Stephanoascales

Starmerella meliponinorum, from Teixeira et al. (2003).

Belongs within: Saccharomycotina.

The Stephanoascales, originally proposed as a grouping for saccharomycetous yeasts with galactose in the cell walls, but more recently restricted to a smaller group distinguished by molecular data (some species of which lack galactose). Members of the Stephanoascales lack extracellular amyloid compounds (Schweigkofler et al. 2002).

Stephanoascales
    |--Stephanoascus SL02
    |    |--S. ciferrii SL02
    |    `--S. smithiae SL02
    `--Starmerella SL02 [anam. Galactocandida SL02; incl. Entelexis E99]
         |  i. s.: anam. ‘Candida’ apis SL02
         |         anam. ‘Candida’ bertae SL02
         |         anam. ‘Candida’ blankii SL02
         |         anam. ‘Candida’ castrensis SL02
         |         anam. ‘Candida’ edax SL02
         |         anam. ‘Candida’ gropengiesserii SL02
         |         anam. ‘Candida’ magnoliae TM03 [incl. *Entelexis magnoliae E99]
         |         anam. ‘Candida’ paludigena SL02
         |         anam. ‘Candida’ sorbophila SL02
         |         anam. ‘Candida’ valdiviana SL02
         |         anam. ‘Candida’ versatilis SL02
         |--anam. ‘Candida’ vaccinii TM03
         `--+--+--anam. ‘Candida’ floricola TM03
            |  `--anam. ‘Candida’ powellii TM03
            `--+--+--anam. ‘Candida’ batistae TM03
               |  `--S. bombicola TM03
               `--+--+--anam. ‘Candida’ apicola TM03
                  |  `--anam. ‘Candida’ bombi TM03
                  `--+--+--anam. ‘Candida’ etchellsii TM03
                     |  `--S. meliponinorum Teixeira, Marini et al. 2003 TM03
                     `--+--anam. ‘Candida’ lactis-condensi TM03
                        |--anam. ‘Candida’ zemplinina Sipiczki 2003 S03
                        `--+--anam. ‘Candida’ davenportii S03
                           `--anam. ‘Candida’ stellata TM04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[E99] Eriksson, O. E. (ed.) 1999. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 2440-2755. Myconet 2: 1-41.

[SL02] Schweigkofler, W., K. Lopandic, O. Molnár & H. Prillinger. 2002. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships among Ascomycota with yeast phases using ribosomal DNA sequences and cell wall sugars. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 2: 1-17.

[S03] Sipiczki, M. 2003. Candida zemplinina sp. nov., an osmotolerant and psychrotolerant yeast that ferments sweet botrytized wines. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 2079-2083.

[TM03] Teixeira, A. C. P., M. M. Marini, J. R. Nicoli, Y. Antonini, R. P. Martins, M.-A. Lachance & C. A. Rosa. 2003. Starmerella meliponinorum sp. nov., a novel ascomycetous yeast species associated with stingless bees. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 339-343.

Dipodascales

Wickerhamiella domercqiae, photographed by Linda Barnett.

Belongs within: Saccharomycotina.

The Dipodascales are a group of yeasts united by molecular data. Their cell walls may be composed of glucose, mannose and galactose, or of glucose and mannose alone, and they lack extracellular amyloid compounds (Schweigkofler et al. 2002).

Dipodascales
    |  i. s.: Arxula adeninivorans SL02
    `--Dipodascaceae EB03
         |--Yarrowia lipolytica EB03, SL02
         |--Galactomyces geotrichum EB03, SL02
         |--Sporopachydermia EB03
         |--Wickerhamiella domercqiae EB03, SL02
         |--Zygoascus EB03
         `--Dipodascus EB03
              |--D. albidus SL02
              `--D. capitatus SL02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota—2003. Myconet 9: 1-89.

[SL02] Schweigkofler, W., K. Lopandic, O. Molnár & H. Prillinger. 2002. Analysis of phylogenetic relationships among Ascomycota with yeast phases using ribosomal DNA sequences and cell wall sugars. Organisms Diversity & Evolution 2: 1-17.

Chamelaucieae

Rock thryptomene Thryptomene saxicola, photographed by Brian Walters.

Belongs within: Myrtaceae.
Contains: Verticordia.

