Facelinidae

Phidiana lynceus, copyright Robin Agarwal.

Belongs within: Aeolidacea.

The Facelinidae are a group of elongate, slender nudibranchs characterised by a uniseriate radula with teeth bearing a prominent cusp and lateral denticles.

<==Facelinidae [Facelinacea]
    |--Herviella Baba 1949 [Herviellidae, Herviellinae] BR05
    |    `--*H. yatsui (Baba 1930) [=Cratena yatsui] BR17
    |--Pteraeolidia Bergh 1875 [Pteraeolidiidae, Pteraeolidiinae, Pteraeolidinae] BR05
    |    `--*P. semperi (Bergh 1870) [=Flabellina semperi] BR17
    |--Cratena Bergh 1864 [=Rizzolia Trinchese 1877 (nom. rej.); Cratenidae, Crateninae, Rizzoliinae] BR05
    |    |--*C. peregrina (Gmelin 1791) [=Doris peregrina, *Rizzolia peregrina] BR17
    |    |--C. aurantiaca R64
    |    |--C. concinna R64
    |    |--C. pilata F68
    |    `--C. stipata [=Eolis stipata] F27
    |--Favorininae [Favorinidae] BR05
    |    |--Myrrhine Bergh 1905 [Myrrhinidae] BR05
    |    |    `--*M. longicirra Bergh 905 BR17
    |    |--Phyllodesmium Ehrenberg 1831 [Phyllodesmiacea, Phyllodesmiidae, Phyllodesmiinae] BR05
    |    |    `--*P. hyalinum Ehrenberg 1831 BR17
    |    |--Facalana Bergh 1888 [Facalaninae] BR05
    |    |    `--*F. pallida Bergh 1888 BR17
    |    `--Favorinus Gray 1850 BR05
    |         |--*F. albus (Alder & Hancock 1844) [=Eolis alba] BR17
    |         `--F. branchialis (Rathke 1806) H01
    `--Facelininae BR05
         |--Pruvotfolia Tardy 1969 BR05, KM17 [Pruvotfoliinae]
         |    `--*P. pselliotes (Labbé 1923) [=Facelina pselliotes] BR17
         |--Caloria Trinchese 1888 [Caloriidae] BR05
         |    |--*C. maculata Trinchese 1888 BR17
         |    `--C. militaris (Alder & Hancock 1864) [=Eolis militaris; incl. Learchis indica Bergh 1896] BH77
         |--Facelina Alder & Hancock 1855 BR05
         |    |--*F. coronata (Forbes & Goodsir 1839) P61, H01 [=Eolis coronata BR17, Eolida coronata P61]
         |    |--F. bostoniensis (Couthouy 1838) H01
         |    `--F. quatrefagesi (Vayssière 1888) KM17
         `--Phidiana Gray 1850 [Phidianidae] BR05
              |--*P. patagonica (d’Orbigny 1836) [=Eolidia patagonica] BR17
              |--P. crassicornis CH97
              |--P. ianthina (Angas 1864) BW09
              |--P. indica (Bergh 1896) BW09
              |--P. lynceus Bergh 1867 H01
              `--P. milleri HS01

Facelinidae incertae sedis:
  Godiva Macnae 1954 KM17
    `--G. quadricolor (Barnard 1927) [=Hervia quadricolor] HJ08
  Antonietta Schmekel 1966 BH77
    |--*A. luteorufa BH77
    `--A. janthina Baba & Hamatani 1977 BH77
  Palisa Edmunds 1964 KM17
    `--P. papillata Edmunds 1964 BH77
  Sakuraeolis Baba 1965 KM17
    `--S. enosimensis (Baba 1930) KM17
  Adfacelina Millen & Hermosillo 2012 KM17
  Algarvia Garcia-Gomez & Cervera 1990 KM17
  Amanda Macnae 1954 KM17
  Anetarca Gosliner 1991 KM17
  Austraeolis Burn 1962 KM17
  Bajaeolis Gosliner & Behrens 1986 KM17
  Burnaia Miller 2001 KM17
  Echinopsole Macnae 1954 KM17
  Emarcusia Roller 1972 KM17
  Facelinopsis Pruvot-Fol 1954 KM17
  Dicata Schmekel 1967 KM17
  Dondice Marcus 1958 KM17
  Hermissenda Bergh 1879 KM17
    `--H. crassicornis (Eschscholtz 1831) BT77
  Hermosita Gosliner & Behrens 1986 KM17
  Jason Miller 1974 KM17
  Learchis Bergh 1896 KM17
    `--L. poica Marcus & Marcus 1960 BH77
  Moridilla Bergh 1888 KM17
  Nanuca Marcus 1957 KM17
  Noumeaella Risbec 1937 KM17
  Pauleo Millen & Hamann 1992 KM17
  Setoeolis Baba & Hamatani 1965 KM17

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BH77] Baba, K., & I. Hamatani. 1977. A new species tentatively referred to Antonietta, Antonietta janthina, from Japan (Nudibranchia: Eolidoidea: Facelinidae). Veliger 20 (1): 9–13.

