Belongs within: Hypsogastropoda.
Contains: Epitonium (Nitidiscala).
The Epitoniidae are a group of carnivorous marine gastropods that prey on cnidarians. Many are small with porcelain-like, strongly ornamented shells. However, recent studies have confirmed that the violet snails (Janthina and related species), planktic species with more globose shells that float using a raft of air bubbles, are also derived epitoniids.
<==Epitoniidae (see below for synonymy)
|--Ferminoscala pseudoleroyi (Maury 1925) [incl. Scalina gardnerae Olsson 1967] BT78
|--Iodes Mörch 1860 [Iodeidae] BR05
|--Alexania Strand 1928 [=Alexandria Tomlin 1926 non Pfeiffer 1881, Tomlinula Strand 1932; incl. Habea Kuroda 1943] RH65
| |--*A. natalensis (Tomlin 1926) [=*Alexandria natalensis, *Tomlinula natalensis] RH65
| |--‘Habea’ callizona Habe 1961 RH65
| `--‘*Habea’ inazawai Kuroda 1943
|--Opaliopsis BR17
|--Proacirsa inornata (Terquem & Jourdy 1869) TTE93
|--Hartungia typica Bronn 1861 TTE93
|--Eccliseogyra B91
|--Iphitus tuberculatus B91
|--Cycloscala hyalina (Sowerby 1844) B91
|--Acrilla Adams 1860 [Acrillinae] BR05
| `--*A. acuminata (Sowerby 1844) [=Scalaria acuminata] BR17
|--Clathroscala de Boury 1890 [Clathroscalinae] BR05
| `--*C. cancellata (Brocchi 1814) [=Turbo cancellatus] BR17
|--Gyroscala de Boury 1887 [Gyroscalinae] BR05
| `--*G. commutata (Monterosato 1877) [=Scalaria commutata] BR17
|--Papyriscala de Boury 1909 [Papyriscalinae] BR05
| `--*P. latifasciata (Sowerby 1874) [=Scalaria latifasciata] BR17
|--Lioatlanta Dybowski & Grochmalicki 1920 [Lioatlantinae] BR05
| `--*L. semidisjuncta (Jeffreys 1884) [=Scalaria semidisjuncta] BR17
|--Stenacme Pilsbry 1945 [Stenacmidae] BR05
| `--*S. floridana Pilsbry 1945 BR17
|--Granuliscala Boury 1909 WG71
| `--G. granosa Quoy & Gaimard 1834 WG71
|--Nystiella Clench & Turner 1952 BR17, BR05 [Nystiellinae]
| |--*N. opalina (Dall 1927) [=Epitonium opalinum] BR17
| `--N. concava (Dall 1889) B91
|--Tenuiscala F27a
| |--T. parvicostata (Marshall 1917) [=Epitonium parvicostata] F27a
| `--T. simplex (Marshall 1917) [=Epitonium simplex] F27a
|--Funiscala de Boury 1891 P61
| |--*F. speyeri [=Scalaria speyeri] P61
| `--F. maxwelli Finlay 1930 P61
|--Notacirsa F27a
| |--*N. oamarutica [=Turbonilla oamarutica] F27a
| |--N. elata A27
| `--‘Bittium oamaruticum’ Bartrum 1919 (preoc.; n. d.) F27a
|--Stenorhytis P12
| |--S. expansa (Conrad 1842) P12
| |--S. pachypleura (Conrad 1841) P12
| `--S. pernobilis (Fischer & Bernardi 1857) A88
|--Murdochella Finlay 1927 P61
| |--*M. levifoliata (Murdoch & Suter 1906) [=Scala levifoliata] P61
| |--M. alacer Finlay 1927 P61
| |--M. superlata Finlay 1930 P61
| `--M. tertia Finlay 1930 P61
|--Recluzia Petit de la Saussaye 1853 [Recluziidae] BR05
| |--*R. jehennei Petit de la Saussaye 1853 BR17
| |--R. johnii (Holten 1803) A63 [=Helix johnii H09]
| |--R. lutea Bennett 1840 (see below for synonymy) A63
