Cobanocythere

Features of Cobanocythere labiata, from Hartmann (1959). 117: Right valve; 118: hinge; 119: end of body; 120: female antenna; 121: male copulatory organ.

Belongs within: Cytheroidea.

Cobanocythere is a genus of marine interstitial ostracods found around the world. Members of this genus are united by the presence of three adductor muscle scars, a rudimentary or absent bracnhial plate on the mandible, and a copulatory organ with a ventro-median extension and short penis. The genera Microcytheridea and Platymicrocythere, each previously distinguished by features of the external shell, share these characteristics and hence were synonymised by Gottwald (1983).

Characters (from Hartmann 1959*): Shell similar to Microcythere, with large radial pore canals; hinge with cardinal teeth or bar. Eyes reduced. Distinct adductor muscle scars. First antenna 6-segmented; distalmost segment reduced. Second antenna 4-segmented, distally with one large and one small seta. Mandibular palp slender, 3-segmented; basis of mandible with long tooth and several shorter teeth. Maxilla with small exopod, with only a few rays. Maxilliped well-developed, exopod one-segmented, distal segment not developed. Bristles of maxilliped and exopod slim and long. Thoracopods 4-segmented.

*Translated from original German with the help of Google Translate; any errors of translation are my own.

<==Cobanocythere Hartmann 1959 DH86 [incl. Microcytheridea Hartmann 1965 G83, Platymicrocythere Schormikov 1975 G83]
    |  i. s.: C. angularis Gottwald & Scherner 1980 DH86
    |         C. axi Gottwald 1983 DH86
    |         C. chilensis Gottwald 1983 [=Microcytheridea labiata Hartmann 1965 non C. labiata Hartmann 1959] DH86
    |         C. cuneiformis Hartmann 1974 DH86
    |         C. hartmanni Reys 1961 DH86
    |         C. longiantennata (Marinov 1962) DH86 [=Microcythere longiantennata G83]
    |         ‘Microcythere’ subterranea Hartmann 1954 [=Cobanocythere parva Gottwald 1983] DH86
    |         C. subterranoides Hartmann 1974 DH86
    |         C. syltensis Gottwald 1983 DH86
    |--C. elongata Gottwald 1983 G83
    |--C. guttaeformis Gottwald 1983 G83
    |--C. santacruzensis Gottwald 1983 G83
    |--+--*C. ‘subterranea’ Hartmann 1959 non Microcythere subterranea Hartmann 1954 G83
    |  |--C. arenicola Gottwald 1983 G83
    |  `--C. japonica Schornikov 1975 G83
    |--+--C. tokiokai (Schornikov 1975) [=Platymicrocythere tokiokai] G83
    |  `--+--C. labiata Hartmann 1959 G83
    |     `--C. mielkei Gottwald 1983 G83
    `--+--C. fernandinensis Gottwald 1983 G83
       |--C. hoodensis Gottwald 1983 G83
       |--C. lanceolata Gottwald 1983 G83
       |--C. pacifica Gottwald 1983 G83
       |--C. psammophila Gottwald 1983 G83
       `--C. sublitoralis Gottwald 1983 G83

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[DH86] Danielopol, D. L., & G. Hartmann. 1986. Ostracoda. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 265–294. E. J. Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[G83] Gottwald, J. 1983. Interstitielle Fauna von Galapagos. XXX. Podocopida 1 (Ostracoda). Mikrofauna des Meeresbodens 90: 1–187.

Hartmann, G. 1959. Zur Kenntnis der lotischen Lebensbereiche der pazifischen Küste von El Salvador unter besonderer Berücksichtigung seiner Ostracodenfauna. Kieler Meeresforschungen 76 (2): 187–241.

Marama

Marama murdochi, from Marwick (1927).

Belongs within: Veneridae.

Marama is a genus of venerid bivalve recorded from the Miocene to the Pliocene of New Zealand. It contains two subgenera: Marama (Marama) with the left median cardinal tooth joined to the anterior, the right posterior cardinal broad and deeply divided, and the lunule very large and pouting, and Hina with the median and anterior cardinals not joined, th escutcheon well marked, the posterior end abruptly truncated, and the right posterior cardinal much stronger than the median (Marwick 1927).

