Rallidae

White-breasted waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus, copyright JJ Harrison.

Belongs within: Gruiformes.
Contains: Rallus, Gallirallus, Gallinula, Aramides, Porphyrio, Laterallus, Rallina.

Rallidae, the rails, are a group of ground-dwelling birds found mostly in swampy or other damp habitats. They are commonly narrow-bodied birds with strong, moderately long legs. Taxonomic arrangements within the family have often been unstable though Garcia-R et al. (2014) identified support for eight major clades corresponding to genera or genus groups. The basalmost of these in their analysis was a cosmopolitan group of mostly longer-billed rails including the genera Rallus and Gallirallus. The more aquatic Gallinula group may form a clade with the Aramides group, an assemblage of New World rails with mostly olive-brown upperparts, dark grey underparts, finely barred flanks and a buffy vent.

Synapomorphies (from Livezey 1998): Os lacrimale with processus supraorbitalis present; margo medialis of extremitas sternalis coracoidei with medial, variably prominent crista medialis, continued cranially by crista procoracoidei; ala postacetabularis ilii, margo lateralis, crista dorsolateralis ilii, angulus caudolateralis marked by comparatively prominent, ventrally curved flange, undercut by deep concavitas infracristalis; ala postacetabularis ilii, facies ventralis, facies renalis ilii flat or convex, delimiting comparatively dorsoventrally deep fossa renalis, recessus iliacus; extremitas proximalis femoris, trochanter femoris, crista trochanteris, facies caudalis distal to facies articularis antitrochantericus with thickening weakly developed; hypotarsus, lamina medialis hypotarsi, plantar prominence relative to corpus tarsometatarsi, facies plantaris, less than or equal to that of lamina lateralis hypotarsi; sulcus extensorius of corpus tarsometatarsi with arcus extensorius present.

<==Rallidae [Crecina, Crecinae, Eulabeornithini, Fulicarina, Fulicina, Fulicinae, Rallia, Rallinae, Rallini]
    |--Rallina L98
    |    |  i. s.: Aphanapteryx Frauenfeld 1868 L98
    |    |           |--A. bonasia (Sélys-Longchamps 1848) L98
    |    |           `--A. leguati (Milne-Edwards 1874) L98 [=Erythromachus leguati WH02]
    |    |         Atlantisia Lowe 1923 G-RGT14, L98
    |    |           |--*A. rogersi Lowe 1923 G-RGT14
    |    |           `--A. elpenor Olson 1973 L98
    |    |         Rougetius Bonaparte 1856 G-RGT14, L98
    |    |           `--*R. rougetii (Guérin-Méneville 1843) G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--‘Rallus’ madagascariensis Verreaux 1833 L98
    |    `--+--Rallus G-RGT14
    |       `--+--+--Gallirallus G-RGT14
    |          |  `--+--Diaphorapteryx Forbes 1892 G-RGT14, CC10
    |          |     |    `--*D. hawkinsi (Forbes 1892) [=Aphanapteryx hawkinsi, D. hawkingi (l. c.)] CC10
    |          |     `--Gymnocrecini L98
    |          |          |--Habroptila Gray 1860 G-RGT14
    |          |          |    `--*H. wallacii Gray 1860 G-RGT14, L98 [=Rallus wallacii L98]
    |          |          `--Gymnocrex Salvadori 1875 L98
    |          |               |--*G. rosenbergii (Schlegel 1866) G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
    |          |               |--G. plumbeiventris (Gray 1862) G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
    |          |               `--G. talaudensis Lambert 1998 L98
    |          `--+--Dryolimnas Sharpe 1893 G-RGT14, L98
    |             |    |--*D. cuvieri (Pucheran 1845) [=Rallus cuvieri] G-RGT14
    |             |    |--D. abbotti (Ridgway 1894) L98
    |             |    `--D. aldabranus (Günther 1879) L98 [=D. cuvieri aldabranus MS55]
    |             `--+--Crex Bechstein 1803 G-RGT14, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |                |    |--C. crex (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) CC10
    |                |    `--C. egregia (Peters 1854) G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
    |                `--+--Aramidopsis Sharpe 1893 G-RGT14, L98
    |                   |    `--*A. plateni (Blasius 1886) G-RGT14, L98 [=Rallus plateni L98]
    |                   `--+--‘Rallus’ striatus Linnaeus 1766 G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
    |                      `--Lewinia Gray 1855 G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
    |                           |--L. mirifica (Parkers & Amadon 1959) [=Rallus mirificus] G-RGT14
    |                           `--+--L. pectoralis (Temminck 1831) G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
    |                              `--L. muelleri (Rothschild 1893) G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
    `--+--+--Gallinula G-RGT14
       |  `--+--+--Aramides G-RGT14
       |     |  `--Amaurolimnas Sharpe 1893 G-RGT14, L98
       |     |       `--*A. concolor (Gosse 1847) G-RGT14, L98 [=Rallus concolor G-RGT14]
       |     `--+--+--‘Rallus’ albicollis Vieillot 1819 G-RGT14 [=Crex albicollis L98, Porzana albicollis G-RGT14]
       |        |  |    |--R. a. albicollis PP62
       |        |  |    `--‘Porzana’ a. typhoeca Peters 1932 PP62
       |        |  `--Neocrex Sclater & Salvin 1869 G-RGT14
       |        |       |--*N. erythrops (Sclater 1867) [=Porzana erythrops] G-RGT14
       |        |       `--N. columbiana Bangs 1898 G-RGT14 [=N. columbianus G-RGT14, Porzana columbiana L98]
       |        |            |--N. c. columbiana HSS13
       |        |            `--N. c. ripleyi HSS13
       |        `--Pardirallina L98
       |             |--Cyanolimnas Barbour & Peters 1927 L98
       |             |    `--*C. cerverai Barbour & Peters 1927 G-RGT14, L98
       |             `--+--Ortygonax Heine 1890 L98
       |                |    |--O. nigricans (Vieillot 1819) L98
       |                |    `--O. sanguinolentus (Swainson 1838) L98
       |                `--Pardirallus Bonaparte 1856 G-RGT14
       |                     |--*P. maculatus (Boddaert 1783) [=Rallus maculatus] G-RGT14
       |                     `--+--P. nigricans (Vieillot 1819) [=Rallus nigricans] G-RGT14
       |                        `--P. sanguinolentus (Swainson 1838) [=Rallus sanguinolentus] G-RGT14
       `--+--Porphyrionini [Porphyrioninae, Porphyriornithini] L98
          |    |--Aphanocrex Wetmore 1963 L98
          |    |    `--A. podarces Wetmore 1963 [=Atlantisia podarces] L98
          |    `--+--Porphyrio G-RGT14
          |       `--Porphyrula Blyth 1852 L98
          |            |--P. alleni (Thompson 1842) L98
          |            `--+--P. flavirostris (Gmelin 1789) L98
          |               `--P. martinica (Linnaeus 1766) L98
          `--+--+--+--Himantornis Hartlaub 1855 G-RGT14, L98 [Himantornithinae]
             |  |  |    `--*H. haematopus Hartlaub 1855 G-RGT14, L98
             |  |  `--+--‘Rallina’ isabellinus Schlegel 1865 G-RGT14 [=Amaurornis isabellinus L98, G-RGT14]
             |  |     `--Megacrex Albertis & Salvadori 1879 G-RGT14
             |  |          `--*M. inepta D’Albertis & Salvadori 1879 G-RGT14 [=Amaurornis ineptus L98]
             |  `--+--+--Gallicrex Blyth 1849 G-RGT14
             |     |  |    `--*G. cinerea (Gmelin 1789) [=Fulica cinerea] G-RGT14
             |     |  `--Porphyriops Pucheran 1845 L98
             |     |       `--P. melanops (Vieillot 1819) L98
             |     `--Amaurornis Reichenbach 1853 G-RGT14, CC10 [Amaurornithina]
             |          |  i. s.: A. bicolor (Walden 1872) G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
             |          |         A. olivieri (Grandidier & Berlioz 1927) G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
             |          |--A. phoenicurus (Pennant 1769) L98 [=Gallinula phoenicurus G-RGT14]
             |          `--+--*A. olivacea (Meyen 1834) CC10, JT12, L98 [=Gallinula olivacea G-RGT14]
             |             |--A. magnirostris Lambert 1998 L98
             |             |--A. moluccana (Wallace 1865) JT12, L98 (see below for synonymy)
             |             `--A. ruficrissus L98
             `--+--Laterallus G-RGT14
                `--+--Rallina G-RGT14
                   `--+--‘Gallinula’ flavirostra Swainson 1837 G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
                      `--+--Corethrura Gray 1846 L98
                         |    |--C. fusca (Linné 1766) L98 [=Rallus fuscus G-RGT14, Porzana fusca G-RGT14]
                         |    |--C. paykullii (Ljungh 1813) L98 (see below for synonymy)
                         |    `--C. sandwichensis (Gmelin 1789) L98 (see below for synonymy)
                         `--+--‘Rallus’ akool Sykes 1832 [=Amaurornis akool] G-RGT14
                            |    |--R. a. akool VP89
                            |    `--‘Amaurornis’ a. coccineipes VP89
                            `--+--Limnocorax Peters 1854 L98 [incl. Porzanoidea Mathews 1912 CC10]
                               |    `--L. tabuensis (Gmelin 1789) L98, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                               `--+--Zapornia Stephens in Shaw 1824 (see below for synonymy) CC10
                                  |    `--‘Rallus’ parvus Scopoli 1769 G-RGT14 (see below for synonymy)
                                  `--Schoenocrex Roberts 1922 CC10
                                       `--*S. pusillus (Pallas 1776) CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                                            |--S. p. pusillus CC10
                                            |--‘Porzana pusilla’ affinis (Gray 1845) [=Ortygometra affinis] CC10
                                            |--‘Porzana pusilla’ intermedia RN72
                                            `--‘Porzana pusilla’ palustris Gould 1843 (see below for synonymy) CC10