| `--R. rollandiana Petit 1853 A63
|--Nodiscala de Boury 1890 P61
| |--*N. bicarinata (Sowerby 1844) P61, H09 [=Scalaria bicarinata P61, Epitonium bicarinatum H09]
| |--N. ahiparana Powell 1930 P61
| |--N. retiporosa (Carpenter 1864) [=Epitonium (Nodiscala) retiporosum] O27
| |--N. spongiosa (Carpenter 1864) [=Opalia spongiosa, Epitonium (Nodiscala) spongiosum] O27
| `--N. zelandica Finlay 1930 P61
|--Acirsa Mörch 1857 O27, BR05 [Acirsidae, Acirsinae]
| |--*A. borealis (Lyell 1841) BR17 (see below for synonymy)
| | |--A. b. borealis O27
| | `--A. b. ochotensis (Middendorff 1849) O27 (see below for synonymy)
| |--A. menesthoides C64
| `--A. wadei B91
|--Clathrus Oken 1815 non Micheli ex L. 1801 (ICBN) BR17 [=Scala Mörch 1852 BR05, BR17]
| |--*C. clathrus (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 [=Turbo clathrus BR17, *Scala clathrus BR17, T. (Scalaria) clathrus G20]
| |--‘Scala’ australis O27
| |--‘Scala’ dentiscalpium C60
| |--‘Scala’ granosa [=Turritella granosa] O27
| |--C. harmeri (de Boury in Harmer 1918) [=Scala (Clathrus) harmeri] F27b
| |--‘Scala’ magellanica O27
| |--‘Scala’ ralphi (de Boury 1913) [=Scalaria pachypleura Tate 1890 non Conrad 1842] F27b
| `--‘Scala’ turtonis [incl. S. tenuicostata] F27b
|--Amaea BT78
| | i. s.: A. africana Bouchet & Tillier 1978 BT78
| | A. brunneopicta (Dall 1896) BT78
| | A. elegantissima (Deshayes 1861) BT78
| | A. guineense Bouchet & Tillier 1978 BT78
| | A. mitchelli Dall 1896 BT78
| | A. pellati (de Raincourt & Munier-Chalmas 1863) [incl. Acrilla amoena var. eosubcancellata] BT78
| | A. phoenix (de Boury 1912) BT78
| | A. prunicola (Martin 1904) P12
| | A. reticulata (Martin 1904) P12
| | A. subreticula (d’Orbigny 1852) BT78
| `--A. (Scalina) BC01
| |--A. (S.) deroyae DuShane 1970 BC01
| `--A. (S.) tehuanarum DuShane & McLean 1968 BC01
|--Janthina Röding 1798 BR17, BR05 [=Ianthina (l. c.) BR05; Ianthinea, Janthininae]
| | i. s.: J. ceruleata Reeve 1858 O27
| | J. decollata [=Ianthella decollata] C64
| | J. fragilis [incl. Ianthina striulata] C64
| | J. prolongata C64
| | J. rotundata O01
| | J. striolata C64
| |--J. (Janthina) P61
| | |--*J. (J.) janthina (Linnaeus 1758) P61, H09 [=Helix janthina H09]
| | |--J. (J.) communis O27
| | `--J. (J.) violacea Röding 1798 P61, BR17
| |--J. (Iodina Moerch 1860) P61
| | `--J. (*I.) exigua Lamarck 1822 P61
| `--J. (Violetta Iredale 1929) P61
| `--J. (*V.) globosa Swainson 1822 P61
|--Cirsotrema Mörch 1852 [Cirsotrematinae, Cirsotreminae] DK08
| | i. s.: C. angulata Marwick 1926 F27a
| | C. caelicola Finlay 1926 F27a
| | C. calvertensis (Martin 1904) P12
| | C. karinae (Usticke 1969) [=Opalia karinae] BC01
| | C. kieneri Tapparone-Canefri 1876 WG71 [=Epitonium kieneri H09]
| | C. lyrata A27
| |--C. (Cirsotrema) P61
| | |--*C. varicosa (Lamarck 1822) P61, WG71 [=Scalaria varicosa P61, Epitonium varicosum H09]