Characters (from Marwick 1927): Moderate to tubercular anterior lateral tooth in left valve, hinge narrow, marginal crenulations very fine.

<==Marama Marwick 1927 M27
    |--M. (Marama) M27
    |    |--*M. (M.) murdochi Marwick 1927 M27
    |    |--M. (M.) hurupiensis Marwick 1927 M27
    |    |--M. (M.) ovata Marwick 1927 M27
    |    `--M. (M.) pristina Marwick 1927 M27
    `--M. (Hina Marwick 1927) M27
         |--M. (*H.) pinguis Marwick 1927 M27
         |--M. (H.) hendersoni Marwick 1927 M27
         |--M. (H.) mackenziei Marwick 1927 M27
         |--M. (H.) tumida (Marshall 1918) [=Dosinia tumida non Artemis tumida Gray 1838 (not preoc. if dif. gen.)] M27
         |--M. (H.) vaga Marwick 1927 M27
         `--M. (H.) williamsi Marwick 1927 M27

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[M27] Marwick, J. 1927. The Veneridae of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 567-636.

Eumarcia

Eumarcia fumigata, photographed by Denis Riek.

Belongs within: Veneridae.

Eumarcia is a genus of venerid bivalves found from the Oligocene to the present of Australia and New Zealand. The genus is divided into two subgenera, Eumarcia (Eumarcia) with a superficial lunule and escutcheon and no concentric grooves on the shell surface, and Atamarcia with a well-impressed lunule and escutcheon and generally strong concentric grooves on the shell surface (Marwick 1927).

Characters (from Marwick 1927): Shell moderate to large size, oval, margins smooth, pallial sinus ample.

<==Eumarcia Iredale 1925 M27
    |--E. (Eumarcia) M27
    |    |--*E. (E.) fumigata [=Venus fumigata; incl. V. nitida] M27
    |    |--E. (E.) altilunula Marwick 1927 M27
    |    |--E. (E.) kaawaensis Marwick 1927 M27
    |    |--E. (E.) pareoraensis (Suter 1917) [=Macrocallista pareoraensis] M27
    |    `--E. (E.) plana Marwick 1927 M27
    `--E. (Atamarcia Marwick 1927) M27
         |--E. (*A.) sulcifera Marwick 1927 M27
         |--E. (A.) benhami Marwick 1927 (see below for synonymy) M27
         |--E. (A.) crassa Marwick 1927 M27
         |--E. (A.) crassatelliformis Marwick 1927 M27
         |--E. (A.) curta (Hutton 1873) [=Tapes curta, Paphia (Ruditapes) curta] M27
         |--E. (A.) enysi (Hutton 1873) [=Cytherea enysi] M27
         |--E. (A.) thomsoni Marwick 1927 M27
         `--E. (A.) trigonalis Marwick 1927 M27

Eumarcia (Atamarcia) benhami Marwick 1927 [=Venus sulcata Hutton 1875 non Lamarck 1835, Cytherea (Circomphalus) sulcata] M27

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[M27] Marwick, J. 1927. The Veneridae of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 567-636.

Periglypta

Periglypta puerpera, from here.

Belongs within: Veneridae.

Periglypta is a genus of venerid bivalves that first appeared in the Oligocene (Cox et al. 1969).

Characters (from Cox et al. 1969): Quadrate, heavy, pallial sinus rounded; sculpture cancellate.