Rallidae incertae sedis:
  Palaeorallus FP64
    |--P. alienus Kurochkin 1968 M09
    `--P. troxelli FP64
  Pennula sandwichensis FP64
  Ibidopsis Lydekker 1891 M05
    `--*I. hordwelliensis Lydekker 1891 M02
  Quercyrallus Brodkorb 1952 M02
    |--*Q. arenarius (Milne-Edwards 1892) [=Rallus arenarius] M02
    `--Q. quercy Cracraft 1973 M05
  Parvirallus Harrison & Walker 1979 M02
    |--*P. gracilis Harrison & Walker 1979 M02
    |--P. bassetti Harrison 1984 M02
    |--P. gassoni Harrison 1984 M02
    `--P. medius Harrison 1984 M02
  Latipons Harrison & Walker 1979 M02
    |--*L. gardneri Harrison & Walker 1979 M02
    `--L. robinsoni Harrison & Walker 1979 M02
  Montirallus Mlíkovský 1981 M02
    `--*M. gypsorum (Gervais 1848) [=Numenius gypsorum, N. (Limosa) gypsorum, Villetus gypsorum] M02
  Rallicrex Lambrecht 1933 M02
    |--*R. kolozsvarensis Lambrecht 1933 M02
    `--R. polgardiensis Jánossy 1991 M02
  Paraortygometra Lambrecht 1933 [incl. Microrallus Švec 1983] M02
    `--*P. porzanoides (Milne-Edwards 1869) [=Rallus porzanoides; incl. *Microrallus fejfari Švec 1983] M02
  Palaeoaramides Lambrecht 1933 [incl. Tertiariaporphyrula Kuročkin & Ganea 1972] M02
    |--*P. christyi (Milne-Edwards 1869) (see below for synonymy) M02
    |--P. beaumontii (Milne-Edwards 1869) (see below for synonymy) M02
    |--P. lungi (Kuročkin & Ganea 1972) [=Tertiariaporphyrula lungi] M02
    |--P. minutus Cracraft 1973 M02
    `--P. tugarinovi Kuročkin 1980 M02
  Miorallus Lambrecht 1933 M02
    `--*M. major (Milne-Edwards 1869) [=Rallus major] M02
  Mundia elpenor HSS13
  Ionornis martinicus S18
  Belgirallus Mayr & Smith 2001 M05
    |--B. minutus Mayr & Smith 2001 M09
    `--B. oligocaenus Mayr & Smith 2001 M09
  Hovacrex roberti L98
  Pleistorallus Worthy 1997 CC10
    `--*P. flemingi Worthy 1997 CC10
  Aphanolimnas Sharpe 1892 L98
    `--*A. monasa Kittlitz 1858 L98 [=Rallus monasa G-RGT14, Porzana (Limnocorax) monasa L98]
  Nesophylax Murphy 1924 L98
    `--*N. ater (North 1908) [=Porzana (Limnocorax) atra] L98
  Porzanula Frohawk 1892 G-RGT14, L98
    `--*P. palmeri Frohawk 1892 [=Porzana palmeri] L98
  Poliolimnas Sharpe 1893 L98
    `--P. cinereus (Vieillot 1819) WS48, L98 (see below for synonymy)
         |--P. c. cinereus WS48
         |--P. c. brevipes (Ingram 1911) I92
         `--P. c. leucophrys (Gould 1847) (see below for synonymy) WS48
  Aenigmatolimnas Peters 1932 L98
    `--*A. marginalis (Hartlaub 1857) G-RGT14 [=Porzana marginalis G-RGT14, P. (Poliolimnas) marginalis L98]
  Anurolimnas Sharpe 1893 L98
    `--*A. castaneiceps (Sclater & Salvin 1868) [=Porzana castaneiceps] G-RGT14

Amaurornis bicolor (Walden 1872) G-RGT14 [=Porzana bicolor G-RGT14, P. (Limnocorax) bicolor L98]

Amaurornis moluccana (Wallace 1865) JT12, L98 [=Porzana moluccana G-RGT14; incl. A. frankii L98, A. nigrifrons L98, A. ultimus L98]

Amaurornis olivieri (Grandidier & Berlioz 1927) G-RGT14 [=Porzana olivieri G-RGT14, P. (Limnocorax) olivieri L98]

Corethrura paykullii (Ljungh 1813) L98 [=Rallus paykullii G-RGT14, Rallina paykullii L98, Porzana (Corethrura) paykullii L98]

Corethrura sandwichensis (Gmelin 1789) L98 [=Rallus sandwichensis G-RGT14, Porzana (Corethrura) sandwichensis L98]

Crex Bechstein 1803 G-RGT14, CC10 [incl. Crecopsis Sharpe 1893 L98, Ortygometra Forster 1817 B94; Ortygometrinae]

Crex crex (Linnaeus 1758) [=Rallus crex, Ortygometra crex; incl. R. featherstonii Buller 1865, *Crex pratensis] CC10

Crex egregia (Peters 1854) G-RGT14 [=Ortygometra egregia G-RGT14, *Crecopsis egregia L98, Porzana egregia L98]

‘Gallinula’ flavirostra Swainson 1837 G-RGT14 [=Amaurornis flavirostra G-RGT14, Porzana (Limnocorax) flavirostra L98]

Gymnocrex plumbeiventris (Gray 1862) G-RGT14 [=Rallina plumbeiventris G-RGT14, Eulabeornis plumbeiventris L98]

*Gymnocrex rosenbergii (Schlegel 1866) G-RGT14 [=Rallina rosenbergii G-RGT14, Eulabeornis rosenbergii L98]

Lewinia Gray 1855 G-RGT14 [=Donacias Heine & Reichenow 1890 CC10; incl. Hyporallus Iredale & Mathews 1926 CC10]