| | |--C. (C.) montereyense (Dall 1907) [=Epitonium (C.) montereyense] O27
| | |--C. (C.) pleiophylla (Tate 1890) [=Scalaria (C.) pleiophylla] DK08
| | |--C. (C.) togatum (Hertlein & Strong 1951) [=Epitonium (C.) togatum] PP78
| | |--C. (C.) vulpinum (Hinds 1844) [=Epitonium (C.) vulpinum] PP78
| | `--C. (C.) zelebori (Dunker 1866) P61
| `--C. (Tioria Marwick 1928) P61
| |--C. (*T.) youngi P61
| `--C. (T.) forresti Dell 1956 P61
|--Opalia Adams & Adams 1853 [Opaliinae] BR05
| | i. s.: O. bullata Carpenter 1864 C64
| | O. crenata (Linnaeus 1758) BT78
| | O. diadema [=Cirsotrema diadema] C64
| | O. funiculata [=Cirsotrema funiculata] C64
| | O. gaini (deBoury in Lamy 1923) BT78
| | O. hellenica (Forbes 1844) BT78
| | O. insculpta C64
| | O. ochotensis C64
| | O. retiporosa Carpenter 1864 C64
| | O. tremperi Bartsch 1927 O27
| |--O. (Opalia) BC01
| | |--*O. (O.) australis (Lamarck 1822) [=Scalaria australis] BR17
| | |--O. (O.) borealis Keep 1881 [incl. O. chacei Strong 1937] BC01
| | |--O. (O.) burchorum DuShane 1988 BC01
| | |--O. (O.) evicta (De Boury 1919) [=Epitonium (O.) evictum, Scalaria pluricostata Or. 1913 (preoc.)] O27
| | `--O. (O.) wroblewskii (Mörch 1876) [=Scala wroblewskii, Epitonium (O.) wroblewskii] O27
| `--O. (Dentiscala De Boury 1886) BC01, O27
| |--O. (D.) crenatoides (Carpenter 1864) PP78
| |--‘Epitonium’ (D.) crenimarginatum Dall 1917 O27
| |--‘Epitonium’ (D.) nesioticum Dall 1917 O27
| `--O. (D.) paulula DuShane 1974 BC01
|--Scalaria Lamarck 1801 BR05
| |--S. atomus Smith 1890 BT78
| |--S. bellastriata Carpenter 1864 C64
| |--S. bezanconi [=Cancellaria bezanconi nec de Raincourt 1884 nec Morlet 1885] PH90
| |--S. boettgeri von Maltzan 1885 BT78
| |--S. brownii H86
| |--S. clathratula N79
| |--S. cochlea Sowerby 1844 BT78
| |--S. commoda Smith 1890 BT78
| |--S. communis N79
| |--S. confusa Smith 1890 BT78
| |--S. conica Lamarck 1801 BR17
| |--S. crebricostata Carpenter 1864 C64
| |--S. crenata PP64
| |--S. cumingii Cpr. 1856 C64
| |--S. elenensis [incl. S. raricosta] C64
| |--S. fragilis Hanley 1842 BT78
| |--S. fusca Sowerby 1844 BT78
| |--S. gracilis C64
| |--S. groenlandica [=Turbo clathrus groenlandicus] N79
| |--S. lyrata H86
| |--S. marginata H86
| |--S. mellisii Smith 1890 BT78
| |--S. multistriata Say 1825 BT78
| |--S. ornata Baily 1855 F27b
| |--S. pachypleura Conrad 1842 F27b
| |--S. pachygyra Locard 1896 BT78
| |--S. pacifica Wilckens 1922 [=Cirsostrema pacifica] F27a
| |--S. planicostata C64
| |--S. pretiosa C64
| |--S. regularis C64
| |--S. rotunda H86
| |--S. sanctaehelenae Smith 1890 BT78
| |--S. senegalensis von Maltzan 1885 BT78
| |--S. smithii Tryon 1887 [=Scala miranda Smith 1871 (preoc.)] BT78
| |--S. tiara C64
| |--S. trevelyana N79
| |--S. trochiformis von Maltzan 1885 BT78
| `--S. turtonae N79
`--Epitonium Röding 1798 BR05
| i. s.: E. aculeatum (Sowerby 1844) [=Scalaria aculeata] H09
| E. albidum RL04