[BT77] Behrens, D. W., & M. Tuel. 1977. Notes on the opisthobranch fauna of south San Francisco Bay. Veliger 20 (1): 33–36.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[CH97] Castro, P., & M. E. Huber. 1997. Marine Biology 2^nd ed. WCB McGraw-Hill: Boston.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F68] Franz, D. R. 1968. Occurrence and distribution of New Jersey Opisthobranchia. Nautilus 82 (1): 7–12.

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45–80.

[HJ08] Huisman, J. M., D. S. Jones, F. E. Wells & T. Burton. 2008. Introduced marine biota in Western Australian waters. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 1–44.

[H01] Huys, R. 2001. Splanchnotrophid systematics: a case of polyphyly and taxonomic myopia. Journal of Crustacean Biology 21 (1): 106–156.

[KM17] Korshunova, T., A. Martynov, T. Bakken, J. Evertsen, K. Fletcher, I. W. Mudianta, H. Saito, K. Lundin, M. Schrödl & B. Picton. 2017. Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia: aeolidacean taxonomic reassessment with descriptions of several new families, genera, and species (Mollusca, Gastropoda). ZooKeys 717: 1–139.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[R64] Russell, H. D. 1964. New England nudibranch notes. Nautilus 78 (2): 37–42.

Aeolidiidae

Aeolidia loui, copyright A Nudibranch Mom.

Belongs within: Aeolidacea.

The Aeolidiidae are a group of nudibranchs characterised by a uniseriate radula with pectinate teeth, and a diet of sea anemones.

<==Aeolidiidae [Eolidae, Eolididae, Eolidinae, Serratae, Triseriatae, Uniseriatae]
    |--Aeolidiella Bergh 1867 KM17, BR05 [Aeolidiellidae]
    |    |--A. alderi (Cocks 1852) H01
    |    |--A. glauca (Alder & Hancock 1845) H01
    |    `--A. indica Bergh 1888 HS01
    `--+--Spurilla Bergh 1864 KM17, BR05 [Spurillidae, Spurillinae]
       |    |--*S. neapolitana (delle Chiaje 1841) [=Eolis neapolitana] BR17
       |    `--S. chromosoma Cockerell & Eliot 1905 PP78
       `--Aeolidia Cuvier 1798 KM17 [=Eolis (l. c.) BR05]
            |--*A. papillosa (Linnaeus 1761) P61, H01 (see below for synonymy)
            |--‘Eolis’ adelaidae M01
            |--‘Eolis’ auriculata N79
            |--‘Eolis’ despecta N79
            |--‘Eolis’ farrani M01
            |--‘Eolis’ flavescens N79
            |--A. gracilis (Kirk 1883) P61
            |--A. leptosoma (Hutton 1884) P61 [=Eolis leptosoma F27]
            |--A. loui Kienberger, Carmona et al. 2016 KM17
            |--‘Eolis’ olivacea M01
            `--‘Eolis’ viridis M01

Aeolidiidae incertae sedis:
  Dolicheolis Finlay 1927 P61
    `--*D. longicauda (Quoy & Gaimard 1832) P61 [=Eolidia longicauda F27]
  Glaucilla Bergh 1867 P61
    |--*G. marginata P61
    `--G. briareus [incl. G. atlantica] P61
  Hervia Bergh 1871 P61
    |--*H. modesta P61
    |--H. corfei (Hutton 1881) P61
    `--H. costai Haefelfinger 1961 H01
  Eolidina Quatrefages 1843 [Eolidininae] BR05
    |--*E. paradoxa Quatrefages 1843 BR17
    |--E. drusilla (Bergh 1900) P61 [=Aeolidiella drusilla F27]
    |--E. faustina (Bergh 1900) P61 [=Aeolidiella faustina F27]
    `--E. sommeringii P61
  Cerberilla Bergh 1873 [Cerberillidae] KM17
  Antaeolidiella Miller 2001 KM17
  Baeolidia Bergh 1888 KM17
  Berghia Trinchese 1877 KM17
  Bulbaeolidia Carmona, Pola et al. 2013 KM17
  Limenandra Haefelfinger & Stamm 1958 KM17
  Zeusia Korshunova, Zimina & Martynov 2017 KM17

*Aeolidia papillosa (Linnaeus 1761) P61, H01 [=Limax papillosus BR17; incl. A. papillosa var. serotina Bergh 1873 H01]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45–80.

[H01] Huys, R. 2001. Splanchnotrophid systematics: a case of polyphyly and taxonomic myopia. Journal of Crustacean Biology 21 (1): 106–156.

