1838 HH06, M76
                     |--C. n. nippon LE05
                     |--C. n. grassianus BP87
                     |--C. n. keramae (Kuroda 1924) I92
                     |--C. n. kopschi BP87
                     |--C. n. mandarinus BP87
                     |--C. n. pseudaxis B91
                     |--C. n. taiouanus BP87
                     |--C. n. yakushimae Kuroda & Okada 1950 I92
                     `--C. n. yesoensis LE05

Cervus incertae sedis:
  C. alfredi BP87
  C. astylodon (Matsumoto 1924) AC98
  C. bezoarticus [incl. C. cuguapara Kerr 1792, Odocoeleus suacuapara (l. c.)] H48
  ‘Elaphurus’ bifurcatus DW04
  C. calamianensis BP87
  C. capreolus T66
  C. columbianus C66
  C. dorothensis Capasso Barbato 1992 [=C. (Leptocervus) dorothensis] AC98
  C. elegans [=Rusa elegans] DW04
  C. kuhli BP87 [=Hyelaphus kuhli USDI77]
  C. mariannus Desmarest 1820 F66
  C. philippinus F66
  C. pudu S66b
  C. pulchellus Imaizumi 1970 I92
  C. taevanus S66a

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC98] Alcover, J. A., X. Campillo, M. Macias & A. Sans. 1998. Mammal species of the world: additional data on insular mammals. American Museum Novitates 3248: 1-29.

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1-184.

[B91] Bukva, V. 1991. Structural reduction and topological retrieval: problems in taxonomy of Demodicidae. In: Dusbábek, F. & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 293-300. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[C66] Canfield, C. A. 1866. On the habits of the prongbuck (Antilocapra americana), and the periodical shedding of its horns. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 105-110.

[C84] Cockerill, R. A. 1984. Deer. In All the World’s Animals: Hoofed Mammals (D. Macdonald, ed.) pp. 80-89. Torstar Books: New York.

[DW04] Deng T., Wang X., Ni X. & Liu L. 2004. Sequence of the Cenozoic mammalian faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 78 (1): 8-14.

[F66] Fraser, L. 1866. Exhibition of a pair of horns of Cervus mariannus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 367-368.

[GRH06] Gilbert, C., A. Ropiquet & A. Hassanin. 2006. Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): Systematics, morphology, and biogeography. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 101-117.

[H78] Hamilton, W. R. 1978. Cervidae and Palaeomerycidae. In Evolution of African Mammals (V. J. Maglio & H. B. S. Cooke, eds) pp. 496-508. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[H48] Hershkovitz, P. 1948. The technical name of the Virginia deer with a list of the South American forms. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 61: 41-45.

[HH06] Hughes, S., T. J. Hayden, C. J. Douady, C. Tougard, M. Germonpré, A. Stuart, L. Lbova, R. F. Carden, C. Hänni & L. Say. 2006. Molecular phylogeny of the extinct giant deer, Megaloceros giganteus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 285-291.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[LE05] Lister, A. M., C. J. Edwards, D. A. W. Nock, M. Bunce, I. A. van Pijlen, D. G. Bradley, M. G. Thomas & I. Barnes. 2005. The phylogenetic position of the ‘giant deer’ Megaloceros giganteus. Nature 438: 850-853.

[M76] Masui, M. 1976. Nihon no Doobutsu. Kogakukan: Tokyo.

[S66a] Sclater, P. L. 1866a. Notice of some recent additions to the Society’s menagerie. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 80.

[S66b] Sclater, P. L. 1866b. Notice of a pudu deer recently added to the Society’s menagerie. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 104-105.

[TB01] Timm, R. M., & J. H. Brandt. 2001. Pseudonovibos spiralis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae): New information on this enigmatic south-east Asian ox. Journal of Zoology 253: 157-166.

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84-93.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420-36431.

Bovini

Male gaur Bos gaurus, copyright N. A. Naseer.

Belongs within: Bovidae.