The Chamelaucieae are a group of mostly smooth-leaved plants bearing dry fruits. Historically, the group has been recognised as including Myrtaceae with dry but indehiscent fruits, but molecular analyses support the inclusion of genera with capsular fruits such as Baeckea (Wilson et al. 2005). The type genus, Chamelaucium, is native to south-western Australia; the Geraldton wax C. uncinatum is cultivated as an ornamental. Darwinia species bear flowers in pairs or in compound heads, sometimes surrounded by leafy bracts.

Characters (from Wilson et al. 2005): Shrubs, mostly glabrous. Leaves opposite, less commonly spiral. Inflorescences mostly of solitary flowers but sometimes forming corymb-like confloresences; stamens usually few, mostly free but occasionally in clusters opposite the sepals, staminodes present in a few genera; anthers usually adnate, rarely versatile, dehiscing by slits or pores. Ovary inferior 1- to 3-locular; ovules anatropous or hemitropous. Fruit a capsule, or indehiscent; seeds reniform or ovoid to linear; embryo with very small cotyledons on a slender neck appressed to a relatively massive hypocotyl.

<==Chamelaucieae [Baeckeeae, Baeckeineae, Calythriceae, Calytricinae, Chamaelaucieae, Thryptomeneae, Thryptomeninae] WO05
    |--Homalocalyx WO05
    |    |--H. ericaeus LK14
    |    |--H. polyandrus WO05
    |    `--H. thryptomenoides G04a
    `--+--Babingtonia tozerensis WO05
       |--Euryomyrtus WO05
       |    |--E. leptospermoides WO05
       |    `--E. maidenii G04a
       |--Thryptomene WO05
       |    |--T. aspera M99
       |    |--T. baeckeacea KM08
       |    |--T. ciliata C08
       |    |--T. kochii G04b
       |    |--T. maisonneuvii B05
       |    |--T. saxicola WO05
       |    `--T. urceolaris G04a
       `--+--Verticordia WO05
          `--Darwinia WO05
               |  i. s.: D. citriodora JK08
               |         D. oederoides GK00
               |         D. taxifolia H87
               |         D. vestita GK00
               |--+--D. capitellata WO05
               |  `--Actinodium cunninghamii WO05
               `--+--D. fascicularis WO05
                  `--Homoranthus tropicus WO05

Chamelaucieae incertae sedis:
  Chamelaucium WO05
    |--C. ciliatum G04b
    |--C. oenanthum H18
    `--C. uncinatum B88
  Aluta WO05
    |--A. appressa G04b
    `--A. aspera G04a
  Astartea WO05
    |--A. ambigua G04b
    `--A. fascicularis GK00
  Baeckea WO05
    |--B. camphorosmae RL05
    |--B. crenulata H08
    |--B. crispiflora OS04
    |--B. cunninghamii B96
    |--B. elderiana G04a
    |--B. floribunda M93
    |--B. frutescens B14
    |--B. muricata M93
    |--B. preissiana OS04
    `--B. pygmaea GK00
  Balaustion WO05
  Calytrix WO05
    |--C. achaeta LK14
    |--C. angulata GK00
    |--C. breviseta OS04
    |    |--C. b. ssp. breviseta OS04
    |    `--C. b. ssp. stipulosa OS04
    |--C. brownii LK14
    |--C. creswellii G04a
    |--C. divergens G04a
    |--C. exstipulata LK14
    |--C. flavescens RL05
    |--C. gomphrenoides LK14
    |--C. leschenaultii OS04
    |--C. tenuiramea GK00
    `--C. tetragona M65
  Corynanthera WO05
  Hypocalymma WO05
    |--H. angustifolium RL05
    |--H. robustum SM06
    `--H. strictum GK00
  Malleostemon roseus WO05, G04a
  Micromyrtus WO05
    |--M. erichsenii G04b
    |--M. racemosa G04b
    `--M. triptycha G04b
         |--M. t. ssp. triptycha G04b
         `--M. t. ssp. elata G04b
  Ochrosperma WO05
  Pileanthus WO05
    |--P. filifolius H18
    |--P. limacis KM08
    |--P. peduncularis S86
    `--P. vernicosus H18
  Rinzia fumana WO05, OS04
  Scholtzia involucrata WO05, RL05
  Triplarina WO05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B96] Baker, R. T. 1896. On the botany of Rylstone and the Goulburn River districts. Part I. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 21 (3): 427–466.