<==Periglypta Jukes-Brown 1914 KS02 [=Cytherea (preoc.) M27]
    |  i. s.: ‘Venus’ anadyomene Anton 1839 [=Cytherea anadyomene] H09
    |         ‘Venus’ calophylla Philippi 1836 [=Cytherea calophylla] H09
    |         ‘Chione’ capricornea Hedley 1908 [=Cytherea capricornea] H09
    |         ‘Venus’ chemnitzii Hanley 1845 [=Cytherea chemnitzii] H09
    |         ‘Chione’ embrithes Melvill & Standen 1899 [=Cytherea embrithes] H09
    |         ‘Venus’ foliacea Philippi 1846 [=Cytherea foliacea] H09
    |         ‘Cytherea’ hebraea Lamarck 1818 LS96 [=Macrocallista hebraea H09]
    |         ‘Venus’ laqueata Sowerby 1853 [=Cytherea laqueata] H09
    |         ‘Venus’ lionota Smith 1885 [=Cytherea lionota] H09
    |         ‘Dosinia’ listeri Gray 1838 [=Cytherea listeri] H09
    |         ‘Venus’ reticulata Linnaeus 1758 [=Cytherea reticulata] H09
    |         ‘Cytherea’ tenuis Hall & Meek 1854 F27
    |         ‘Venus’ tiara Dillwyn 1817 [=Cytherea tiara] H09
    |         ‘Venus’ toreuma Gould 1850 [=Cytherea toreuma] H09
    |         ‘Venus’ torresiana Smith 1884 [=Cytherea torresiana] H09
    |--*P. (Periglypta) puerpera (Linnaeus 1758) KS02 [=Venus puerpera KS02, *Cytherea puerpera M27]
    `--P. (Proxichione Iredale 1929) KS02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Cox, L. R., N. D. Newell et al. 1969. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt N. Bivalvia vol. 2. The Geological Society of America, Inc. and The University of Kansas.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488-533.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[KS02] Kanjilal, S., & M. S. Srinivasan. 2002. New bivalves from the Miocene of Little Andaman Island, Bay of Bengal. Journal of the Geological Society of India 60: 527-536.

[LS96] Lamprell, K. L., & J. Stanisic. 1996. Callista, Lioconcha and Pitar in New Caledonia and adjacent waters (Mollusca, Veneridae). Molluscan Research 17: 27-48.

[M27] Marwick, J. 1927. The Veneridae of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 567-636.

Tellinoidea

Abra nitida, from the National Museum of Wales.

Belongs within: Heterodonta.
Contains: Psammobia, Gari, Donax, Iphigenia, Galatea, Solecurtidae, Macoma, Semele, Tellina, Arcopagia, Angulus.

The Tellinoidea are a group of infaunal bivalves that first appeared in the Upper Triassic. With their elongate, mobile siphons, tellinoids tend to burrow relatively deep within the sediment, using the siphons to pick up food particles from the sediment surface. Within the Tellinoidea, the Tellinidae have more or less elongate shells with unequal valves and an external ligament. The Semelidae have shells that are generally well sculptured with a slight posterior flexure. The Psammobiidae have inequilateral shells, usually slightly gaping at the posterior end.