The Bovini, cattle and buffalo, are a predominately Eurasian group of large grazing ungulates, with the only living (non-domesticated) species found elsewhere being the North American bison Bison bison and the cape buffalo Syncerus caffer of Africa. The most widely domesticated members of the group include the European cattle Bos taurus, zebu B. indicus and water buffalo Bubalus bubalis. Other locally domesticated species are the gaur Bos gaurus, banteng B. javanicus and yak B. grunniens.

Characters (from Gentry 1978): Skull low and wide; horn cores in both sexes emerging transversely from skull; frontals and horn cores with internal sinuses; braincase short, basioccipitals triangular; molars with basal pillars and complicated central cavities, upper molars with prominent outbowed ribs between styles, lower molars without large goat folds.

Bovini
    |  i. s.: Poephagus grunniens L50
    |         Bibos banteng USDI77
    |--+--Pseudoryx Vu, Pham et al. 1993 FS15, VP93
    |  |    `--*P. nghetinhensis Vu, Pham et al. 1993 VP93
    |  `--+--+--+--Simatherium kohllarseni Dietrich 1941 G78
    |     |  |  `--Pelorovis Reck 1928 G78
    |     |  |       |--P. antiquus (Duvernoy 1851) [incl. Bubalus baini, B. nilssoni] G78
    |     |  |       |--P. capensis D07
    |     |  |       `--P. oldowayensis Reck 1928 [incl. Bularchus arok] G78
    |     |  `--+--Ugandax gautieri Cooke & Coryndon 1970 G78
    |     |     `--+--*Homoioceras singae Bate 1949 G78
    |     |        `--Syncerus caffer KK02 [incl. Bubalus andersoni Scott 1907 G78]
    |     |             |--S. c. caffer UH84
    |     |             `--S. c. nanus UH84
    |     `--+--Proamphibos G78
    |        `--+--Hemibos G78
    |           `--Bubalus KK02 [incl. Pseudonovibos Peter & Feiler 1994 BD01; Pseudonovibovina]
    |                |  i. s.: B. brachyceros B66
    |                |         B. caffer [incl. B. caffer var. aequinoctialis] B66
    |                |         B. palaeindicus K99
    |                |         B. planiceros B66
    |                |--+--B. mindorensis FS15 [=Anoa mindorensis USDI77]
    |                |  `--B. palaeokerabau FS15
    |                `--+--+--B. arnee (Kerr 1792) FS15, GC-BG04
    |                   |  `--B. bubalis (Linnaeus 1758) GC-BG04 (see below for synonymy)
    |                   `--+--B. depressicornis FS15 [=Anoa depressicornis USDI77]
    |                      `--B. quarlesi FS15 [=Anoa quarlesi USDI77]
    `--+--Leptobos G78
       |    |--L. brevicornis DW04
       |    |--L. falconeri G78
       |    `--L. syrticus Petrocchi 1956 G78
       `--Bos Linnaeus 1758 KK02, L58
            |  i. s.: B. bubalis Linnaeus 1758 L58
            |         B. indicus Linnaeus 1758 GC-BG04 [=B. taurus indicus VK06]
            |         B. namadicus Falconer 1859 [=B. primigenius namadicus] GC-BG04
            |--+--+--B. bonasus Linnaeus 1758 L58 [=Bison bonasus FS15]
            |  |  `--+--*B. taurus Linnaeus 1758 GC-BG04
            |  |     `--B. primigenius Bojanus 1827 FS15, GC-BG04 (see below for synonymy)
            |  `--+--B. sauveli FS15 [=Novibos sauveli VP93]
            |     `--+--B. gaurus Smith 1827 FS15, GC-BG04 [incl. B. frontalis Lambert 1804 BP87, GC-BG04]
            |        |    |--B. g. gaurus TB01
            |        |    `--B. g. readei TB01
            |        `--B. javanicus FS15
            |             |--B. j. javanicus TB01
            |             `--B. j. birmanicus TB01
            `--+--+--B. grunniens Linnaeus 1766 GC-BG04
               |  `--B. mutus (Przewalski 1883) FS15, GC-BG04 [=B. grunniens mutus USDI77]
               `--Bison FS15
                    |--B. alaskensis B61
                    |--B. antiquus G91
                    |    |--B. a. antiquus G91
                    |    `--B. a. occidentalis G91
                    |--B. bison (Linnaeus 1758) [=Bos bison] B75
                    |    |--B. b. bison UH84
                    |    `--B. b. athabascae UH84
                    |--B. crassicornis B61
                    |--B. menneri ME05
                    |--B. occidentalis B61
                    |--B. palaeosinensis DW04
                    |--B. priscus ME05
                    `--B. schoetensacki ME05