[B05] Beard, J. S. 2005. Drainage evolution in the Lake Disappointment Catchment, Western Australia—a discussion. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (2): 57–64.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature's gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[G04a] Gibson, N. 2004a. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[G04b] Gibson, N. 2004b. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H08] Hamilton, A. A. 1908 Notes and exhibits. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 435.

[H87] Haviland, E. 1887. Flowering seasons of Australian plants. No. I—List of plants indigenous in the neighbourhood of Sydney, flowering during July. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1049–1051.

[H18] Houston, T. 2018. A Guide to Native Bees of Australia. CSIRO Publishing.

[JK08] Johnstone, R. E., & T. Kirkby. 2008. Distribution, status, social organisation, movements and conservation of Baudin's cockatoo (Calyptorhynchus baudinii) in south-west Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 107–118.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.

[M65] Michener, C. D. 1965. A classification of the bees of the Australian and South Pacific regions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 130: 1–362.

[M93] Mollemans, F. H. 1993. Drummondita wilsonii, Philotheca langei and P. basistyla (Rutaceae), new species from south-west Western Australia. Nuytsia 9: 95–109.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.

[SM06] Semeniuk, C. A., L. A. Milne, P. Ladd & V. Semeniuk. 2006. Pollen in the surface sediments of wetlands in the Becher Point area, southwestern Australia: a baseline for use in interpreting Holocene sequences. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 89 (1): 27–43.

[S86] Snelling, R. R. 1986. The taxonomy and nomenclature of some Australian paragiine wasps (Hymenoptera: Masaridae). Contributions in Science 378: 1–19.

[WO05] Wilson, P. G., M. M. O'Brien, M. M. Heslewood & C. J. Quinn. 2005. Relationships within Myrtaceae sensu lato based on a matK phylogeny. Plant Systematics and Evolution 251: 3–19.

Last updated: 27 November 2021.

Celastrales

Grass of Parnassus Parnassia palustris, photographed by Bernd Haynold.

Belongs within: Fabidae.
Contains: Celastraceae.

The Celastrales are an order of flowering plants primarily supported by molecular data. Members include the Holarctic genus Parnassia, grass of Parnassus, an inhabitant of wet and/or open locations with basal, ovate leaves and solitary flowers borne on an erect stalk (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Vessel elements with simple perforation plates; tension wood absent; mucilage cells; stipules present; inflorescence cymose; flowers small; calyx quincuncial; micropyle bistomal; chloroplast infA gene present.

Celastrales [Celastranae, Celastriflorae]
    |  i. s.: Lepuropetalon [Lepuropetalaceae] T00
    |--Lepidobotryaceae WM09
    |    |--Ruptiliocarpon caracolito WM09
    |    `--Lepidobotrys XR12
    `--+--Parnassia [Parnassiaceae, Parnassiales, Parnassioideae] XR12
       |    |--P. asarifolia EBS98
       |    |--P. californica [=P. palustris var. californica] H93
       |    |--P. chinensis O88
       |    |--P. cirrata H93
       |    |--P. fimbriata H93
       |    |--P. kumaonica O88
       |    |--P. nubicola O88
       |    |--P. palustris WM09
       |    |--P. parviflora [=P. palustris var. parviflora] H93
       |    `--P. pusilla O88
       `--+--Celastraceae XR12
          `--+--Siphonodon [Siphonodontaceae] XR12
             |    |--S. australe B88
             |    `--S. membranaceum B88
             `--+--Denhamia obscura XR12, LK14
                `--Stackhousiaceae [Stackhousieae] T00
                     |--Macgregorioideae T00
                     `--Stackhousioideae T00
                          |--Tripterococcus brunonis T00, GK00
                          `--Stackhousia Smith 1798 XR12, A61
                               |--S. clementii KM08
                               |--S. intermedia LK14
                               |--S. linariaefolia C08
                               |--S. minima Hooker 1852 [incl. S. uniflora Colenso 1886] A61
                               |--S. monogyna OS04
                               `--S. scoparia OS04

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[EBS98] Elliott, K. J., L. R. Boring & W. T. Swank. 1998. Changes in vegetation structure and diversity after grass-to-forest succession in a southern Appalachian watershed. American Midland Naturalist 140: 219–232.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[WM09] Wang, H., M. J. Moore, P. S. Soltis, C. D. Bell, S. F. Brockington, R. Alexandre, C. C. Davis, M. Latvis, S. R. Manchester & D. E. Soltis. 2009. Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (10): 3853–3858.