[KM17] Korshunova, T., A. Martynov, T. Bakken, J. Evertsen, K. Fletcher, I. W. Mudianta, H. Saito, K. Lundin, M. Schrödl & B. Picton. 2017. Polyphyly of the traditional family Flabellinidae affects a major group of Nudibranchia: aeolidacean taxonomic reassessment with descriptions of several new families, genera, and species (Mollusca, Gastropoda). ZooKeys 717: 1–139.

[M01] M'Intosh, W. C. 1901. The coloration of marine animals. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 221–240.

[N79] Norman, A. M. 1879. The Mollusca of the fiords near Bergen, Norway. Journal of Conchology 2: 8–77.

[PP78] Poorman, F. L., & L. H. Poorman. 1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger 20 (4): 369–374.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

Hygrophila

Shells of Chilina fulgurata, from Pilsbry (1911).

Belongs within: Heterobranchia.
Contains: Physidae, Lymnaeinae, Amphipepleinae, Bulinidae, Planorbidae, Burnupia.

The Hygrophila are a clade of air-breathing freshwater molluscs, characterised by the presence of a post-tentacular sense organ, a diaulic genital system (with separate male and female gonoducts), and an atrium in the pallial cavity (Salvini-Plawen & Steiner 1996). Molecular phylogenies support division of the clade between two major subgroups, the Chilinoidea and Lymnaeoidea.

<==Hygrophila (see below for synonymy)
    |  i. s.: Espiphylla BR05
    |         Lomastoma BR05
    |--Chilinoidea [Chilinoidei] BR05
    |    |  i. s.: Proauricula Huckriede 1967 B91
    |    |           `--*P. jaccardi (de Loriol 1865) [=Auricula jaccardi, Ellobium jaccardi] B91
    |    |--Latia Gray 1850 [Latiidae, Latiinae, Latioidea] BR05
    |    |    `--*L. neritoides Gray 1850 P61
    |    `--Chilina Gray 1828 I97 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |--*C. dombeiana (Bruguière 1789) [=Bulimus dombeianus] BR17
    |         |--C. angusta (Philippi 1860) [=*Archaeochilina angusta] I97
    |         |--C. antiquata Orbigny 1842 P63
    |         |--C. aurantia Marshall 1924 RGG06
    |         |--C. fluctuosa Gray 1828 I97
    |         |--C. fluminea (Maton 1809) I97
    |         |    |--C. f. fluminea RGG06
    |         |    `--C. f. tucumanensis RGG06
    |         |--C. fulgurata Pilsbry 1911 RGG06 [incl. C. oldroydae P63]
    |         |--C. gallardoi Castellanos & Gaillard 1981 RGG06
    |         |--C. gibbosa Sowerby 1839 RGG06
    |         |--C. guaraniana Castellanos & Miquel 1980 RGG06
    |         |--C. megastoma Hylton Scott 1958 I97
    |         |--C. mendozana Strobel 1874 RGG06
    |         |--C. neuquenensis Marshal 1933 RGG06
    |         |--C. parchappii (d’Orbigny 1835) RGG06
    |         |--C. patagonica Sowerby 1874 RGG06
    |         |--C. perrieri Mabille 1833 RGG06
    |         |--C. portillensis Hidalgo 1880 RGG06
    |         |--C. rushii Pilsbry 1911 RGG06
    |         |--C. simplex P63
    |         |--C. stenostylops Parodiz 1963 P63
    |         `--C. strebeli Pilsbry 1911 RGG06
    `--Lymnaeoidea [Branchiopulmonata, Planorbacea, Planorboidea, Planorboinei] BR17
         |  i. s.: Acroloxidae [Acroloxacea, Acroloxoidea, Acroloxoinei] BR17
         |           |--Pseudancylastrum G88
         |           `--Acroloxus Beck 1838 BR05 (see below for synonymy)
         |                |--*A. lacustris (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 (see below for synonymy)
         |                |--A. nuttalli [=Velletia nuttalli] C64
         |                |--A. tetensi (Kuščer 1932) BV86
         |                `--A. velkovrhi (Bole 1965) BV86
         |         Clivunella Katzer 1918 BR05 [Clivunellidae BR17]
         |           `--*C. katzeri (Gorjanović-Kramberger 1906) [=Valenciennesia katzeri] BR17
         |--Physidae BR17
         `--+--Lymnaeidae [Gehydrophila, Limnacea, Limnaeana, Lymnaeoidea, Lymnidia] BR17
            |    |  i. s.: Austropeplea Cotton 1942 KKW12
            |    |           |--A. lessoni (Deshayes 1830) [=Limnaea lessoni] KKW12
            |    |           `--A. tomentosa KKW12
            |    |         Simlimnea Iredale 1943 P61
            |    |           |--*S. brazieri [=Limnaea brazieri] P61
            |    |           `--S. tomentosa (Pfeiffer 1855) (see below for synonymy) P61
            |    |                |--S. t. tomentosa P61
            |    |                `--S. t. waikariensis (Cumber 1941) P61
            |    |         Undulotheca G88
            |    |         Velutinopsis G88
            |    |         Provalenciennesia G88
            |    |         Stagnicola G40
            |    |           |--S. bulimoides B63 [=Limnaea (Limnophysa) bulimoides C64, Lymnaea bulimoides PF15]
            |    |           |    |--S. b. bulimoides PF15
            |    |           |    |--‘Lymnaea’ b. cockerelli PF15
            |    |           |    `--S. b. techella [=Lymnaea (Stagnicola) bulimoides techella] B63
            |    |           |--S. caperata (Say 1829) P88
            |    |           |--S. catascopium (Say 1817) P88
            |    |           |--S. glabra (see below for synonymy) G40
            |    |           |--S. jacksonensis B65
            |    |           `--S. reflexa (Say 1821) P88
            |    |--Lymnaeinae BR05
            |    |--Amphipepleinae BR17
            |    `--Lancinae [Lancidae] BR05
            |         |--Fisherola G88
            |         `--Lanx Clessin 1880 BR05
            |              |--*L. patelloides (Lea 1856) [=Ancylus patelloides] BR17
            |              |--L. nevadensis G88
            |              `--L. undulatus (Meek 1870) TTE93
            `--+--+--Bulinidae BR17
               |  `--Planorbidae BR17
               `--Burnupia BR17