Lewinia muelleri (Rothschild 1893) G-RGT14 [=Rallus muelleri CC10, Dryolimnas pectoralis muelleri CC10, Gallirallus muelleri L98, *Hyporallus muelleri CC10, Hypotaenidia muelleri CC10, Rallus pectoralis muelleri CC10]

Lewinia pectoralis (Temminck 1831) G-RGT14 [=Rallus pectoralis G-RGT14, Dryolimnas pectoralis HWT01, Gallirallus pectoralis HWT01; incl. G. alberti L98, Rallus brachipus Swainson 1838 CC10, R. pectoralis brachipus WS48, Gallirallus captus L98, R. pectoralis clelandi Mathews 1911 WS48, G. exsul L98, G. insulus L98, Rallus lewinii CC10, *Donacias lewinii CC10, *Lewinia lewinii CC10, Gallirallus mayri L98]

Limnocorax tabuensis (Gmelin 1789) L98, CC10 [=Rallus tabuensis CC10, Ortygometra tabuensis CC10, Porzana tabuensis G-RGT14; incl. Porzanoidea plumbea campbelli Mathews 1912 CC10, Gallinula immaculata Swainson 1828 CC10, Porzana tabuensis immaculata RN72, *Porzanoidea immaculata CC10, Rallus minor Ellman 1861 CC10, Crex plumbea Gray in Griffith 1829 CC10, Porzana tabuensis plumbea CC10, Porzanoidea plumbea CC10, Porzana plumbea roberti Mathews 1912 CC10, Rallus rufopes Ellman 1861 CC10]

Palaeoaramides beaumontii (Milne-Edwards 1869) [=Rallus beaumontii, Pararallus beaumonti, *Tertiariaporphyrula beaumonti] M02

*Palaeoaramides christyi (Milne-Edwards 1869) [=Rallus christyi; incl. R. eximius Milne-Edwards 1869, Palaeoaramides eximius] M02

Poliolimnas cinereus (Vieillot 1819) WS48, L98 [=Porphyrio cinereus WS48, Porzana cinerea G-RGT14; incl. Ortygometra quadristrigata S13]

Poliolimnas cinereus leucophrys (Gould 1847) [=Porzana cinerea leucophrys; incl. Por. cinerea parryi Mathews 1912] WS48

‘Porzana pusilla’ palustris Gould 1843 [incl. P. pusilla fitzroyi Mathews 1912] CC10

‘Rallus’ parvus Scopoli 1769 G-RGT14 [=*Phalaridion parvum CC10, Porzana parva G-RGT14, *Rallites parva CC10; incl. *Zapornia pusilla CC10]

‘Rallus’ striatus Linnaeus 1766 G-RGT14 [=Gallirallus striatus G-RGT14, Hypotaenidia striata L98]

*Rougetius rougetii (Guérin-Méneville 1843) G-RGT14 [=Rallus rougetii S05; incl. Rallus obscurus Gray 1844 (n. n.) S05, Rallus abyssinicus Rüppell 1845 S05]

*Schoenocrex pusillus (Pallas 1776) CC10 [=Rallus pusillus CC10, Porzana pusilla G-RGT14]

Zapornia Stephens in Shaw 1824 [=Zaporina Forster 1827; incl. Phalaridion Kaup 1829, Rallites Pucheran 1845; Zaporniinae] CC10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[G-RGT14] Garcia-R, J. C., G. C. Gibb & S. A. Trewick. 2014. Deep global evolutionary radiation in birds: diversification and trait evolution in the cosmopolitan bird family Rallidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 81: 96–108.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[HWT01] Holdaway, R. N., T. H. Worthy & A. J. D. Tennyson. 2001. A working list of breeding bird species of the New Zealand region at first human contact. New Zealand Journal of Zoology 28: 119–187.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L98] Livezey, B. C. 1998. A phylogenetic analysis of the Gruiformes (Aves) based on morphological characters, with an emphasis on the rails (Rallidae). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 353: 2077–2151.

[M05] Mayr, G. 2005. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515–542.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[MS55] Mertens, R., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Die im Senckenberg-Museum vorhandenen Arten ausgestorbener, aussterbender oder seltener Vögel. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (3–4): 241–265.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[PP62] Phelps, W. H., & W. H. Phelps Jr. 1962. Two new subspecies of birds from Venezuela, the rufous phase of Pauxi pauxi, and other notes. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 199–204.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. Blandford Press: London.

[S13] Sarasin, F. 1913. Die Vögel Neu-Caledoniens und der Loyalty-Inseln. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 1 pp. 1–78, pls 1–3. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[S05] Steinheimer, F. D. 2005. Eduard Rüppel’s avian types at the Natural History Museum, Tring (Aves). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 233–264.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

[VP89] Viney, C., & K. Phillipps. 1989. Birds of Hong Kong 5^th ed. Government Printer: Hong Kong.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

[WH02] Worthy, T. H., & R. N. Holdaway. 2002. The Lost World of the Moa: Prehistoric life of New Zealand. Indiana University Press: Bloomington (Indiana).

Last updated: 20August 2019.

Porzana

Spotted crake Porzana porzana, from here.

Belongs within: Gallinula.

Porzana has historically been recognised as one of the primary genera of crakes, short-billed rails without significant aquatic adaptations (Livezey 1998). However, recent phylogenetic analyses indicate that the genus as previously recognised is polyphyletic with only a small number of species directly related to the type species, the spotted crake P. porzana. This species breeds in western Eurasia and migrates to Africa and India; it is brown above with black barring and white spots on the flanks, a yellow bill with a red base, and green legs.

<==Porzana Vieillot 1816 CC10
    |  i. s.: P. astrictocarpus Olson 1973 L98
    |         P. estramosi Jánossy 1979 [incl. P. estramosi veterior Jánossy 1979] M02
    |         P. keplororum Olson & James 1991 L98
    |         P. menehune Olson & James 1991 L98
    |         P. nigra HSS13
    |         P. ralphorum Olson & James 1991 L98
    |         P. rua Steadman 1986 L98
    |         P. severnsi Olson & James 1991 L98
    |         P. ziegleri Olson & James 1991 L98
    |--P. carolina (Linnaeus 1758) L98 [=Rallus carolinus G-RGT14]
    `--+--*P. porzana (Linnaeus 1766) CC10, L98, M02 [=Rallus porzana M02]
       `--P. fluminea Gould 1842 L98, G-RGT14 [=Ortygometra fluminea CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[G-RGT14] Garcia-R, J. C., G. C. Gibb & S. A. Trewick. 2014. Deep global evolutionary radiation in birds: diversification and trait evolution in the cosmopolitan bird family Rallidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 81: 96–108.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[L98] Livezey, B. C. 1998. A phylogenetic analysis of the Gruiformes (Aves) based on morphological characters, with an emphasis on the rails (Rallidae). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 353: 2077–2151.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

Last updated: 20 August 2019.

Gruidae

Eurasian cranes Grus grus, photographed by Nicole Bouglouan.

Belongs within: Gruiformes.

The Gruidae, cranes, are a group of large long-legged and -necked birds found in the Old World and North America. They are highly vocal and many produce loud, melodious trumpeting calls. Within the cranes, it is generally agreed that the African crowned cranes (Balearica), distinguished by a crown of stiff golden feathers on top of the head, are the sister taxon to the remaining living species (Livezey 1998). The blue crane Anthropoides paradiseus of southern Africa and demoiselle crane A. virgo of central Eurasia are relatively small cranes with predominantly blue-grey plumage.