<==Tellinoidea [Tellinacea]
    |  i. s.: Scrobiculariidae H96
    |           |--Scrobiculabra condamini (Morris 1854) SB93
    |           `--Scrobicularia H96
    |                |--S. alta C64
    |                |--S. cottardi PP64
    |                |--S. piperata PP64
    |                |--S. plana H96
    |                `--S. tenuis D56
    |--Psammobiidae [Donacina, Garidae] TW07
    |    |  i. s.: Psammobia H09
    |    |         Flavomala biradiata M54
    |    |         Adansonella duponti (Cossmann 1886) SB93
    |    |--Gari TW07
    |    `--+--Asaphis Modeer 1793 TW07, G79
    |       |    |--A. contraria (Deshayes 1863) [=Psammobia contraria] H09
    |       |    |--A. deflorata (Linnaeus 1758) H09 [=Venus deflorata H09; incl. A. rugosa G79]
    |       |    `--A. violascens (Forsskal 1775) TW07
    |       `--Donacidae TW07
    |            |--Donax L58
    |            |--Plebidonax H96
    |            |--Notodonax (Protodonax) minutissimus (Whitfield 1891) SB93
    |            |--Iphigenia PB27
    |            `--Galatea PB27
    `--+--Solecurtidae TW07
       `--+--+--Macoma TW07
          |  `--Semelidae TW07
          |       |--Semele BW09
          |       |--Ervilia Turton 1822 JB12, G79
          |       |    |--E. bisculpta Gould 1861 H09
          |       |    `--E. nitens G79
          |       |--Theora HJ08
          |       |    |--T. fragilis (Adams 1856) [=Neaera fragilis] H09
          |       |    `--T. lubrica Gould 1861 HJ08
          |       `--Leptomya Adams 1864 P61
          |            |--*L. cochlearis P61
          |            |--L. gravida Hamley 1879 MG-H11
          |            |--L. minutata Habe 1960 XZ10
          |            |--L. psittacus Hanley 1883 H09
          |            |--L. retiaria (Hutton 1885) P61 (see below for synonymy)
          |            |    |--L. r. retiaria P61
          |            |    `--L. r. aucklandica Powell 1955 P61
          |            |--L. simplex Marwick 1926 F26
          |            `--L. suteri (Smith 1898) [=Macoma suteri] F26
          `--+--Abra TW07
             |    |--A. alba (Wood 1802) TW07 [=Mactra alba J64b, Scrobicularia alba J64a; incl. Abra boysii J64a]
             |    |--A. longicallus PP64
             |    |--A. nitida GO06
             |    |--A. ovata PP64
             |    |--A. prismatica GW02
             |    |--A. profundorum TH77
             |    `--A. truncata Hedley 1906 H09
             `--Tellinidae [Tellininae] TW07
                  |  i. s.: Eurytellina F26
                  |         Elliptotellina urinatoria F26, PG98
                  |         Tellina BW09
                  |         Palaeomoera inconspicua [=Psammobia inconspicua] F27
                  |         Quadrans gargadia (Linnaeus 1758) BW09
                  |         Tellinides cockburnensis (Kendrick & Brearley 1984) MG-H11
                  |         Pseudarcopagia F27
                  |           |--*P. decussata (Lamarck 1818) F26 (see below for synonymy)
                  |           `--P. marshalli Finlay 1927 (see below for synonymy) F27
                  |         Barytellina Marwick 1924 F26
                  |           |--*B. crassidens Marwick 1924 F26
                  |           `--B. anomalodonta Finlay 1924 F26
                  |         Zearcopagia Finlay 1927 P61
                  |           |--*Z. disculus (Deshayes 1855) P61 (see below for synonymy)
                  |           `--Z. piratica (Hedley 1918) [=Pseudarcopagia piratica] F26
                  |         Exotica BW09
                  |           |--E. obliquaria (Deshayes 1854) BW09
                  |           `--E. rhomboides (Quoy & Gaimard 1833) BW09
                  |         Macomona Finlay 1927 P61
                  |           |--*M. liliana (Iredale 1915) P61 [=Tellina liliana P61, Macoma liliana F26]
                  |           |--M. basedowi [=Tellina basedowi] F26
                  |           `--M. deltoidalis [=Tellina deltoidalis] F26
                  |         Solyma Conrad 1870 S98
                  |           |--*S. lineolatum Conrad 1870 S98
                  |           |--S. flemingae Stilwell 1998 S98
                  |           |--S. levis Stephenson 1923 S98
                  |           `--S. stewarti Stephenson 1952 S98
                  |         Arcopagia JB12
                  |         Moerella JB12
                  |           |--M. carpenteri [=Tellina (Moerella) carpenteri] B56
                  |           |--M. huttoni PG98
                  |           `--M. jedoensis (Lischke 1872) XZ10
                  |         Linearia SB93
                  |           |--L. subconcentrica SB93
                  |           `--L. subhercynica Maas 1895 SB93
                  |         Maera salmonea Carpenter 1864 C64
                  |         Oedalia Carpenter 1864 C64
                  |           |--*O. (Oedalia) subdiaphana Carpenter 1864 C64
                  |           `--O. (Cooperella Carpenter 1864) C64
                  |                `--O. (*C.) scintillaeformis Carpenter 1864 C64
                  |         Lutricola C64
                  |           |--L. alta [=Tellina alta; incl. Scrobicularia biangulata, Arcopagia unda] C64
                  |           |--L. dombeyi [incl. Scrobicularia producta] C64
                  |           `--L. viridotincta C64
                  |         Cumingia C64
                  |           |--C. adamsii C64
                  |           |--C. californica C64
                  |           |--C. coarctata C64
                  |           |--C. lamellosa Sowb. 1833 M01
                  |           |--C. occatilla Melville 1901 M01
                  |           |--C. tellenoides T72
                  |           |--C. trigonularis C64
                  |           `--C. varia C64
                  |         Heterodonax C64
                  |           |--H. bimaculatus (see below for synonymy) C64
                  |           `--H. congesta (Conrad 1855) [=Tellina congesta] C64
                  |         Tellinella Moerch 1853 P61 [incl. Maoritellina Finlay 1926 P61, F26]
                  |           |--*T. virgata (Linnaeus 1758) P61, H09 [=Tellina virgata P61]
                  |           |--T. charlottae (Smith 1885) P61 (see below for synonymy)
                  |           |--T. cumingii (Hanley 1844) [=Tellina cumingii] PP78
                  |           |--T. eugonia (Suter 1913) P61
                  |           `--T. huttoni (Smith 1885) P61
                  |                |--T. h. huttoni P61
                  |                `--T. h. sterrha (Suter 1913) P61
                  |--Angulus TW07
                  `--+--‘Donax’ (Tentidonax) veruinus Hedley 1913 TW07
                     `--Strigilla Turton 1822 TW07, G79 [incl. Aeretica Dall 1900 H08]
                          |--S. carnaria G79
                          |--S. euronia Hedley 1908 H09
                          |--S. flexuosa [incl. Tellina mirabilis] G79
                          |--S. fucata C64
                          |--S. grossiana Hedley 1908 H09
                          |--S. lenticula C64
                          |--S. pisiformis C64
                          |--S. senegalensis H08
                          |--S. sincera C64
                          `--S. splendida (Anton 1839) [=Tellina splendida] H09