Nomen nudum: Acroloxus vruljae Bole & Velkovrh 1986 BV86

Acroloxus Beck 1838 BR05 [=Calytra Westerlund 1885 PB27, Helicon Westerlund 1885 PB27; Acroloxinae]

*Acroloxus lacustris (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 [=Patella lacustris BR17, Ancylus lacustris PB27, *Calytra lacustris PB27, Crepidula lacustris G40, *Helicon lacustris PB27, Velletia lacustris G40; incl. Patella oblonga G40, Crepidula oblonga G40]

Chilina Gray 1828 I97 [incl. Acyrogonia Rochebrune & Mabille 1889 P63, Archaeochilina Valdovinos & Stuardo 1995 I97, Pseudochilina Dall 1870 P63; Chilinidae S-PS96, Chilininae]

Hygrophila [Limnaeida, Limnaeidae, Limnostreae, Lymnaeida, Lymnaeiformes, Lymnaeiformii, Lymnaeoidei, Lymnaeoinei, Lymnostreae]

Simlimnea tomentosa (Pfeiffer 1855) [incl. Myxas ampulla, M. arguta, M. ampulla globosa, Limnaea leptosoma] P61

Stagnicola glabra [=Buccinum glabrum, Limnaeus (Stagnicola) glaber; incl. Bulimus leucostoma, Lymnaea leucostoma, Helix octanfracta, Stagnicola octanfracta] G40

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B91] Bandel, K. 1991. Gastropods from brackish and fresh water of the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition (a systematic reevaluation). Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A 134: 9–55.

[B65] Beetle, D. E. 1965. Molluscan fauna of some small ponds in Grand Teton National Park. Nautilus 78 (4): 125–130.

[BV86] Bole, J., & F. Velkovrh. 1986. Mollusca from continental subterranean aquatic habitats. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 177–208. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[B63] Branson, B. A. 1963. Notes on snail distribution and leech feeding habits in Oklahoma. Nautilus 76 (4): 148–149.

[G40] Gray, J. E. 1840. A Manual of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the British Islands, with figures of each of the kinds. By William Turton, M.D. A new edition, thoroughly revised and much enlarged. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans: London.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[I97] Ituarte, C. F. 1997. Chilina megastoma Hylton Scott, 1958 (Pulmonata: Basommatophora): a study on topotypic specimens. American Malacological Bulletin 14 (1): 9–15.

[KKW12] Köhler, F., V. Kessner & C. Whisson. 2012. New records of non-marine, non-camaenid gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from islands off the Kimberley coast, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (1): 21–39.

[P63] Parodiz, J. J. 1963. New fresh-water Mollusca from the Eogene of Chile and Patagonia. Nautilus 76 (4): 145–148.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[PF15] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. H. Ferriss. 1915. Mollusca of the southwestern states, VII: the Dragoon, Mule, Santa Rita, Baboquivari, and Tucson Ranges, Arizona. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 363–418, pls 8–15.

[P88] Pip, E. 1988. Niche congruency of freshwater gastropods in central North America with respect to six water chemistry parameters. Nautilus 102 (2): 65–72.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[RGG06] Rumi, A., D. E. Gutiérrez Gregoric, V. Núñez, I. I. César, M. A. Roche, M. P. Tassara, S. M. Martín & M. F. López Armengol. 2006. Freshwater Gastropoda from Argentina: species richness, distribution patterns, and an evaluation of endangered species. Malacologia 49 (1): 189–208.

[S-PS96] Salvini-Plawen, L. v., & G. Steiner. 1996. Synapomorphies and plesiomorphies in higher classification of Mollusca. In: Taylor, J. D. (ed.) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca pp. 29–51. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 19 February 2022.