Synapomorphies (from Livezey 1998): Os lacrimale with processus orbitalis highly pneumatic, having one or more conspicuous foramina pneumatica on facies lateralis; carina sterni, margo cranialis, with sulcus carinae deep and ventrally extensive; depressio m. brachialis of extremitas proximalis ulnae with prominent crista brachialis proximally; margo dorsalis of extremitas distalis radii with expansion producing approximate symmetry with tuberculum aponeurosis; condylus lateralis of extremitas distalis tibiotarsi flattened or notched distally; fossa parahypotarsalis medialis, distal extent relative to hypotarsus, with crista medialis hypotarsi narrow or obsolete; scapulars with conspicuous elongation combined with ventral curvature; 19-25 secondary remiges.

<==Gruidae [Anthropoidinae, Anthropoidini, Gruini, Megalornithidae, Megalornithiformes]
    |  i. s.: Palaeogrus Portis 1884 M02
    |           |--*P. princeps Portis 1884 (see below for synonymy) M02
    |           `--P. hordwelliensis (Lydekker 1891) [=Grus hordwelliensis, Ornitocnemus hordwelliensis] M02
    |         Geranopsis Lydekker 1891 M02
    |           `--*G. hastingsiae Lydekker 1891 M02
    |         Eobalearica tugarinovi Gureev 1949 M09
    |--Balearica Brisson 1760 BKB15, M02 [Balearicinae]
    |    |--B. excelsa (Milne-Edwards 1868) [=Grus excelsa, Ornitocnemus excelsa, Palaeogrus excelsa] M02
    |    |--B. exigua JM14
    |    |--B. pavonina (Linnaeus 1758) L98
    |    |    |--B. p. pavonina RN72
    |    |    `--B. p. cecilae RN72
    |    `--B. regulorum (Bennett 1833) L98
    |         |--B. r. regulorum K08 [=B. pavonina regulorum RN72]
    |         `--B. r. gibbericeps K08 [=B. pavonina gibbericeps RN72]
    `--+--‘Grus’ canadensis (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, L98
       |    |--G. c. canadensis USDI77
       |    |--G. c. nesiotes USDI77
       |    `--G. c. pulla USDI77
       `--+--+--Bugeranus Gloger 1841 BKB15, L98
          |  |    `--B. carunculatus (Gmelin 1789) BKB15, M02 [=Grus carunculatus L98]
          |  `--Anthropoides Vieillot 1816 BKB15, L98
          |       |--A. paradiseus Lichtenstein 1793 BKB15, L98 [=Grus paradisea L98, Tetrapteryx paradisea RN72]
          |       `--A. virgo Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, L98 [=Grus virgo L98]
          `--Grus Brisson 1760 BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
               |  i. s.: G. cinerea C01
               |         G. marshi FP64
               |         G. moldavica (Kuročkin & Ganea 1972) [=Probalearica moldavica] M02
               |         G. pentelici Gaudry 1862 (see below for synonymy) M02
               |         G. primigenia Milne-Edwards 1869 (see below for synonymy) M02
               |--+--G. leucogeranus (Pallas 1773) BKB15, M02 [=Leucogeranus leucogeranus L98]
               |  `--+--G. antigone (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, M02
               |     |    |--G. a. antigone WK96
               |     |    |--G. a. gillae WK96
               |     |    `--G. a. sharpei WK96
               |     `--+--G. rubicunda (Perry 1810) BKB15, L98 (see below for synonymy)
               |        `--G. vipio Pallas 1811 BKB15, L98
               `--+--G. japonensis (Müller 1776) BKB15, L98 [=Ardea japonensis M01]
                  `--+--G. americana (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, L98
                     `--+--*G. grus (Linnaeus 1758) CC10, BKB15, M02 (see below for synonymy)
                        |    |--G. g. grus I92
                        |    `--G. g. lilfordi Sharpe 1894 I92
                        `--+--G. monacha Temminck 1835 BKB15, L98
                           `--G. nigricollis Prezhwalsky 1876 BKB15, L98

Grus Brisson 1760 BKB15, CC10 [incl. Leucogeranus Bonaparte 1855 L98, Megalornis Gray 1841 B94; Gruinae, Megalornithinae]

*Grus grus (Linnaeus 1758) CC10, BKB15, M02 [=Ardea grus CC10; incl. G. turfa Portis 1884 M02]

Grus pentelici Gaudry 1862 [=Pliogrus pentelici; incl. G. afghana Mourer-Chauviré, Balouet et al. 1985] M02

Grus primigenia Milne-Edwards 1869 [incl. Sarcogeranus bohatshevi Serebrovskij 1940, G. leucogeranus bogatshevi (l. c.), Leucogeranus bohatschevi, G. melitensis Lydekker 1890] M02

Grus rubicunda (Perry 1810) BKB15, L98 [=Ardea rubicunda WS48; incl. Mathewsia rubicunda argentea Mathews 1912 WS48]

*Palaeogrus princeps Portis 1884 [=Grus princeps, Ornitocnemis robustus Zigno in Portis 1884 (n. n.), Ornitocnemus robustus] M02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[C01] Csiki, E. 1901. Utivázlat [Reiseskizze]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. xii–xli. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[K08] Kellogg, V. L. 1908. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den Umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905–1906 vol. 15. Corrodentia pt 4. Mallophaga. Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri-A. B.: Uppsala.

[L98] Livezey, B. C. 1998. A phylogenetic analysis of the Gruiformes (Aves) based on morphological characters, with an emphasis on the rails (Rallidae). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 353: 2077–2151.

[M01] Madarász, J. 1901. Madarak [Vögel]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 21–39. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. London, Blandford Press.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

[WK96] Wood, T. C., & C. Krajewski. 1996. Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation among the subspecies of sarus crane (Grus antigone). Auk 113: 655–663.

Last updated: 29 January 2022.

Rallus

Water rail Rallus aquaticus, photographed by Do Van Dijck.

Belongs within: Rallini.

The genus Rallus contains the Eurasian and Neotropical long-billed rails (Livezey 1998). Many authors have also included various species of the Pacific rails in Rallus, but Livezey (1998) placed these species in separate genera such as Gallirallus.

Rallus Linnaeus 1758 M02
    |  i. s.: R. adelus Oberholser 1869 (see below for synonymy) M02
    |         R. bernieri S66
    |         R. gularis S66
    |         R. nigra Miller 1784 (n. d.) L98
    |         R. pacificus Gmelin 1789 (n. d.) L98
    |         R. richmondi Olson 1977 [=R. dubius Portis 1887 non Piller & Mitterpacher 1783] M02
    |--R. wetmorei Zimmer & Phelps 1944 L98
    `--+--R. longirostris Boddaert 1783 (see below for synonymy) L98
       |    |--R. l. longirostris USDI77
       |    `--R. l. yumanensis USDI77
       `--+--R. elegans Audubon 1834 L98 [incl. R. beldingi L98, R. longirostris levipes USDI77, L98]
          |    |--R. e. elegans S05
          |    `--R. e. obsoletus Ridgway 1874 S05 [=R. longirostris obsoletus USDI77]
          |--R. limicola Vieillot 1819 L98
          `--+--R. antarcticus King 1828 L98
             |--R. semiplumbeus Sclater 1856 L98
             `--+--R. caerulescens Gmelin 1779 L98
                `--+--R. aquaticus Linnaeus 1758 L98, M02 [incl. R. hibernans L98, R. korejewi L98]
                   `--R. indicus Blyth 1849 L98 [=R. aquaticus indicus VP89]

Rallus adelus Oberholser 1869 [=Ludiortyx adelus, R. intermedius Milne-Edwards 1869 non Hermann 1804, Quercyrallus intermedius, Q. ludianus Brodkorb 1963] M02

Rallus longirostris Boddaert 1783 [incl. R. caribeus, R. coryi, R. crepitans, R. insularum, R. pallidus, R. waynei] L98

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[L98] Livezey, B. C. 1998. A phylogenetic analysis of the Gruiformes (Aves) based on morphological characters, with an emphasis on the rails (Rallidae). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B – Biological Sciences 353: 2077-2151.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[S66] Schlegel, H. 1866. Communication from, on mammals and birds collected in Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 419-426.