Heterodonax bimaculatus [incl. H. pacifica, Psammobia pacifica, Tellina versicolor Ad. ms, T. vicina] C64

Leptomya retiaria (Hutton 1885) P61 [=Tellina retiaria F26; incl. T. lintea Hutton 1873 (preoc.) F26, T. perconfusa Iredale 1915 F26]

*Pseudoarcopagia decussata (Lamarck 1818) F26 [=Tellina decussata F26, Semele decussata G79; incl. Amphidesma jayanum G79, Pseudoarcopagia victoriae F26]

Pseudarcopagia marshalli Finlay 1927 [=Tellina (Arcopagia) inconspicua Marshall 1918 non T. inconspicua Broderip & Sowerby 1829] F27

Tellinella charlottae (Smith 1885) P61 [=Tellina charlottae F26, *Maoritellina charlottae F26, Serratina charlottae PG98; incl. Tellinella ferrari P61]

*Zearcopagia disculus (Deshayes 1855) P61 [=Tellina disculus P61, Arcopagia disculus F26, Pseudarcopagia disculus F26]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B56] Berry, S. S. 1956. Mollusca dredged by the Orca off the Santa Barbara Islands, California, in 1951. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (5): 150–157.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[D56] Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. University Press: Cambridge.

[F26] Finlay, H. J. 1926. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[GO06] Giribet, G., A. Okusu, A. R. Lindgren, S. W. Huff, M. Schrödl & M. K. Nishiguchi. 2006. Evidence for a clade composed of molluscs with serially repeated structures: monoplacophorans are related to chitons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103 (20): 7723–7728.

[GW02] Giribet, G., & W. Wheeler. 2002. On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data. Invertebrate Biology 121 (4): 271–324.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[H96] Healy, J. M. 1996. Molluscan sperm ultrastructure: correlation with taxonomic units within the Gastropoda, Cephalopoda and Bivalvia. In: Taylor, J. D. (ed.) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca pp. 99–113. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[H08] Hedley, C. 1908. Studies on Australian Mollusca. Part X. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 456–489, pls 7–10.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[HJ08] Huisman, J. M., D. S. Jones, F. E. Wells & T. Burton. 2008. Introduced marine biota in Western Australian waters. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 1–44.

[J64a] Jeffreys, J. G. 1864a. Report of the committee appointed for exploring the coasts of Shetland by means of the dredge. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 70–81.

[J64b] Jeffreys, J. G. 1864b. The Upper Tertiary fossils at Uddevalla, in Sweden. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33 (Notices and Abstracts): 73–79.

[JB12] Johnson, M. E., & B. G. Baarli. 2012. Development of intertidal biotas through Phanerozoic time. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 63–128. Springer.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[M54] Macpherson, J. H. 1954. Molluscs (sea shells and snails). In: Willis, J. M. (ed.) The Archipelago of the Recherche pp. 55–63. Australian Geographical Society: Melbourne.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[M01] Melville, J. C. 1901. A few further remarks upon the Erythrean molluscan fauna, with descriptions of seven species from Aden, in the collection of Commander E. R. Shopland, R.I.M. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 550–556.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d'Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[PP78] Poorman, F. L., & L. H. Poorman. 1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger 20 (4): 369–374.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[PG98] Probert, P. K., & S. L. Grove. 1998. Macrobenthic assemblages of the continental shelf and upper slope off the west coast of South Island, New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 28: 259–280.