Planorbini

White ramshorn Gyraulus albus, copyright Gail Hampshire.

Belongs within: Planorbidae.
Contains: Planorbis (Planorbis).

The Planorbini are a group of freshwater snails characterised by a lack of pallial folds in the mantle and absence of the penial flagellum.

<==Planorbini [Planorbeae] BR05
    |--Choanomphalus Gerstfeldt 1859 [Choanomphalidae, Choanomphalinae] BR05
    |    |--*C. maacki Gerstfeldt 1859 BR17
    |    `--C. valvatoides B50
    |--Indoplanorbis Annandale & Prashad 1920 PB27
    |    `--*I. exustus (Deshayes 1834) PB27, MD13, TC89 (see below for synonymy)
    |--Orygoceras Brusina 1882 [Orygoceratidae] BR05
    |    |--*O. cornucopiae Brusina 1882 BR17
    |    `--O. fuchsi (Kittl 1886) BR05
    |--Gyraulus Charpentier 1837 PB27, KKW12 [incl. Caillaudia Bourguignat 1883 PB27, Nautilina Stein 1840 PB27]
    |    |  i. s.: G. abyssinicus (Jickeli 1874) (see below for synonymy) PB27
    |    |         G. acronicus WM07
    |    |         G. adansonii (Gray 1850) [=Planorbis adansonii] PB27
    |    |         G. aethiopicus (Bourguignat 1883) [=Planorbis aethiopicus] PB27
    |    |         G. anderssoni (Ancey 1890) [=Planorbis anderssoni] PB27
    |    |         G. apertus (v. Martens 1897) [=Planorbis apertus] PB27
    |    |         G. chudeaui (Germain 1907) [=Planorbis chudeaui] PB27
    |    |         G. circumstriatus (Tryon 1866) P88
    |    |         G. cockburni (Godwin-Austen 1883) [=Planorbis cockburni] PB27
    |    |         G. coretus (Adanson in Dautzenberg 1890) [=Planorbis coretus] PB27
    |    |         G. costulatus (Krauss 1848) (see below for synonymy) PB27
    |    |         G. crawfordi (Melvill & Ponsonby 1893) [=Planorbis crawfordi] PB27
    |    |         G. crista (Linnaeus 1758) L06
    |    |         G. deflectus (Say 1824) P88
    |    |         G. dongcunensis YZ83
    |    |         G. essingtonensis (Smith 1883) KKW12
    |    |         G. fouladougouensis (Germain 1917) [=Planorbis (Paraspira) fouladougouensis] PB27
    |    |         G. gardei (Germain 1909) [=Planorbis gardei] PB27
    |    |         G. hesperus (Iredale 1943) [=Glyptanisus hesperus] KKW12
    |    |         G. hirsutis (Say 1817) B97
    |    |         G. kigeziensis (Preston 1912) [=Planorbis kigeziensis] PB27
    |    |         G. kisumiensis (Preston 1912) [=Planorbis kisumiensis] PB27
    |    |         G. lamyi (Germain 1905) [=Planorbis lamyi] PB27
    |    |         ‘Caillaudia’ letourneuxi PB27
    |    |         G. leucochilus (Melvill & Ponsonby 1903) [=Planorbis leucochilus] PB27
    |    |         G. liasinus G88
    |    |         G. loryi (Coquand 1855) (see below for synonymy) B91
    |    |         G. mauritianus RW84
    |    |         G. misellus (Morelet 1868) [=Planorbis misellus] PB27
    |    |         G. natalensis (Krauss 1848) [=Planorbis natalensis; incl. P. natalis Sowerby 1877] PB27
    |    |         G. parvus (Say 1817) B97
    |    |         G. sperabilis (Preston 1912) [=Planorbis sperabilis] PB27
    |    |         G. spirorbis G63
    |    |         G. tilhoi (Germain 1911) [=Planorbis (Diplodiscus) tilhoi] PB27
    |    |         G. toukotoensis (Germain 1917) [=Planorbis (Paraspira) toukotoensis] PB27
    |    |         G. vermicularis E68
    |    |--G. (Gyraulus) PB27
    |    |    |--G. (G.) albus (Müller 1774) L06 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    |--G. (G.) avakubiensis (Pilsbry & Bequaert 1927) [=Planorbis (G.) avakuebiensis] PB27
    |    |    `--G. (G.) gibbonsi (Nelson 1878) [=Planorbis (G.) gibbonsi, P. (Tropidiscus) gibbonsi] PB27
    |    `--G. (Omalodiscus Benson 1855) [=Spirorbis Swainson 1840 non Daudin 1800] Ba63
    |         `--G. (O.) leucostoma (see below for synonymy) Ba63
    |--Menetus C64
    |    |--M. cooperi E68
    |    |--M. dilatatus Br63
    |    `--E. opercularis [=Planorbis (Menetus) opercularis; incl. P. planulatus] C64
    `--Planorbis Müller 1774 BR05 [incl. Anisus Studer 1820 Ba63, Planorbia Moore 1901 PB27]
         |  i. s.: ‘*Planorbia’ albertensis Moore 1901 PB27
         |         P. antiguensis PB27
         |         P. arizonensis Pilsbry & Ferriss 1915 [=P. filocinctus Pilsbry & Ferriss 1906 (preoc.)] PF15
         |         P. atkinsoni Johnston 1878 P79a
         |         P. ‘boissyi’ Deshayes 1864 non Potiez & Michaud 1838 PB27
         |         P. caribaeus PF15
         |         P. carinatus Müller 1774 L06 (see below for synonymy)
         |         P. centrimetralis PB27
         |         P. coenosus PB27
         |         P. contortus (Linnaeus 1758) D56, L58 [=Helix contorta G40; incl. H. crassa G40]
         |         P. corinna Gray 1850 P61
         |         P. deflectus W79
         |         P. dilatatus S01
         |         P. duenasianus Tristram 1861 C64
         |         P. dufourii [incl. P. metidgensis, P. corneus var. metidjensis] PB27
         |         P. exacutus W79
         |         P. glabratus D56
         |         P. guadelupensis PB27
         |         P. haldemanni C64
         |         P. havanensis G79
         |         P. imbricatus G40 (see below for synonymy)
         |         P. jugleri Dunker 1849 B91
         |         P. kahuica Finlay & Laws 1931 P61
         |         P. lacustris P79b
         |         P. laevis G40
         |         P. lentus W79
         |         P. liebmanni [incl. P. gracilentus] C64
         |         P. lineatus H79
         |         P. lutescens G40
         |         P. marginatus G40 (see below for synonymy)
         |         P. meridionalis Brazier 1875 [incl. P. tasmanicus Tennison Woods 1875] P79a
         |         P. multivolvis W79
         |         P. olivaceus PB27 [=Anisus olivaceus Ba63]
         |         P. parvus PF15
         |         P. peregrinus O05
         |         P. purpura PB27
         |         P. rotundatus S79
         |         P. scalaris [=Paludina scalaris] PB27
         |         P. schmackeri PB27
         |         P. scottiana Johnston 1878 P79a
         |         P. septemgyratus D56
         |         P. spirorbis (Linnaeus 1758) PB27, L58 [=Helix spirorbis G40, Anisus spirorbis L06]
         |         P. tenuis PF15
         |         P. traskii Lea 1856 C64
         |         P. truncatus W79
         |         P. tumidus [incl. P. affinis] G79
         |         P. umbilicatus [=*Anisus umbilicatus] Ba63
         |         P. utahensis Meek 1860 W77
         |         P. vortex (Linnaeus 1758) D56, L58 (see below for synonymy)
         |         P. wyldi Tristram 1861 C64
         |--P. (Planorbis) PB27
         |--P. (Hippeutis Agassiz in de Charpentier 1837) PB27
         |    |--P. (H.) fontanus PB27 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--P. (H.) benguelensis Dunker 1845 [incl. P. bengalensis Sowerby 1877] PB27
         |    `--P. (H.) junodi (Connolly 1922) [=Hippeutis junodi] PB27
         `--P. (Tropidiscus) socotrensis Godwin-Austen 1883 PB27