[S05] Steinheimer, F. D. 2005. Eduard Rüppel’s avian types at the Natural History Museum, Tring (Aves). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (2): 233-264.

[USDI77] USDI (United States Department of the Interior). 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants - republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420-36431.

[VP89] Viney, C., & K. Phillipps. 1989. Birds of Hong Kong 5^th ed. Government Printer: Hong Kong.

Procellariiformes

Southern royal albatross Diomedea epomophora, copyright J. J. Harrison.

Belongs within: Aequorlitornithes.
Contains: Oceanitinae, Oceanodroma, Procellariidae.

The Procellariiformes contain the tube-nosed seabirds: albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters. Members of the Procellariiformes have more or less tubular nostrils running along the basal part of the beak, and the front three toes connected by webs (Mayr et al. 2002). The albatrosses of the Diomedeidae include the largest living seabirds with the wandering albatross Diomedea exulans having the largest wingspan of any living bird.

The genus Diomedea includes the larger albatrosses, marine gliders found in colder waters of the Southern Hemisphere. Fossil species from the northern Atlantic have also been assigned to this genus (Mlíkovský 2002) though they may be better placed in one of the other albatross genera. Diomedea species are distinguished from the sooty albatrosses of the genus Phoebetria by their shorter, rounded tails. Recent authors have increased the number of species recognised in Diomedea; the northern royal albatross D. sanfordi has been separated from the southern royal albatross D. epomophora, while populations previously included in the wandering albatross D. exulans have been distinguished as the Amsterdam albatross D. amsterdamensis, Tristan albatross D. dabbenena and Antipodean albatross D. antipodensis.

Procellariiformes [Hydrobatidae, Oceanitidae, Oceanitoidea, Procellarae, Procellarioidea, Thalassidromidae, Tubinares]
    |  i. s.: Primodroma Harrison & Walker 1977 M02
    |           `--*P. bournei Harrison & Walker 1977 M02
    |         Plotornis Milne-Edwards 1874 M02
    |           |--*P. delfortrii Milne-Edwards 1874 M02
    |           `--P. arvernensis (Milne-Edwards in Shufeldt 1896) [=Puffinus arvernensis] M02
    |         Tytthostonyx [Tytthostonychidae] M09
    |           `--T. glauconiticus Olson & Parris 1987 M09
    |--Marinavis Harrison & Walker 1977 M05, M02 [Marinavidae]
    |    `--*M. longirostris Harrison & Walker 1977 M02
    |--Diomedeoididae MPR02
    |    |--Rupelornis van Beneden 1871 MPR02
    |    |    `--*R. definitus van Beneden 1871 MPR02 [incl. Vanellus selysii van Beneden 1871 M09]
    |    `--Diomedeoides Fischer 1985 [incl. Frigidafons Cheneval 1995] MPR02
    |         |--D. lipsiensis (Fischer 1983) MPR02 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--D. babaheydariensis (Peters & Hamedani 2000) [=Frigidafons babaheydariensis] MPR02
    |         `--D. brodkorbi (Cheneval 1995) [=*Frigidafons brodkorbi] MPR02
    `--+--+--Oceanitinae BKB15
       |  `--+--Oceanodroma BKB15
       |     `--Procellariidae BKB15
       `--Diomedeidae BKB15
            |  i. s.: Manu Marples 1946 CC10
            |           `--*M. antiquus Marples 1946 CC10
            |         Murunkus Panteleyev & Nessov 1987 MPR02
            |           `--*M. subitus Panteleyev & Nessov 1987 MPR02
            |--+--Phoebetria Reichenbach 1853 JT12, CC10 [Phoebetriidae]
            |  |    |--P. palpebrata (Forster 1785) (see below for synonymy) CC10
            |  |    `--P. fusca (Hilsenberg 1822) (see below for synonymy) CC10
            |  `--Thalassarche Reichenbach 1853 JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
            |       |--+--T. carteri (Rothschild 1903) CM09, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
            |       |  `--T. chlororhynchos (Gmelin 1789) CM09, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
            |       `--+--+--T. chrysostoma (Forster 1785) CM09, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
            |          |  `--+--*T. melanophris (Temminck 1828) CC10, JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
            |          |     `--T. impavida Mathews 1912 JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
            |          `--+--T. bulleri (Rothschild 1893) CM09, CC10 [=Diomedea bulleri CC10]
            |             |    |--T. b. bulleri CC10
            |             |    `--T. b. platei (Reichenow 1898) [=Diomedea platei, D. bulleri platei] CC10
            |             `--+--+--T. cauta (Gould 1841) CM09, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
            |                |  `--T. steadi Falla 1933 CM09, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
            |                `--+--T. eremita Murphy 1930 CM09, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
            |                   `--T. salvini (Rothschild 1893) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
            `--+--Phoebastria Reichenbach 1853 JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
               |    |--+--P. albatrus (Pallas 1769) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
               |    |  `--P. irrorata JT12 (see below for synonymy)
               |    `--+--P. immutabilis (Rothschild 1893) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
               |       `--+--P. nigripes (Audubon 1839) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
               |          `--P. nihonus BKB15
               `--Diomedea Linnaeus 1758 CM09, CC10 [incl. Rhothonia Murphy 1917 CC10]
                    |  i. s.: D. adusta Tschudi 1856 (n. d.) CC10
                    |         D. anglica Lydekker 1891 M02
                    |         D. demersa Linnaeus 1758 L58
                    |         D. rumana Grigorescu & Kessler 1988 M02
                    |         D. spadicea Gmelin 1789 (n. d.) CC10
                    |--+--D. epomophora (Lesson 1825) CM09, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                    |  `--D. sanfordi (Murphy 1917) CM09, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                    `--+--D. dabbenena Mathews 1929 CM09, CC10 [=D. exulans dabbenena CC10]
                       `--+--D. antipodensis Robertson & Warham 1992 CM09, CC10
                          |    |--D. a. antipodensis [=D. exulans antipodensis] CC10
                          |    `--D. a. gibsoni Robertson & Warham 1992 [=D. exulans gibsoni] CC10
                          `--+--*D. exulans Linnaeus 1758 CC10, CM09, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                             |    |--D. e. exulans CC10
                             |    `--D. e. grisea Pelzeln 1873 (n. d.) CC10
                             `--D. amsterdamensis CM09

Diomedea epomophora (Lesson 1825) CM09, CC10 [=Diomedaea (l. c.) epomophora CC10, Rhothonia epomophora CC10; incl. Diomedea epomophora longirostris Mathews 1934 CC10, Diomedea epomophora mccormicki Mathews 1912 CC10, Diomedea regia Buller 1891 CC10]

*Diomedea exulans Linnaeus 1758 CC10, CM09, CC10 [incl. D. chionoptera Salvin 1896 CC10, D. exulans chionoptera CC10, D. exulans georgia Mathews 1933 CC10, D. exulans rohui Mathews 1915 CC10, D. chionoptera rohui CC10, D. exulans rothschildi Mathews 1912 CC10, D. exulans westralis Mathews 1918 CC10]

Diomedea sanfordi (Murphy 1917) CM09, CC10 [=D. (*Rhothonia) sanfordi CC10, D. epomophora sanfordi CC10]

Diomedeoides lipsiensis (Fischer 1983) MPR02 [=Gaviota lipsiensis MPR02; incl. *D. minimus Fischer 1985 M02, MPR02]

Phoebastria Reichenbach 1853 JT12, CC10 [incl. Galapagornis Boetticher 1949 CC10, Julietata Mathews in Mathews & Hallstrom 1943 CC10, Laysanornis Boetticher 1949 CC10, Penthirenia Boetticher 1949 CC10]

Phoebastria albatrus (Pallas 1769) JT12, CC10 [=Diomedea albatrus CM09; incl. D. brachyura CC10, *Phoebastria brachyura CC10]