[XR12] Xi, Z., B. R. Ruhfel, H. Schaefer, A. M. Amorim, M. Sugumaran, K. J. Wurdack, P. K. Endress, M. L. Matthews, P. F. Stevens, S. Mathews & C. C. Davis. 2012. Phylogenomics and a posteriori data partitioning resolve the Cretaceous angiosperm radiation Malpighiales. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (43): 17519–17524.

Last updated: 31 March 2021.

Sterculioideae

Indian almond Sterculia foetida, from here.

Belongs within: Malvaceae.

The Sterculioideae are a pantropical group of trees and shrubs with apetalous flowers. They were defined by Baum et al. (1998) as a node-based clade including Brachychiton paradoxum, Cola acuminata, Heritiera littoralis and Sterculia foetida. Sterculia species produce leathery (occasionally woody), dehiscent seed pods; the seeds of some species are edible.

Characters (from S. R. Hinsley): Plants typically monoecious. Flowers apetalous (lacking petals), exinvolucellate (lacking an epicalyx), with a fleshy, usually petaloid, gamosepalous (fused) calyx, an absence of staminodes, a monadelphous staminal column, an androgynophore (a stalk separating the calyx from the stamens and styles), and apocarpous (i.e. separated) ovaries and fruits.

<==Sterculioideae BAN98
    |--Cola BAN98
    |    |--C. acuminata BAN98
    |    `--C. lizae FGN07
    |--Heritiera BAN98
    |    |--H. actinophylla [=Argyrodendron actinophyllum] H90
    |    |--H. littoralis BAN98
    |    `--H. simplicifolia W01
    |--Sterculia JD05
    |    |--S. bidwilli C16
    |    |--S. diversifolia C08
    |    |--S. foetida BAN98
    |    |--S. guttata S02
    |    |--S. labrusca JD05
    |    |--S. lanceolata L02
    |    |--S. quadrifida VT13
    |    |--S. religiosa YZ02
    |    |--S. rupestris C16
    |    |--S. urens P03
    |    `--S. villosa CMT06
    `--Brachychiton BAN98
         |--B. acerifolius B00
         |--B. acuminatus MLP09
         |--B. australis B00
         |--B. carruthersii C78
         |--B. discolor B88
         |--B. diversifolius VT13
         |--B. fitzgeraldianus VT13
         |--B. gregorii G04
         |--B. incanus VT13
         |--B. paradoxum BAN98
         |--B. populneus PM10
         |    |--B. p. ssp. populneus H90
         |    `--B. p. ssp. trilobus H90
         |--B. tridentatus VT13
         |--B. tubersulatus VT13
         |--B. viridiflorus VT13
         |--B. viscidulus VT13
         `--B. xanthophyllus VT13

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BAN98] Baum, D. A., W. S. Anderson & R. Nyffeler. 1998. A durian by any other name: taxonomy and nomenclature of the core Malvales. Harvard Papers in Botany 3 (2): 315–330.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.

[C16] Cambage, R. H. 1916. Notes on the native flora of tropical Queensland. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (3): 389–447, pls 57–61.

[CMT06] Chakrabarty, T., V. Maina & M. Tigga. 2006. Plants used in gathering honey by the Jarawas of Andaman Islands. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48: 205–206.

[C78] Clunie, N. M. U. 1978. The vegetation. In: Womersley, J. S. (ed.) Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea vol. 1 pp. 1–11. Melbourne University Press: Carlton South (Australia).

[FGN07] Fontaine, B., O. Gargominy & E. Neubert. 2007. Land snail diversity of the savanna/forest mosaic in Lopé National Park, Gabon. Malacologia 49 (2): 313–338.

[G04] Gibson, N. 2004. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[JD05] Junge, F. W., M. Dolezych, H. Walther, T. Böttger, A. Kühl, L. Kunzmann, P. Morgenstern, T. Steinberg & R. Stange. 2005. Ein Fenster in Landschaft und Vegetation vor 37 Millionen Jahren: Lithologische, sedimentgeochemische und paläobotanische Befunde aus einem Paläoflusssystem des Weißelsterbeckens. Mauritiana 19 (2): 185–273.

[L02] Li F. 2002. Psocoptera of China vol. 2. Science Press: Beijing.