Nomina nuda: Orygoceras sketi Bole & Velkovrh 1986 BV86
             Planorbis caffer Krauss in Morelet 1889 PB27

Gyraulus abyssinicus (Jickeli 1874) [=Planorbis abyssinicus; incl. P. (Gyraulus) abyssinicensis Germain 1922, P. abyssinicus var. gravieri Germain 1904] PB27

Gyraulus costulatus (Krauss 1848) [=Planorbis costulatus; incl. *Caillaudia angulata Bourguignat 1883, P. stelzneri v. Martens 1869] PB27

Gyraulus loryi (Coquand 1855) [=Planorbis loryi; incl. P. coqandianus de Loriol 1865, P. fisheri Forbes in Arkell 1942, Anisopsis fisheri] B91

Gyraulus (Gyraulus) albus (Müller 1774) L06 [=Planorbis albus PB27, Helix alternata var. alba W79, H. rotundata var. alba T79, G40, *Nautilina alba PB27; incl. Planorbis glaber G40, P. hispidus PB27, *Gyraulus hispidus PB27, P. reticulatus G40]

Gyraulus (Omalodiscus) leucostoma [incl. *Spirorbis vulgaris Swainson 1840, *Omalodiscus vulgaris, Planorbis vulgaris] Ba63

*Indoplanorbis exustus (Deshayes 1834) PB27, MD13, TC89 [=Planorbis exustus PB27; incl. P. indicus Benson 1836 TC89, P. exustus var. maculatus Godwin-Austen 1883 PB27]

Planorbis carinatus Müller 1774 L06 [=Helix carinata G40; incl. H. contortuplicata G40, Planorbis disciformis G40, Helix planata G40, P. planatus G40]