Phoebastria immutabilis (Rothschild 1893) JT12, CC10 [=Diomedea immutabilis CC10, *Laysanornis immutabilis CC10, Thalassarche immutabilis CC10]

Phoebastria irrorata JT12 [=Diomedea irrorata CC10, *Galapagornis irrorata CC10, *Julietata irrorata CC10]

Phoebastria nigripes (Audubon 1839) JT12, CC10 [=Diomedea nigripes CC10, *Penthirenia nigripes CC10, Thalassarche nigripes CC10; incl. Diomedea nigripes reischekia Mathews 1930 CC10]

Phoebetria fusca (Hilsenberg 1822) [=Diomedea fusca, D. palpebrata fusca; incl. P. fusca campbelli Mathews 1912] CC10

Phoebetria palpebrata (Forster 1785) [=Diomedea palpebrata, D. antarctica Gray 1844, D. fuliginosa Gmelin 1789, *Phoebetria fuliginosa; incl. P. palpebrata antarctica Mathews 1912 non D. antarctica Gray 1844, P. palpebrata auduboni Nichols & Murphy 1914, D. fuliginosa var. cornicoides Hutton 1867, P. cornicoides, P. palpebrata huttoni Mathews 1912, P. palpebrata murphyi Mathews & Iredale 1921] CC10

Thalassarche Reichenbach 1853 JT12, CC10 [incl. Diomedella Mathews 1912 CC10, Nealbatrus Mathews 1912 CC10, Thalassogeron Ridgway in Baird, Brewer & Ridgway 1884 CC10]

Thalassarche carteri (Rothschild 1903) CM09, CC10 [=Thalassogeron carteri CC10, Diomedea chlororhynchos carteri CC10, Nealbatrus chlororhynchus carteri CC10, Thalassarche chlororhynchus carteri CC10; incl. Diomedea bassi Mathews 1912 CC10, D. chlororhynchos bassi CC10, Nealbatrus chlororhynchus bassi CC10, Thalassarche chlororhynchus bassi CC10, Thalassogeron chlororhynchos bassi CC10]

Thalassarche cauta (Gould 1841) CM09, CC10 [=Diomedea cauta CC10, *Diomedella cauta CC10, Thalassogeron cautus CC10; incl. Thalassogeron layardi Salvin 1896 CC10, Thalassogeron cautus layardi CC10, Diomedella cauta rohui Mathews 1916 CC10, Diomedella cauta wallacea Mathews 1918 CC10]

Thalassarche chlororhynchos (Gmelin 1789) CM09, CC10 [=Diomedea chlororhynchos CC10, D. (Thalassarche) chlororhyncha CC10, D. chlororhynchus CC10, *Nealbatrus chlororhynchus CC10, Thalassarche chlororhynchus CC10, Thalassogeron chlororhynchus CC10; incl. Thalassogeron eximius Verrill 1895 CC10, Diomedea melanoptera Miranda-Ribeiro 1928 CC10, D. presaga Bonaparte 1857 CC10]

Thalassarche chrysostoma (Forster 1785) CM09, CC10 [=Diomedea chrysostoma CC10, Thalassogeron culminatus chrysostoma CC10; incl. Thalassogeron chrysostoma alexanderi Mathews 1916 CC10, Thalassarche chrysostoma alexanderi CC10, Diomedea culminata Gould 1843 CC10, D. (Thalassarche) culminata CC10, Thalassarche chrysostoma culminatus CC10, *Thalasssogeron chrysostoma culminata CC10, *Thalassogeron culminatus CC10, Thalassogeron desolationis Salvadori 1911 CC10, Thalassarche chrysostoma desolationis CC10, Thalassogeron chrysostoma desolationis CC10, Thalassogeron chrysostoma harterti Mathews 1912 CC10, Diomedea culminata mathewsi Rothschild 1912 CC10, Thalassarche chrysostoma mathewsi CC10]

Thalassarche eremita Murphy 1930 CM09, CC10 [=Thalassarche cauta eremita CC10, Diomedea cauta eremita CC10, T. (Diomedella) cauta eremita CC10]

Thalassarche impavida Mathews 1912 JT12, CC10 [=T. melanophris impavida CC10, Diomedea melanophris impavida CC10, D. melanophrys impavida CC10]

*Thalassarche melanophris (Temminck 1828) CC10, JT12, CC10 [=Diomedea melanophris CC10, D. melanophrys CC10, Thalassarche melanophrys CC10; incl. T. melanophris belcheri Mathews 1912 CC10, Diomedea gilliana Coues 1866 CC10, T. melanophris richmondi Mathews 1912 CC10]

Thalassarche salvini (Rothschild 1893) JT12, CC10 [=Thalassogeron salvini CC10, Diomedea cauta salvini CC10, Diomedella cauta salvini CC10, Thalassogeron cautus salvini CC10; incl. Diomedella cauta atlantica Mathews 1933 CC10, Diomedea cauta peruvia Mathews 1933 CC10]

Thalassarche steadi Falla 1933 CM09, CC10 [=T. cauta steadi CC10, Diomedea cauta steadi CC10, Diomedella cauta steadi CC10]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CM09] Chambers, G. K., C. Moeke, R. Steel & J. W. H. Trueman. 2009. Phylogenetic analysis of the 24 named albatross taxa based on full mitochondrial cytochrome b DNA sequences. Notornis 56: 82–94.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M05] Mayr, G. 2005. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515–542.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[MPR02] Mayr, G., D. S. Peters & S. Rietschel. 2002. Petrel-like birds with a peculiar foot morphology from the Oligocene of Germany and Belgium (Aves: Procellariiformes). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22 (3): 667–676.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

Last updated: 5 July 2019.

Sulida

Red-footed booby Sula sula, copyright Drew Avery.

Belongs within: Aequornithia.
Contains: Phalacrocorax.

The Sulida or Suloidea are the clade including Sulidae (gannets and boobies), Anhingidae (darters) and Phalacrocoracidae (shags or cormorants). All members of this clade are diving fish-eating birds. The darters or anhingas of the Anhingidae, all living species of which are placed in the single genus Anhinga, are a pantropical group of birds with particularly long and flexible necks; the neck is held back against the body when approaching prey, then darted forward to impale the prey on their long straight beak. The shags or cormorants of the Phalacrocoracidae have relatively short necks and beaks with a hooked tip and capture prey by diving from the surface and pursuing it underwater. The late Oligocene Oligocrax stoeffelensis resembled a small cormorant in overall appearance and may have represented either a stem-group phalacrocoracid or a stem member of the Phalacrocoracidae + Anhingidae clade (Mayr 2009).

The Sulidae contain the gannets and boobies, marine birds that capture fish by plunge diving. Sulids nest in colonies, sometimes very densely. The gannets of the genus Morus are found in temperate waters of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, while the boobies of the genus Sula are tropical in distribution. Abbott's booby Papasula abbotti is an endangered species endemic to Christmas Island in the eastern Indian Ocean.

Synapomorphies (from Mayr 2004): Os palatinum a flat horizontal plate; vomer absent; processus parocciptales protruding in caudal direction; quadratum with processus orbitalis reduced; eggs incubated beneath feet; sky-pointing/wing-waving and hop displays present.