| E. auritum (Sowerby 1844) [=Scalaria aurita] H09
| E. candidissimum (Monterosato 1877) BT78
| E. castum (Sowerby 1873) [=Scalaria casta] H09
| E. commutatum (Monterosato 1877) BT78
| E. costulatum (Kiener 1839) D88
| E. crenatoides Carpenter 1864 O27
| E. denticulatum (Sowerby 1844) [=Scalaria denticulata] H09
| E. dentiscalpium (Watson 1883) [=Scalaria dentiscalpia] H09
| E. eleutherium Pilsbry & Olsson 1941 BT78
| E. formosissimum B91
| E. grossicostatum (Nyst 1873) BT78
| E. hyalinum (Sowerby 1844) [=Scalaria hyalina] H09
| E. imperialis (Sowerby 1844) WG71
| E. irregulare (Sowerby 1844) [=Scalaris irregularis] H09
| E. minora HS01
| E. muricatum (Kiener 1839) [=Scalaria muricata] H09
| E. neglecta Adams & Reeve 1850 WG71
| E. obliquum (Sowerby 1844) [=Scalaria obliqua] H09
| E. pallasi Kiener 1838 WG71
| E. perplexa Pease 1860 WG71
| E. pulchellum (Bivona 1832) BT78
| E. replicatum (Sowerby 1844) [=Scalaria replicata] H09
| E. revolutum (Hedley 1899) [=Scalaria revoluta] H09
| E. rubrolineatum (Sowerby 1844) [=Scalaria rubrolineata] H09
| E. subauriculatum (Souverbie 1866) [=Scalaria subauriculata] H09
| E. subnudatum (Sowerby 1874) [=Scalaria subnudata] H09
| E. tenuicostatum (Sowerby 1844) [=Scalaria tenuicostata] H09
| E. ‘tenuicostatum’ von Martens 1882 non Scalaria tenuicostata Sowerby 1844 BT78
| E. tenuispiralis Marshall 1919 F27a
| E. tricinctum Marshall 1918 F27a
| E. turriculum (Sowerby 1844) [=Scalaria turricula] H09
| E. ulu Pilsbry 1921 D88
| E. vestale (Hinds 1843) [=Scalaria vestalis] H09
|--E. (Epitonium) RL04
| |--*E. (E.) scalare (Linnaeus 1758) RL04 [=Turbo scalaris RL04, T. (Scalaria) scalaris G20]
| |--E. (E.) hancocki DuShane 1970 [=E. (Nitidiscala) hancocki] BC01
| |--E. (E.) hemmesi DuShane 1988 BC01
| |--E. (E.) krebsii (Mörch 1874) [=Scala krebsii] MP65
| `--E. (E.) thorssoni DuShane 1988 BC01
|--E. (Acutiscala de Boury 1909) P61
| `--E. (*A.) philippinarum (Sowerby 1844) P61 [=Scalaria philippinarum H09]
|--E. (Asperiscala De Boury 1909) BC01
| |--E. (A.) apiculatum (Dall 1889) [=Scala apiculata] MP65
| |--E. (A.) arnoldi Dall 1917 O27
| |--E. (A.) bellastriatum Carpenter 1864 O27
| |--E. (A.) championi MP65
| |--E. (A.) cookeanum Dall 1917 O27
| |--E. (A.) goldsmithi (DuShane 1988) [=Asperiscala goldsmithi] BC01
| |--E. (A.) lagunarum Dall 1917 O27
| `--E. (A.) lowei Dall 1906 O27
|--E. (Boreoscala Kobelt 1902) O27
| `--E. (B.) greenlandicum Perry 1811 [=Scala groenlandica] O27
|--E. (Crisposcala De Boury 1909) O27
| |--E. (C.) acrostephanum Dall 1908 O27
| |--E. (C.) catalinae Dall 1908 O27
| |--E. (C.) regum Dall 1917 O27
| `--E. (C.) tabulatum Dall 1917 O27
|--E. (Globiscala De Boury 1909) O27
| |--E. (G.) barbarinum Dall 1919 O27
| |--E. (G.) bullatum (Sowerby 1844) (see below for synonymy) D88
| |--E. (G.) orcuttianum Dall 1917 O27
| `--E. (G.) zephyrium Dall 1917 O27
|--E. (Hirtoscala Monterosato 1890) BC01