Planorbis imbricatus G40 [incl. P. cristatus G40, P. nautileus var. cristata H79, Helix nautileus G40, Turbo nautileus G40]

Planorbis marginatus G40 [=Omalodiscus marginatus Ba63; incl. Helix cochlea G40, P. deformis G40, P. draparnaldi G40, Helix rhombea G40, P. rhombeus G40, P. sheppardi G40, Helix terebra G40, P. turgidus G40] G40

Planorbis vortex (Linnaeus 1758) D56, L58 [=Helix vortex G40, Anisus vortex L06, Omalodiscus vortex Ba63; incl. Planorbis compressus G40, P. leucostomus G40]

Planorbis (Hippeutis) fontanus PB27 [=Helix fontana G40; incl. H. complanata Linnaeus 1758 G40, L58, P. (*H.) complanatus PB27]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[Ba63] Baker, H. B. 1963. Anisus Studer (1820a: 91) was proposed to include Planorbis O. F. Müller (1774: 152) and Physa Draparnaud (1801: 52). Nautilus 77 (1): 32–33.

[B91] Bandel, K. 1991. Gastropods from brackish and fresh water of the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition (a systematic reevaluation). Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A 134: 9–55.

[BV86] Bole, J., & F. Velkovrh. 1986. Mollusca from continental subterranean aquatic habitats. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 177–208. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[Br63] Branson, B. A. 1963. Notes on snail distribution and leech feeding habits in Oklahoma. Nautilus 76 (4): 148–149.

[B50] Brooks, J. L. 1950. Speciation in ancient lakes. Quarterly Review of Biology 25: 30–60.

[B97] Brown, K. M. 1997. Temporal and spatial patterns of abundance in the gastropod assemblage of a macrophyte bed. American Malacological Bulletin 14 (1): 27–33.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[D56] Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. University Press: Cambridge.

[E68] Eyerdam, W. J. 1968. Fresh-water mollusks eaten by trout and other fish. Nautilus 81 (3): 103–104.

[G79] Gibbons, J. S. 1879. Notes on the habits and distribution, &c., of certain W. Indian Pulmonifera. Journal of Conchology 2: 129–134.

[G40] Gray, J. E. 1840. A Manual of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the British Islands, with figures of each of the kinds. By William Turton, M.D. A new edition, thoroughly revised and much enlarged. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans: London.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[H79] Hey, W. C. 1879. Contributions to a better knowledge of the land and freshwater shells of Yorkshire. Journal of Conchology 2: 310–314.

[KKW12] Köhler, F., V. Kessner & C. Whisson. 2012. New records of non-marine, non-camaenid gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from islands off the Kimberley coast, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (1): 21–39.

[L06] Lewin, I. 2006. The gastropod communities in the lowland rivers of agricultural areas—their biodiversity and bioindicative value in the Ciechanowska Upland, central Poland. Malacologia 49 (1): 7–23.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MD13] Meiklejohn, K. A., M. Dowton, T. Pape & J. F. Wallman. 2013. A key to the Australian Sarcophagidae (Diptera) with special emphasis on Sarcophaga (sensu lato). Zootaxa 3680 (1): 148–189.

[O05] Outes, F. F. 1905. Sobre un instrumento paleolítico de Luján (Provincia de Buenos Aires). Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, serie 3, 6: 169–173.

[P79a] Petterd, W. F. 1879a. List of the freshwater shells of Tasmania. Journal of Conchology 2: 80–88.

[P79b] Petterd, W. F. 1879b. Colonising land shells. Journal of Conchology 2: 96–98.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[PF15] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. H. Ferriss. 1915. Mollusca of the southwestern states, VII: the Dragoon, Mule, Santa Rita, Baboquivari, and Tucson Ranges, Arizona. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 363–418, pls 8–15.

[P88] Pip, E. 1988. Niche congruency of freshwater gastropods in central North America with respect to six water chemistry parameters. Nautilus 102 (2): 65–72.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[RW84] Rollinson, D., & C. A. Wright. 1984. Population studies on Bulinus cernicus from Mauritius. Malacologia 25 (2): 447–463.

[S79] Scharff, R. 1879. Land and freshwater shells collected in the alluvium of the Garonne, France. Journal of Conchology 2: 315–316.

[S01] Smith, E. A. 1901. Notice of a species of Paludestrina new to the British fauna. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 191–192.

[TC89] Tapparone Canefri, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XVIII.—Molluschi terrestri e d’acqua dolce. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 295–359.

[T79] Taylor, J. W. 1879. Helix rotundata var. alba near Harrogate. Journal of Conchology 2: 282.

[WM07] Wada, T., & K. Matsukura. 2007. Seasonal changes in cold hardiness of the invasive freshwater apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) (Gastropoda: Ampullariidae). Malacologia 49 (2): 383–392.

[W79] Walker, B. 1879. Catalogue of the shell-bearing Mollusca of Michigan. Journal of Conchology 2: 325–337.