<==Sulida [Sulae, Suloidea]
    |--+--Protoplotus beauforti Lambrecht 1931 M09
    |  `--Phalacrocoracoidea M09
    |       |  i. s.: Piscator Harrison & Walker 1976 M09, M02
    |       |           `--*P. tenuirostris Harrison & Walker 1976 M02
    |       |--Borvocarbo Mourer-Chauviré et al. 2004 M05
    |       |    `--B. guilloti Mourer-Chauviré et al. 2004 M09
    |       `--+--Anhingidae [Anhinginae, Plotinae, Plottinae, Ptynginae] JT12
    |          |    |--Macranhinga paranensis M04
    |          |    `--Anhinga Brisson 1760 CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |          |         |  i. s.: A. laticeps VR72
    |          |         |         A. melanogaster Pennant 1769 CC10 [=Plotus melanogaster S66]
    |          |         |           |--A. m. melanogaster CC10
    |          |         |           `--A. m. vulsini Bangs 1918 CC10
    |          |         |         A. nana VR72
    |          |         |         A. pannonica (Lambrecht 1916) [=Plotus pannonicus] M02
    |          |         |         A. parva VR72
    |          |         |         A. subvolans (Brodkorb 1956) U93
    |          |         |--A. rufa (Dausin 1802) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |          |         `--+--*A. anhinga CC10, JT12 [=Plotus anhinga CC10]
    |          |            |    |--A. a. anhinga E52
    |          |            |    `--A. a. leucogaster E52
    |          |            `--A. novaehollandiae (Gould 1847) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |          `--+--Oligocrax stoeffelensis (Mayr 2007) PB15, M09 [=Borvocarbo stoeffelensis M09]
    |             `--Phalacrocoracidae [Halieidae, Leucocarboninae] JT12
    |                  |--Nannopterum harrisi CS77
    |                  |--Phalacrocorax JT12
    |                  |--Limicorallus saiensis Kurochkin 1968 M09
    |                  `--Nectornis Cheneval 1984 M02
    |                       |--*N. miocaenus (Milne-Edwards 1867) (see below for synonymy) M02
    |                       `--N. anatolicus M02
    `--Sulidae [Dysporidae, Enkurosulidae, Pseudosulidae, Sulariidae, Sulinae] JT12
         |  i. s.: Enkurosula Kašin 1977 [=Pseudosula Harrison 1975 non Boetticher 1955] M02
         |           `--*E. pygmaea (Milne-Edwards 1874) [=Sula pygmaea, Microsula pygmaea, *Pseudosula pygmaea] M02
         |         Eostega Lambrecht 1929 M02
         |           `--*E. lebedinskyi Lambrecht 1929 M02, M09
         |         Empheresula Harrison 1975 [=Parasula Harrison 1975 non Mathews 1913] M02
         |           `--*E. arvernensis (Milne-Edwards 1867) [=Sula arvernensis, *Parasula arvernensis] M02
         |         Sarmatosula Grigorescu & Kessler 1977 M02
         |           `--*S. dobrogensis Grigorescu & Kessler 1977 M02
         |         Prophalacrocorax Harrison 1975 M02
         |           `--*P. ronzoni (Gervais 1849) M02, M09 [=Mergus ronzoni M02, Sula ronzoni M02]
         |--Masillastega Mayr 2002 M05
         |    `--M. rectirostris Mayr 2002 M09
         `--+--+--Papasula abbotti JT12
            |  `--Morus Vieillot 1816 JT12, CC10 [=Moris Forster 1817 CC10, Sulita Mathews 1915 CC10]
            |       |  i. s.: M. olsoni Grigorescu & Kessler 1988 M02
            |       |--*M. bassanus (Linnaeus 1758) CC10, JT12, CS77 (see below for synonymy)
            |       `--+--M. capensis (Lichtenstein 1823) JT12, CC10 [=Dysporus capensis CC10, Sula capensis CC10]
            |          `--M. serrator (Gray in Dieffenbach 1843) JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
            `--Sula Brisson 1760 JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
                 |  i. s.: S. abbotti CS77
                 |         S. cyanops (Sundevall 1837) [=Dysporus cyanops] CC10
                 |         S. fiber Gray 1862 (n. d.) CC10
                 |         S. fusca Vieillot 1825 CC10
                 |         S. guano FP64
                 |         S. piscator (Linnaeus 1758) (n. d.) [=Pelecanus piscator] CC10
                 |--S. sula (Linnaeus 1766) JT12, CC10 [=Pelecanus sula CC10]
                 |    |--S. s. sula I92
                 |    `--S. s. rubripes Gould 1838 I92
                 `--+--*S. leucogaster (Boddaert 1783) CC10, JT12, CC10 [=Pelecanus leucogaster CC10]
                    |    |--S. l. leucogaster CC10
                    |    |--S. l. brewsteri Goss 1888 CC10
                    |    |--S. l. etesiaca Thayer & Bangs 1905 CC10
                    |    `--S. l. plotus (Forster in Lichtenstein 1844) (see below for synonymy) CC10
                    `--+--+--S. dactylatra Lesson 1831 JT12, CC10
                       |  |    |--S. d. dactylatra CC10
                       |  |    |--S. d. bedouti Mathews 1913 [=*Parasula bedouti] CC10
                       |  |    |--S. d. melanops Heuglin 1859 CC10
                       |  |    |--S. d. personata Gould 1846 [=Parasula dactylatra perstonata] CC10
                       |  |    `--S. d. tasmani van Tets, Meredith et al. 1988 (see below for synonymy) CC10
                       |  `--S. granti Rothschild 1902 JT12, CC10
                       `--+--S. nebouxii JT12
                          `--S. variegata JT12

Nomen nudum: Sula rozieri Lucazeau 1959 M02

Anhinga Brisson 1760 CC10 [incl. Plotus Linné 1766 B94, Plottus (l. c.) B94, Ptynx Möhring 1752 (pre-Linnean) non Blyth 1840 B94]

Anhinga novaehollandiae (Gould 1847) JT12, CC10 [=Plotus novaehollandiae CC10, A. melanogaster novaehollandiae CC10, A. rufa novaehollandiae CC10; incl. P. novaehollandiae derbyi Mathews 1912 WS48]

Anhinga rufa (Dausin 1802) JT12, CC10 [=Plotus rufus WS48, A. melanogaster rufa CC10; incl. A. melanogaster chantrei (Oustalet 1882) CS77]

*Morus bassanus (Linnaeus 1758) CC10, JT12, CS77 [=Pelecanus bassanus CC10, Sula bassana CS77, *Sulita bassana CC10]

Morus serrator (Gray in Dieffenbach 1843) JT12, CC10 [=Pelecanus serrator CC10, Dysporus serrator CC10, Moris serrator CC10, Sula serrata CC10, Sula bassana serrator CC10, Sulita serrator CC10; incl. Sula australis Gould 1841 non Stephens 1826 CC10, Jula (l. c.) australis CC10, Sula serrator dyotti Mathews 1913 CC10, Sulita serrator rex Mathews & Iredale 1921 CC10, Morus serrator rex CC10, Sula serrator rex CC10, Pelecanus sectator Solander in Medway 1993 CC10]

*Nectornis miocaenus (Milne-Edwards 1867) [=Graculus miocaenus, Oligocorax miocaenus, Phalacrocorax miocaenus] M02

Sula Brisson 1760 JT12, CC10 [=Dysporus Illiger 1811 CC10; incl. Hemisula Mathews 1913 CC10, Parasula Mathews 1913 CC10]

Sula dactylatra tasmani van Tets, Meredith et al. 1988 [incl. S. dactylatra fullagari O’Brien & Davies 1990] CC10

Sula leucogaster plotus (Forster in Lichtenstein 1844) [=Pelecanus plotus, Hemisula leucgaster plotus; incl. S. leucogaster rogersi Mathews 1913, *H. rogersi] CC10

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[E52] Eisenmann, E. 1952. Annotated list of birds of Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 117 (5): 1–62.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[M04] Mayr, G. 2004. Tertiary plotopterids (Aves, Plotopteridae) and a novel hypothesis on the phylogenetic relationships of penguins (Spheniscidae). Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 43: 61–71.

[M05] Mayr, G. 2005. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515–542.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[PB15] Prum, R. O., J. S. Berv, A. Dornburg, D. J. Field, J. P. Townsend, E. M. Lemmon & A. R. Lemmon. 2015. A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing. Nature 526: 569–573.

[S66] Schlegel, H. 1866. Communication from, on mammals and birds collected in Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 419–426.