[MLP09] McKenzie, N. L., S. van Leeuwen & A. M. Pinder. 2009. Introduction to the Pilbara Biodiversity Survey, 2002–2007. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 78 (1): 3–89.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[PM10] Pereyra, V., & L. A. Mound. 2010. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus Desmothrips (Thysanoptera, Aeolothripidae), an Australian genus of facultative flower-living predators. Systematic Entomology 35: 306–317.

[S02] Santharam, V. 2002. Fruit and nectar resources in a moist deciduous forest and their use by birds—a preliminary report. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 537–543.

[VT13] Vigilante, T., J. Toohey, A. Gorring, V. Blundell, T. Saunders, S. Mangolamara, K. George, J. Oobagooma, M. Waina, K. Morgan & K. Doohan. 2013. Island country: aboriginal connections, values and knowledge of the Western Australian Kimberley islands in the context of an island biological survey. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 145–182.

[W01] Watling, R. 2001. The relationships and possible distributional patterns of boletes in south-east Asia. Mycological Research 105 (12): 1440–1448.

[YZ02] Yahya, H. S. A., & A. A. Zarri. 2002. Status, ecology and behaviour of Narcondam hornbill (Aceros narcondami) in Narcondam Island, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 434–445.

Last updated: 25 July 2021.

Moraceae

Fruit of cluster fig Ficus racemosa, photographed by Ethel Aardvark.

Belongs within: Rosales.
Contains: Ficus subgenus Ficus, Ficus section Oreosycea, Ficus section Conosycea, Ficus section Malvanthera.

The Moraceae—mulberries, figs and related taxa—are a mostly tropical family of plants bearing compound fruits and with milky sap. In the genus Ficus, figs, the compound inflorescence has become enclosed within a syconium, and the flowers are pollinated by minute wasps of the Chalcidoidea that enter the syconium through an ostiole to lay their eggs therein. Other noteworthy members of the family include Artocarpus, a southeast Asian genus whose members may produce very large fruits, including the breadfruit A. altilis and jackfruit A. heterophyllus. Species of Morus, the mulberries, are also widely grown for their edible fruits, and the white mulberry M. alba is cultivated as the primary food source for the domestic silkworm Bombyx mori.

Characters (from R. P. Wunderlin): Trees, shrubs, herbs, or vines , deciduous or evergreen, frequently with milky sap. Leaves alternate (rarely opposite or whorled), simple; stipules present, persistent or caducous; petiole adaxially grooved. Leaf blade: margins entire, toothed, or lobed; venation pinnate or with 3-5 basal palmate veins; cystoliths often present in epidermal cells. Inflorescences racemes, cymes, or capitula. Flowers unisexual, staminate and pistillate on same or different plants, small, occasionally on flattened torus, more often enclosed within fleshy, flask-shaped receptacle (syconium); sepals 2-6, distinct or partly connate (vestigial in Brosimum). Staminate flowers: stamens equal in number to sepals or calyx lobes and opposite them, straight or inflexed; anthers 1-2-locular. Pistillate flowers: sepals or calyx lobes 4, ± connate; pistils 1, 1-2-carpellate; ovary 1, superior or inferior, 1(-2)-locular; ovules 1 per locule; styles or style branches 1-2; stigmas 1-2, entire. Fruits multiple (syncarps); individual achenes or drupelets partly or completely enclosed by enlarged common receptacle or by individual calyces.