| |--E. (H.) fractum Dall 1927 [incl. E. (Epitonium) mauryi Tursch & Pierret 1964] BC01
| |--E. (H.) reflexum (Carpenter 1856) PP78
| `--E. (H.) shyorum DuShane & McLean 1968 BC01
|--E. (Hyaloscala de Boury 1889) BC01
| |--E. (*H.) clathratulum P61
| |--E. (H.) arcanum DuShane 1979 [=E. (Nitidiscala) arcanum] BC01
| |--E. (H.) bucknilli Powell 1924 P61
| |--E. (H.) jukesianum (Forbes 1852) P61
| |--E. (H.) tinctum (Carpenter 1865) BC01 (see below for synonymy)
| `--E. (H.) worsfoldi Robertson 1994 BC01
|--E. (Laeviscala de Boury 1909) BC01
| `--E. (L.) luceo (Dushane 1988) [=Laeviscala luceo] BC01
|--E. (Limiscala de Boury 1909) BC01
| |--E. (*L.) lyra (Sowerby 1844) P61, H09 [=Scalaria lyra H09]
| |--E. (L.) billeeanum (DuShane & Bratcher 1965) RL04 (see below for synonymy)
| |--E. (L.) macleani DuShane 1970 [=E. (Asperiscala) macleani] BC01
| |--E. (L.) plymanthi Robertson 1994 BC01
| `--E. (L.) tenellum (Hutton 1885) P61
|--E. (Nitidiscala) BC01
|--E. (Parviscala) striatissimum (Monterosato 1878) RL04
`--E. (Sodaliscala de Boury 1909) BC01
|--E. (S.) dendrophylliae Bouchet & Warén 1986 RL04
`--E. (S.) textimattum DuShane 1977 [=E. (Asperiscala) textimattum] BC01
Nomina nuda: Epitonium atlanticum de Boury in Tomlin & Shackleford 1914 BT78
Epitonium tenuipunctatum de Boury in Tomlin & Shackleford 1914 BT78
*Acirsa borealis (Lyell 1841) BR17 [=Scalaria borealis BR17, Epitonium (Acirsa) boreale O27, Mesalia borealis J64, Scala (A.) borealis O27; incl. Scala eschrichtii O27, Scalaria eschrichti J64, Scalaria undulata J64]
Acirsa borealis ochotensis (Middendorff 1849) O27 [=Scala ochotensis O27, Epitonium boreale ochotense O27, Scalaria ochotensis C64]
Epitoniidae [Epitoniacea, Epitoniida, Epitoniinae, Epitonioidea, Janthinidae, Janthiniformes, Janthinoidea, Janthinoidei, Nystiellidae, Scalacea, Scalariana, Scalariidae, Scalidae]
Epitonium (Globiscala) bullatum (Sowerby 1844) [incl. Globiscala kashiwajimensis Azuma 1962, Scala (G.) papyracea de Boury 1912, Epitonium (G.) woolacottae Kerslake 1958] D88
Epitonium (Hyaloscala) tinctum (Carpenter 1865) BC01 [=Scalaria indianorum tincta O27, E. (Nitidiscala) tinctum O27; incl. E. (Nitidoscala [l. c.]) tinctum bormanni Strong 1941 (nom. inv.) BC01]
Epitonium (Limiscala) billeeanum (DuShane & Bratcher 1965) RL04 [=Scalina billeeana BC01, Alora billeeana RL04, Asperiscala billeeana RL04]
Recluzia lutea Bennett 1840 [incl. R. erythraea Jickeli 1882, R. hargravesi Cox 1870, R. montouzieri Souverbie 1872, R. turrita Philippi 1848] A63
*Type species of generic name indicated
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[WG71] Wilson, B. R., & K. Gillett. 1971. Australian Shells: illustrating and describing 600 species of marine gastropods found in Australian waters. A. H. & A. W. Reed: Sydney.
Last updated: 16 September 2021.
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