[U93] Unwin, D. M. 1993. Aves. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 717–737. Chapman & Hall: London.

[VR72] Vickers Rich, P. 1972. A fossil avifauna from the Upper Miocene Beglia Formation of Tunisia. Notes du Service Géologique 35: 29–66.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 1 December 2021.

Ciconiidae

White stork Ciconia ciconia photographed by Koalazf.

Belongs within: Aequornithia.

The Ciconiidae are the storks, large long-legged and -billed birds found primarily in warmer parts of the world. Storks are often described as voiceless, only communicating by rattling their bills. However, while this is largely true of the white stork Ciconia ciconia, other species may produce a variety of sounds such as whistling (Cramp & Simmons 1977). Most storks have straight dagger-like bills, but the wood storks Mycteria have bills that are down-curved at the end whereas the openbill storks Anastomus have the upper and lower mandibles arched away from each other and meeting only at the tip.

Characters (from Cramp & Simmons 1977): Large to huge wading and terrestrial birds. Body sturdy, elongate; neck long, head rather large. Male slightly bigger than female. Wings long and broad. Flight flapping, with neck usually outstretched; also engage in dynamic soaring. Twelve primaries; p7–p9 longest; p12 minute or absent. About 22 secondaries; diastataxic. Tail short, square or slightly rounded; twelve feathers. Under tail-coverts long and sometimes fluffy. Bill long and heavy, massive in some, tapering to blunt point. Straight or slightly upturned, rarely moderately decurved or with remarkable gap between cutting edges. Nostrils mainly slits at base of bill. Head partly or wholly bare. Large air-sacs under skin of neck; long, pendant, naked, distensible pouch occasionally present. Legs long, lower half or more of tibia bare. Toes relatively short with small webs at base, hind toe elevated; no claws pectinated. Tarsus reticulate. Stance upright, gait striding. Oil gland feathered. Feathers with short aftershaft (occasionally absent); down on feather tracts and apteria. Powder-down patches absent. Plumate white, grey, brown, and black, often with metallic reflections. Usually boldly patterned, often black and white; most species with pale underparts. Elaborate plumes absent, but thick ruff of feathers may be present on lower foreneck. Bare parts brightly coloured throughout year. Sexes generally similar. Breeding plumage like non-breeding or slightly more colourful. Moults poorly known, mostly one per cycle. Primaries replaced in descendant or serially descendant order, or irregularly. Young semi-altricial and nidicolous. Two coats of down, first growing from same follicles as later contour feathers, second from same follicles as adult down. Juveniles reach full plumage in second calendar year.

<==Ciconiidae [Melanopelargidae]
    |--Ciconia Brisson 1760 BKB15, M02 [incl. Melanopelargus Reichenbach 1852 B94]
    |    |  i. s.: C. alba K08
    |    |         C. gaudryi Lambrecht 1933 M02
    |    |         C. kahli Haarhoff 1988 B93
    |    |         C. leucocephala Scl66
    |    |         C. louisebolesae Boles 2005 M09
    |    |         C. maltha FP64
    |    |         C. sarmatica Grigorescu & Kessler 1977 M02
    |    |         C. stehlini Jánossy 1992 M02
    |    |--+--C. maguari BKB15
    |    |  `--+--C. boyciana Swinhoe 1873 BKB15, CS77 [=C. ciconia boyciana CS77]
    |    |     `--C. ciconia (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, CS77 [=Ardea ciconia CS77]
    |    |          |--C. c. ciconia CS77
    |    |          `--C. c. asiatica Severtzov 1872 CS77
    |    `--+--C. nigra (Linnaeus 1758) BKB15, CS77 [=Ardea nigra CS77]
    |       `--+--C. abdimii BKB15
    |          `--+--C. episcopus BKB15
    |             `--C. stormi BKB15
    `--+--+--Jabiru mycteria BKB15
       |  `--Ephippiorhynchus BKB15
       |       |--E. asiaticus BKB15
       |       |    |--E. a. asiaticus M03
       |       |    `--E. a. australis M03
       |       `--E. senegalensis BKB15
       `--Leptoptilos Lesson 1831 BKB15, M02 [Leptoptilidae]
            |  i. s.: L. dubius JT12
            |         L. falconeri VR72
            |         L. pliocenicus Zubareva 1948 [=Leptoptilus (l. c.) pliocenicus] M02
            |         L. titan VR72
            |--L. crumeniferus (Lesson 1831) BKB15, CS77 [=Ciconia crumenifera CS77]
            `--+--L. javanicus BKB15
               `--Mycteria Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, B94 (see below for synonymy)
                    |  i. s.: ‘Ibis’ cayennensis K08
                    |         ‘Ibis’ cristata Sch66
                    |         ‘Tantalus’ lacteus K08
                    |         ‘Ibis’ religiosa Sch66
                    |--*M. americana Linnaeus 1758 L58, BKB15, L58 [incl. *Tantalus loculalor Linnaeus 1758 B94, L58]
                    `--+--M. ibis (Linnaeus 1766) BKB15, CS77 (see below for synonymy)
                       `--+--M. cinerea BKB15 [=Ibis cinerea B94, Pseudotantalus cinereus B94]
                          `--M. leucocephala BKB15 [=Ibis leucocephalus B94, Pseudotantalus leucocephalus B94]

Ciconiidae incertae sedis:
  ‘Cygnus’ bilinicus Laube 1909 [=Aquilavus bilinicus] M02
  Palaeoephippiorhynchus dietrichi Lambrecht 1930 M09
  Prociconia VR72
  Palaeopelargus VR72
  Pelargosteon Kretzoi 1962 M02
    `--*P. tothi Kretzoi 1962 M02
  Grallavis Cheneval 1984 M02
    `--*G. edwardsi (Lydekker 1891) [=Propelargus edwardsi] M02
  Anastomus Bonnaterre 1791 [Anastomidae] B94
    |--A. lamelligerus JT12
    `--A. oscitans JT12
  Dissoura K08
    |--D. episcopus K08
    `--D. microscelis K08
  Xenorhynchus asiaticus (Latham 1790) [=Mycteria asiatica] WS48
    |--X. a. asiaticus WS48
    `--X. a. australis (Shaw 1800) [=Mycteria australis; incl. X. asiaticus rogersi Mathews 1912] WS48
  Sphenorhynchus abdimi RN72
  Eociconia sangequanensis Hou 1989 M09

Nomen nudum: Tantalus brecciensis Giebel 1847 [=*Tantaleus brecciensis] M02

Mycteria Linnaeus 1758 BKB15, B94 [incl. Ibis Lacépède 1799 B94, Tantaleus Reichenbach 1852 (n. n.) M02, Tantalus Linné 1766 B94; Mycteriidae, Tantalidae]

Mycteria ibis (Linnaeus 1766) BKB15, CS77 [=Tantalus ibis B94, Ibis ibis B94, Numenius ibis C00, Pseudotantalus ibis B94; incl. *I. candidus B94, Tantalus pavoninus C00]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[B93] Brooke, R. K. 1993. Annotated catalogue of the Aves type specimens in the South African Museum. Annals of the South African Museum 102 (10): 327–349.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[C00] Cuvier, G. 1800. Sur l'ibis des anciens Egyptiens. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 2 (39): 119.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[K08] Kellogg, V. L. 1908. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den Umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905–1906 vol. 15. Corrodentia pt 4. Mallophaga. Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri-A. B.: Uppsala.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. London, Blandford Press.

[Sch66] Schlegel, H. 1866. Communication from, on mammals and birds collected in Madagascar. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 419–426.

[Scl66] Sclater, P. L. 1866. Notice of recent additions to the Society's menagerie. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 418–419.

[VR72] Vickers Rich, P. 1972. A fossil avifauna from the Upper Miocene Beglia Formation of Tunisia. Notes du Service Géologique 35: 29–66.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.

Last updated: 4 December 2021.