<==Moraceae
    |--Bosquiea YY22
    |--Bosqueiopsis YY22
    |--Brosimopsis YY22
    |--Cyathanthus YY22
    |--Helicostylis YY22
    |--Lanessania YY22
    |--Mesogyne YY22
    |--Olmedia YY22
    |--Olmediella YY22
    |--Olmediophaena YY22
    |--Perebea YY22
    |--Poulsenia YY22
    |--Prainea YY22
    |--Pseudolmedia YY22
    |--Scyphosyce YY22
    |--Sloetia YY22
    |--Sloetiopsis YY22
    |--Teonangia YY22
    |--Trymatococcus YY22
    |--Acanthotreculia YY22
    |--Allacanthus YY22
    |--Ampalis YY22
    |--Antiariopsis YY22
    |--Bagassa YY22
    |--Balanostreblus YY22
    |--Balansaephytum YY22
    |--Batocarpus YY22
    |--Cardiogyne YY22
    |--Clarisia YY22
    |--Chlorophora tintoria K06
    |--Coussapoa YY22
    |--Cudrania javanensis YY22, C16
    |--Dammaropsis YY22
    |--Gymnartocarpus YY22
    |--Helianthostylis YY22
    |--Hulletia YY22
    |--Maillardia YY22
    |--Musanga smithii YY22, RN72
    |--Myrianthus YY22
    |--Pachytrophe YY22
    |--Parartocarpus YY22
    |--Phyllochlamys YY22
    |--Plecospermum YY22
    |--Pouroma cecropiaefolia YY22, W92
    |--Pseudotrophis YY22
    |--Sahagunia YY22
    |--Sorocea ilicifolia YY22, RJ11
    |--Sparattosyce YY22
    |--Treculia YY22
    |--Bleekrodia YY22
    |--Fatoua villosa LK14
    |--Pseudomorus YY22
    |--Pseudostreblus YY22
    |--Becktonia hantonensis JD05
    |--Castilla elastica PL12
    |--Trophis scandens LK14
    |--Arthmiocarpus hesperus (Wieland) Delevoryas 1964 CBH93
    |--Combretiphyllum acuminatum Menzel 1909 CBH93
    |--Debeya serrata Miquel 1853 CBH93
    |--Dorstenia HQC03
    |    |--D. embergeri S00
    |    `--D. psilurus HQC03
    |--Maclura B00
    |    |--M. cochinchinensis [=Cudrania cochinchinensis] H90
    |    `--M. pomifera H93
    |--Brosimum YY22
    |    |--B. alicastrum VKC07
    |    `--B. terrabanum F55
    |--Broussonetia JD05
    |    |--B. papyrifera [incl. B. kasinoki] LO98
    |    `--B. rugosa JD05
    |--Malaisia YY22
    |    |--M. scandens H90
    |    `--M. tortuosa H09
    |--Paratrophis Blume 1852 A61
    |    |--P. banksii Cheesem. 1906 [incl. P. heterophylla var. elliptica Kirk 1897] A61
    |    |--P. microphylla (Raoul) Cockayne 1915 (see below for synonymy) A61
    |    `--P. smithii Cheesem. 1888 A61
    |--Morus HQC03
    |    |--M. alba HQC03
    |    |--M. indica C55
    |    |--M. nigra R-CT01
    |    `--M. rubra HQC03
    |--Streblus P03
    |    |--S. asper P03
    |    |--S. banksii G01
    |    |--S. brunonianus [incl. S. pendulinus] H90
    |    |--S. glaber (Merr.) Corner 1962 (see below for synonymy) S77
    |    |--S. heterophyllus BKS98
    |    |--S. indicus D95
    |    |--S. sandwicensis D95
    |    `--S. smithii D95
    |--Artocarpus K03
    |    |--A. altilis P88
    |    |--A. chaplasha YZ02
    |    |--A. communis K03
    |    |--A. elasticus K03
    |    |--A. heterophyllus P88
    |    |--A. incisa BMM99
    |    |--A. integer K03
    |    |--A. integrifolia RH01
    |    |--A. odoratissimus K03
    |    `--A. tamaran K03
    `--Ficus URK03
         |  i. s.: F. acamptophylla H03
         |         F. aculeata LK14
         |           |--F. a. var. aculeata LK14
         |           `--F. a. var. indecora LK14
         |         F. americana Aublet 1775 [incl. F. perforata Linnaeus 1775 (nom. rej. prop.)] B03
         |         F. aphanoneura BMM99
         |         F. arnottiana SR07
         |         F. aurantiacea K03
         |         F. beccarii K03
         |         F. benghalensis B88
         |         F. bennettii Seem. 1868 URK03
         |         F. bonijesulapensis C-SQ08
         |         F. caatingae S-SR09
         |         F. carica B88
         |         F. chandleri JD05
         |         F. chauvieri Nicholson 1885 URK03
         |         F. citrifolia Miller 1768 [incl. F. caribaea Jacquin 1767 (nom. rej. prop.)] B03
         |         F. clusiifolia F11
         |         F. comosa B88
         |         F. cookii H11
         |         F. cooperi Veitch 1862 URK03
         |         F. coronulata LK14
         |         F. cotinifolia F11
         |         F. craterostoma G02
         |         F. cuspidata B88
         |         F. deltoidea H03
         |           |--F. d. var. deltoidea H03
         |           `--F. d. var. ovoidea H03
         |         F. dottata C55
         |         F. elastica P88
         |         F. fistulosa V25
         |         F. fulva H03
         |         F. glomerata B00
         |         F. hemsleyana W00
         |         F. hillyi WEE70
         |         F. indica C06
         |         F. laevigata SWK87
         |         F. leucocarpa C55
         |         F. lyrata B00
         |         F. macrocarpa Léveillé & Vaniot 1907 R-SN07
         |         F. microsice H03
         |         F. microstoma H03
         |         F. minahassae R02
         |         F. moorei Seem. 1868 URK03
         |         F. natalensis B00
         |         F. obtusiuscula (Miquel) Miquel 1867 (see below for synonymy) B03
         |         F. opposita VT13
         |         F. padifolia F11
         |         F. parietalis H03
         |         F. pertusa Linnaeus 1782 B03
         |         F. podocarpifolia LK14
         |         F. polymorpha C55
         |         F. pretoriae HQC03
         |         F. prolixa [incl. F. forsteriana, F. stipulacea Forster 1786 (n. n.) non Noronha 1790] URK03
         |         F. pseudosycamorus KAA-W00
         |         F. pumila B00
         |         F. religiosa P88
         |         F. scandens YZ02
         |         F. scobina LK14
         |         F. smithii Horne ex Baker 1883 URK03
         |           |--F. s. var. smithii URK03
         |           `--F. s. var. robusta URK03
         |         F. solanderi Ettingshausen 1886 F71
         |         F. sphaerocarpa B88
         |         F. sur B06
         |         F. sycomorus B88
         |         F. thonningii B88
         |         F. uniglandulosa H03
         |         F. virens LK14
         |           |--F. v. var. virens H90
         |           `--F. v. var. sublanceolata H90
         |--F. subg. Ficus B88
         |--F. subg. Pharmacosycea D03
         |    |  i. s.: F. albipida D03
         |    |         F. maxima Miller 1768 (see below for synonymy) B03
         |    `--F. sect. Oreosycea B88
         |--F. (subg. Sycomorus) racemosa D03
         |    |--F. r. var. racemosa K03
         |    `--F. r. var. elongata K03
         `--F. subg. Urostigma D03
              |  i. s.: F. aurea Nuttall 1846 [incl. F. ciliolosa Link 1822 (nom. rej. prop.)] B03
              |--F. sect. Urostigma B88
              |    |--F. caulocarpa B88
              |    |--F. infectoria B88
              |    |--F. prasinicarpa B88
              |    `--F. superba B88
              |         |--F. s. var. superba B88
              |         |--F. s. var. henneana H90
              |         `--F. s. var. japonica B88
              |--F. sect. Conosycea B88
              `--F. sect. Malvanthera D03