[SB93] Skelton, P. W., & M. J. Benton. 1993. Mollusca: Rostroconchia, Scaphopoda and Bivalvia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 237–263. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S98] Stilwell, J. D. 1998. Late Cretaceous Mollusca from the Chatham Islands, New Zealand. Alcheringa 22 (1): 29–85.

[TW07] Taylor, J. D., S. T. Williams, E. A. Glover & P. Dyal. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Heterodonta): new analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA genes. Zoologica Scripta 36 (6): 587–606.

[T72] Tendal, O. S. 1972. A monograph of the Xenophyophoria (Rhizopodea, Protozoa). Galathea Report 12: 7–99.

[TH77] Tendal, O. S., & R. R. Hessler. 1977. An introduction to the biology and systematics of Komokiacea (Textulariina, Foraminiferida). Galathea Report 14: 165–194.

[XZ10] Xu, F., & J. Zhang. 2010. Study on the bivalve faunal composition of the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 7–12. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Last updated: 5 March 2022.

Therapsida

Reconstruction of Lemurosaurus pricei, by Theropsida.

Belongs within: Sphenacodontidae.
Contains: Eutherapsida.

The Therapsida are a clade including all synapsids except for the basal 'pelycosaurs', first known from the Middle Permian. Basal members of the clade include the Biarmosuchia, a group of small to medium-sized carnivores known from the Middle and Upper Permian of South Africa and Russia, characterised by the possession of uniformly small upper incisor teeth (Sidor 2003).

Synapomorphies (from Kemp 1988): Lateral temporal fenestra enlarged; supratemporal lost; shallow groove (external auditory meatus) on posterior face of squamosal; septomaxilla with long posterodorsal process; pineal foramen on raised boss; reflected lamina of angular greatly enlarged as thin sheet; jaw articulation shifted forwards; mobile basipterygoid articulation absent; interpterygoid vacuity reduced; palatal teeth reduced; paroccipital process extending more laterally than ventrally; vomer transversely widened between internal nares; transverse process of pterygoid shifted forward; no ossified intercentra in trunk; ossified sternum; cleithrum reduced, scapular blade narrow, coracoid and procoracoid reduced, screw-shaped glenoid absent; ilium expanded both anteriorly and posteriorly, acetabulum circular, fourth trochanter of femur absent; phalanges reduced.

<==Therapsida
    |--+--Eotitanosuchus [Eotitanosuchia] CL97
    |  `--Eutherapsida S03
    `--Biarmosuchia S03
         |  i. s.: Phthinosuchus Efremov 1954 K88, D07 [Phthinosuchia]
         |           |--P. discors D07
         |           `--P. horissiaki D07
         |--Biarmosuchidae TT05
         |    |--Biarmosuchoides romanovi Tverdochlebova & Ivakhnenko 1994 TT05
         |    `--Biarmosuchus Chudinov 1960 S03, D07 [incl. Biarmosaurus K88]
         |         |--B. antecessor D07
         |         |--B. tchudinovi D07
         |         `--B. tener D07
         `--+--Hipposaurus Broom 1940 S03, D07
            |    |--H. boonstrai D07
            |    `--H. seelyi D07
            `--Ictidorhinidae S03
                 |--Lycaenodon Broom 1925 [incl. Hipposauroides Boonstra 1952] S03
                 |    `--*L. longiceps Broom 1925 [incl. Hipposaurus rubidgei Broom 1940, *Hipposauroides rubidgei] S03
                 `--+--Ictidorhinus martinsi S03
                    `--Burnetiamorpha S03
                         |--Lemurosaurus pricei S03
                         `--Burnetiidae S03
                              |--Burnetia mirabilis S03
                              |--Proburnetia S03
                              `--Bullacephalus S03