Inorganic: Anoa depressicornis minilorientalis Okamura 1987 O87
           Bos primigenius protominilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87

Bos primigenius Bojanus 1827 FS15, GC-BG04 [=B. taurus primigenius FP64; incl. Bubalus vignardi Gaillard 1934 G78]

Bubalus bubalis (Linnaeus 1758) GC-BG04 [incl. *Pseudonovibos spiralis Peter & Feiler 1994 BD01]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B61] Banfield, A. W. F. 1961. A revision of the reindeer and caribou, genus Rangifer. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 177: i–vi, 1–137.

[B66] Blyth, E. 1866. A note on African buffalos. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 371–373.

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1–184.

[BD01] Brandt, J. H., M. Dioli, A. Hassanin, R. A. Melville, L. E. Olson, A. Seveau & R. M. Timm. 2001. Debate on the authenticity of Pseudonovibos spiralis as a new species of wild bovid from Vietnam and Cambodia. Journal of Zoology 255: 437–444.

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[DW04] Deng T., Wang X., Ni X. & Liu L. 2004. Sequence of the Cenozoic mammalian faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 78 (1): 8–14.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[G78] Gentry, A. W. 1978. Bovidae. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 540–572. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[GC-BG04] Gentry, A., J. Clutton-Brock & C. P. Groves. 2004. The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives. Journal of Archaeological Science 31: 645–651.

[G91] Groves, C. P. 1991. A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution revised ed. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[K99] Kennedy, K. A. R. 1999. Paleoanthropology of South Asia. Evolutionary Anthropology 8 (5): 165–185.

[KK02] Kuznetsov, G. V., E. E. Kulikov, N. B. Petrov, N. V. Ivanova, A. A. Lomov, M. V. Kholodova & A. B. Poltaraus. 2002. Mitochondrial 12S rDNA sequence relationships suggest that the enigmatic bovid “linh duong” Pseudonovibos spiralis is closely related to buffalo. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23 (1): 91–94.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[L50] Liu, C.-C. 1950. Amphibians of western China. Fieldiana: Zoology Memoirs 2: 1–400.

[ME05] Moullé, P.-E., A. Echassoux, F. Lacombat, E. Desclaux & S. Bailon. 2005. L’environnement animal des premiers habitants de l’Europe méditerranéenne: les grands mammifères contemporains de l’homme du Vallonnet, données taxonomiques et biostratigraphiques pour la deuxième moitie du Pléistocène inférieur. BAR International Series 1364: 105–113.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[TB01] Timm, R. M., & J. H. Brandt. 2001. Pseudonovibos spiralis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae): new information on this enigmatic south-east Asian ox. Journal of Zoology 253: 157–166.

[UH84] Underwood, R., & S. J. G. Hall. 1984. Wild cattle and spiral-horned antelopes. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Hoofed Mammals pp. 104–113. Torstar Books: New York.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.

[VK06] Voigt, C. C., & D. H. Kelm. 2006. Host preference of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus; Chiroptera) assessed by stable isotopes. Journal of Mammalogy 87 (1): 1–6.

[VP93] Vu V. D., Pham M. G., Nguyen N. C., D. Tuoc, P. Arctander & J. MacKinnon. 1993. A new species of living bovid from Vietnam. Nature 363: 443–445.

Last updated: 24 July 2018.