Nomen illegitimum: Ficus planchonellaefolia Guillaumin 1967 URK03

Ficus maxima Miller 1768 [=F. maximus; incl. F. citrifolia Lamarck 1788 non Miller 1768, F. plumieri Urban 1918, F. glaucescens (Liebm.) Miquel 1867, F. radula Willdenow 1806, F. suffocans Grisebach 1859] B03

Ficus obtusiuscula (Miquel) Miquel 1867 [incl. Pharmacosycea perforata Miquel 1848, F. perforata (Miquel) Miquel 1867 non Linnaeus 1775] B03

Paratrophis microphylla (Raoul) Cockayne 1915 [=Epicarpurus microphyllus Raoul 1844, Taxotrophis microphylla (Raoul) Muell. 1868; incl. Paratrophis heterophylla Blume 1852, Trophis opaca Banks & Sol. ex Hooker 1854 (n. d.), P. opaca Cheeseman 1925] A61

Streblus glaber (Merr.) Corner 1962 [=Gironniera glabra Merr. 1906, Chevalierodendron glabrum Leroy 1948, Paratrophis glabra Steen 1934; incl. Aphananthe negrosensis Elmer 1909, Calaunia negrosensis (Elmer) Grudz. 1964] S77

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

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[B03] Berg, C. C. 2003. Proposals to conserve the names Ficus citrifolia against F. caribaea, F. maxima with a conserved type, F. aurea against F. ciliolosa, and F. americana against F. perforata (Moraceae). Taxon 52: 368–370.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

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Last updated: 5 September 2020.

Ficus section Oreosycea

Ficus habrophylla, photographed by Julien Barrault.