Therapsida incertae sedis:
  Delphinognathus N85
  Lycaenops Colbert 1948 D07
    |--L. angusticeps D07
    `--L. ornatus D07
  Microurania [Microuraniidae] TT05
    `--M. minima Ivakhnenko 1995 TT05
  Porosteognathus [Pristerognathidae] TT05
  Scylacosuchus [Scylacosauridae] TT05
    `--S. orenburgensis TT05
  Moschorhinidae TT05
    |--Annatherapsidus petri (Amalitskii 1922) TT05
    `--Chthonosaurus velocidens V’yushkov 1955 TT05
  Titanosuchus Owen 1879 D07
    |--T. cloeti D07
    `--T. ferox D07
  Jonkeria Van Hoepen 1916 D07
    |--J. boonstrai D07
    |--J. haughtoni D07
    |--J. ingens D07
    |--J. koupensis D07
    |--J. parva D07
    |--J. rossowi D07
    |--J. truculenta D07
    `--J. vanderbyli D07
  Moschops Broom 1911 D07
    |--M. capiensis D07
    |--M. koupensis D07
    |--M. oweni D07
    `--M. whaitsi D07
  Styracocephalus Houghton 1929 D07
    `--S. platyrhynchus D07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CL97] Cheng Z. & Li J. 1997. A new genus of primitive dinocephalian—the third report on Late Permian Dashankou lower tetrapod fauna. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 35 (1): 35–43.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[K88] Kemp, T. S. 1988. Interrelationships of the Synapsida. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods vol. 2. Mammals pp. 1–22. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[S03] Sidor, C. A. 2003. The naris and palate of Lycaenodon longiceps (Therapsida: Biarmosuchia), with comments on their early evolution in the Therapsida. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 977–984.

[TT05] Tverdokhlebov, V. P., G. I. Tverdokhlebova, A. V. Minikh, M. V. Surkov & M. J. Benton. 2005. Upper Permian vertebrates and their sedimentological context in the South Urals, Russia. Earth-Science Reviews 69: 27–77.

Last updated: 27 August 2018.

Synapsida

Mounted skeleton of Edaphosaurus at the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, photographed by Jason Cross.

Belongs within: Reptiliomorpha.
Contains: Sphenacodontidae.

The Synapsida are the total group for mammals—that is, mammals and all fossil animals more closely related to mammals than to reptiles. The most basal synapsids, the Permian 'pelycosaurs', were still fairly 'reptilian' in their general appearance, and include such well-known exemplars as the carnivorous Dimetrodon and the herbivorous Edaphosaurus. The Caseidae were a group of sometimes massive herbivores with barrel-shaped bodies and relatively small heads.

Synapomorphies (from Kemp 1988): Temporal fenestra bounded above by squamosal and postorbital; occipital plate broad and tilted forwards; post-temporal fenestra small; postparietal single and median; septomaxilla with broad base and dorsal process; medial process of jugal sutured to pterygoid, ectopterygoid primitively present.

<==Synapsida [Edaphosauria, Ophiacodontia, Pelycosauria, Sphenacodontia, Theromorpha, Theropsida]
    |--+--Eothyris LR95 [Eothyrididae K88]
    |  `--Caseidae K88
    |       |--Casea Williston 1910 D07
    |       |    |--C. broilli D07
    |       |    `--C. rutena D07
    |       `--Cotylorhynchus Stovall 1937 D07
    |            |--C. hancocki D07
    |            `--C. romeri D07
    `--+--Varanopseidae K88
       |    |--Basicranodon fortsillensis M06
       |    |--Archaeovenator hamiltonensis D-SMS06
       |    |--Mesenosaurus romeri D-SMS06
       |    |--Elliotsmithia longiceps MS01
       |    |--Aerosaurus GKR88
       |    `--Varanops Williston 1914 D07
       |         `--V. brevirostris N85
       `--+--Ophiacodontidae K88
          |    |--Ophiacodon Marsh 1878 D07
          |    |    |--O. major D07
          |    |    |--O. mirus D07
          |    |    |--O. navajovicus D07
          |    |    |--O. retroversus D07
          |    |    |--O. tranguala D07
          |    |    |--O. uniformis D07
          |    |    `--O. watsoni D07
          |    `--Varanosaurus Broili 1904 R61, C07
          |         `--*V. acutirostris Broili 1904 C07
          `--+--Sphenacodontidae K88
             `--Edaphosaurus Cope 1882 C07 [incl. Naosaurus Cope 1886 C07; Edaphosauridae K88, Naosaurinae]
                  |--*E. pogonias Cope 1882 C07
                  |--E. bonaerges D07
                  |--E. cruciger (Cope 1878) [=Dimetrodon cruciger, *Naosaurus cruciger] C07
                  |--E. claviger (Cope 1886) [=Naosaurus claviger] C07
                  |--E. microdus Cope 1884 [=Naosaurus microdus] C07
                  `--‘Naosaurus’ mirabilis Fritsch 1883 C07