Belongs within: Moraceae.

Ficus section Oreosycea is a group of monoecious figs found in Asia and Australasia, with a small number of species in Africa. They are pollinated by wasps of the genus Dolichoris.

<==Ficus sect. Oreosycea (Miquel) Corner 1959 [=Urostigma sect. Oreosycea Miquel 1847] URK03
    |  i. s.: F. (sect. *Oreosycea) nervosa URK03
    |         F. edelfeltii B88
    |         F. polyantha B88
    |         F. pubinervis B88
    `--F. ser. Austrocaledonicae Corner 1960 URK03
         |--F. (ser. *Austrocaledonicae) austrocaledonica Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    |--F. a. var. austrocaledonica [=F. a. var. latifolia Bureau 1872] URK03
         |    |--F. a. var. angustifolia Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    |--F. a. var. balansana (Bureau) Corner 1959 (see below for synonymy) URK03
         |    `--F. a. var. subattenuata Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. asperula Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    |--F. a. var. asperula [=F. a. var. nuda Bureau 1872] URK03
         |    `--F. a. var. foliosa Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. auriculigera Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. barraui Guillaumin 1954 URK03
         |--F. campicola Moore 1921 URK03
         |--F. cataractarum Vieill. ex Bureau 1872 [=F. cataractorum (l. c.)] URK03
         |--F. comptonii Moore 1921 URK03
         |--F. crescentioides Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. cretacea Moore 1921 URK03
         |--F. dzumacensis Guillaumin 1926 URK03
         |--F. edulis Bureau 1872 [incl. F. ua Montrouz. 1860 (n. n.)] URK03
         |    |--F. e. var. edulis [=F. e. var. elliptica Bureau 1872] URK03
         |    |--F. e. var. attenuata Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    |--F. e. var. cordata Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    |--F. e. var. dentata Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    |--F. e. var. glabrescens Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    |--F. e. var. leiocarpa Bureau 1872 [=F. leiocarpa (Bureau) Warburg 1905] URK03
         |    |--F. e. var. ovata Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    `--F. e. var. variegata Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. granatum Forster 1786 URK03
         |    |--F. g. var. granatum URK03
         |    `--F. g. var. minor Corner 1960 URK03
         |--F. habrophylla Bennett ex Seem. 1868 URK03
         |--F. heteroselis Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. hurlimanii Guillaumin 1967 URK03
         |--F. leptorhachis Moore 1921 URK03
         |--F. lifouensis Corner 1970 URK03
         |--F. longipes Warburg 1905 URK03
         |--F. maialis Guillaumin 1949 URK03
         |--F. microtophora Corner 1975 URK03
         |--F. mutabilis Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    |--F. m. var. mutabilis URK03
         |    |--F. m. var. coriacea Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    |--F. m. var. membranacea Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    `--F. m. var. parvifolia Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. nitidifolia Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. oreadum Moore 1921 URK03
         |--F. otophora Corner & Guillaumin 1959 URK03
         |--F. otophoroides Corner 1975 URK03
         |--F. pallidinervis Warburg 1905 URK03
         |--F. pancheriana Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. pseudomangiferifolia Guillaumin 1943 URK03
         |--F. pteroporum Guillaumin 1967 URK03
         |--F. punctulosa Warburg 1905 URK03
         |--F. racemigera Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. rigidifolia Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. semecarpifolia Warburg 1905 URK03
         |--F. tanensis Bennett ex Seem. 1868 URK03
         |--F. trachyleia Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    |--F. t. var. trachyleia URK03
         |    |--F. t. var. chantiniana Bureau 1872 URK03
         |    `--F. t. var. heterophylla Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. versicolor Bureau 1872 URK03
         |--F. vieillardiana Bureau 1872 URK03
         `--F. webbiana (Miquel) Miquel 1867 [=Covellia webbiana Miquel 1848] URK03
              |--F. w. var. webbiana URK03
              `--F. w. var. cordata Bureau 1872 URK03

Ficus austrocaledonica var. balansana (Bureau) Corner 1959 [=F. balansana Bureau 1872, F. balasaeana (l. c.), F. austrocaledonica var. balanseana (l. c.)] URK03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[URK03] Ungricht, S., J.-Y. Rasplus & F. Kjellberg. 2003. Nomenclature of the endemic monoecious fig trees (Moraceae: Ficus L.) of New Caledonia and Vanuatu (Pacific Ocean). Taxon 52: 319-325.