Synapsida incertae sedis:
  Protoclepsydrops LR95
  Mycterosaurus longiceps M06
  Archaeothyris florensis M06
  Oedaleops GKR88
  Pariotichidae C07
    |--Pariotichus brachiops C07
    `--Ectocynodon ordinatus C07
  Poliosauridae C07
    |--Archaeobelus vellicatus Cope 1877 C07
    |--Pleuristion brachycoelous Case 1902–1903 C07
    |--Callibrachion gaudryi Boule & Glengeaud 1893 C07
    |--Stereorachis dominans Gaudry 1880 C07
    |--Poliosaurus Case 1907 [Poliosauridae] C07
    |    `--*P. uniformis (Cope 1878) [=Theropleura uniformis] C07
    |--Elcabrosaurus Case 1907 C07
    |    `--*E. baldwini Case 1907 C07
    |--Anomosaurus v. Huene 1902 C07
    |    `--A. strunzi v. Huene 1905 C07
    `--Theropleura [incl. Diopeus Cope 1892] C07
         |--*T. retroversa Cope 1878 (see below for synonymy) C07
         `--T. grandis Case 1907 C07
  Clepsydropidae [Clepsydropinae] C07
    |--Embolophorus fritillus Cope 1878 C07
    |--Metamosaurus fossatus Cope 1878 C07
    |--Bathygnathus borealis Leidy 1854 C07
    |--Tomicosaurus Case 1907 C07
    |--Ctenosaurus koeneni v. Huene 1902 C07
    `--Clepsydrops Cope 1875 [Clepsydropinae] C07
         |--*C. colletti Cope 1875 (n. d.) C07
         |--C. natalis Cope 1878 C07
         |--C. pedunculatus Cope 1877 (n. d.) C07
         `--C. vinslovii Cope 1877 (n. d.) C07
  Tetraceratops Matthew 1908 D07
    `--T. insignis D07

*Theropleura retroversa Cope 1878 [incl. Clepsydrops leptocephalus Cope 1884, *Diopeus leptocephalus, Theropleura triangulata Cope 1878] C07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C07] Case, E. C. 1907. Revision of the Pelycosauria of North America. Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication 55: 1–176, 35 pls.

[D-SMS06] Dias-da-Silva, S., S. P. Modesto & C. L. Schultz. 2006. New material of Procolophon (Parareptilia: Procolophonoidea) from the Lower Triassic of Brazil, with remarks on the ages of the Sanga do Cabral and Buena Vista formations of South America. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43: 1685–1693.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[GKR88] Gauthier, J. A., A. G. Kluge & T. Rowe. 1988. The early evolution of the Amniota. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods vol. 1. Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds pp. 103–155. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[K88] Kemp, T. S. 1988. Interrelationships of the Synapsida. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods vol. 2. Mammals pp. 1–22. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[LR95] Laurin, M., & R. R. Reisz. 1995. A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 113: 165–223.

[M06] Modesto, S. P. 2006. The cranial skeleton of the Early Permian aquatic reptile Mesosaurus tenuidens: implications for relationships and palaeobiology. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 146: 345–368.

[MS01] Modesto, S. P., & R. M. H. Smith. 2001. A new Late Permian captorhinid reptile: a first record from the South African Karoo. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21 (3): 405–409.

[N85] Norman, D. 1985 (reprinted 2000). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Salamander Books: London.

[R61] Romer, A. S. 1961. Synapsid evolution and dentition. In: Vandebroek, G. (ed.) International Colloquium on the Evolution of Lower and Non Specialized Mammals. Koninklijke Vlaames Academie voor Wetenschappen, Letteren en Schone Kunsten van Belgie—Klasse der Wetenschapen 1961 (1): 9–56.

Last updated: 27 August 2018.