[W77] White, C. A. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (1): 1–219, pls 1–21.

[YZ83] Yu W. & Zhu X.-G. 1983. Some Late Mesozoic gastropods from eastern Heilongjiang. In: Fossils from the Middle-Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous in Eastern Heilongjiang Province, China pp. 87–99. Heilongjiang Science and Technology Publishing House.

Planorbidae

Drepanotrema sp., copyright Mil Marques.

Belongs within: Hygrophila.
Contains: Ancylini, Ferrissia, Planorbini, Helisomatini, Segmentina.

The Planorbidae are a diverse, cosmopolitan group of air-breathing freshwater snails. Members vary between the high-spired Miratestinae, planispiral Planorbinae and limpet-like Ancylinae.

<==Planorbidae [Ancylidae, Ancyloplanorbidae, Hydrophila, Planorbia, Planorbina, Wladislaviidae]
    |--Ancylinae [Ancylina] BR17
    |    |--Ancylini BR17
    |    `--Laevapicini [Gundlachiinae, Laevapecinae, Laevapicidae, Laevapicinae] BR17
    |         |--Laevapex Walker 1903 BR05
    |         |    |--*L. fuscus (Adams 1840) [=Ancylus fuscus] BR17
    |         |    `--L. fragilis B68
    |         `--Gundlachia Pfeiffer 1849 BR17, RGG06
    |              |--‘Ancylus’ radiatus Guilding 1829 (see below for synonymy) BR05
    |              |--G. californica C64
    |              |--G. lucasi Suter 1905 P61
    |              |--G. neozelanica Suter 1905 P61
    |              |--G. petterdi Johnston 1878 P79
    |              `--G. ticaga (Marcus & Marcus 1962) RGG06
    |--Miratestinae [Ferrissiidae, Ferrissiinae, Ferrissinae, Miratestidae, Miratestini] BR17
    |    |--Ferrissia BR05
    |    |--Miratesta Sarasin & Sarasin 1897 BR05
    |    |    `--*M. celebensis Sarasin & Sarasin 1897 BR17
    |    |--Ancylastrum Bourguignat 1853 [Ancylastridae, Ancylastrinae, Ancylastrini, Ancylastruminae] BR05
    |    |    `--*A. cumingianum (Bourguignat 1853) BR17 [=Ancylus cumingianus BR17, Ancylus (*Legrandia) cumingianus L79]
    |    |--Protancylus Sarasin & Sarasin 1897 [Protancylidae, Protancylinae] BR05
    |    |    `--*P. adhaerens Sarasin & Sarasin 1897 BR17
    |    |--Amerianna Strand 1928 [=Ameria Adams 1861; Amerianneae, Ameriannini] BR05
    |    |    `--*A. carinata (Adams 1861) [=Physa carinata, *Ameria carinata] BR17
    |    |--Patelloplanorbis Hubendick 1957 [Patelloplanorbidae] BR05
    |    |    `--*P. tigiensis Hubendick 1957 BR17
    |    |--Bayardella Burch 1977 BR17, BR05 [Bayardellini]
    |    |    `--*B. johni (Burch 1977) BR17 [=Plesiophysa (Bayardella) johni KKW12]
    |    |--Physastra Tapparone Canefri 1883 [Physastreae, Physastrinae] BR05
    |    |    |--*P. vestita (Tapparone Canefri 1883) [=Physa vestita] BR17
    |    |    |--P. oconnori (Cumber 1941) P61
    |    |    `--P. variabilis (Gray 1843) (see below for synonymy) P61
    |    `--Kincaidilla Hannibal 1912 PB27
    |         |--*K. fragilis [=Ancylus fragilis] PB27
    |         |--K. equeefensis (Walker 1924) [=Gundlachia equeefensis, Ancylus (Ferrissia) equeefensis] PB27
    |         |--K. farquhari (Walker 1924) [=Gundlachia farquhari] PB27
    |         `--K. lhotelleriei (Bourguignat in Walker 1914) [=Gundlachia lhotelleriei] PB27
    `--Planorbinae BR05
         |--Planorbini BR05
         |--Helisomatini BR17
         |--Segmentina BR05
         |--Camptoceras Benson 1843 BR05 [Camptocerateae, Camptoceratinae, Camptoceratini BR17, Camptocerinae]
         |    `--*C. terebra Benson 1843 BR17
         |--Planorbarius Duméril 1806 (see below for synonymy) BR05
         |    |--*P. corneus (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 (see below for synonymy)
         |    `--P. villatoyensis E99
         |--Neoplanorbini [Neoplanorbidae, Neoplanorbinae] BR17
         |    |--Amphigyra dalli (White 1883) TTE93
         |    |--Neoplanorbis Pilsbry 1906 BR05
         |    |    `--*N. tantillus Pilsbry 1906 BR17
         |    `--Payettia Dall 1924 [Payettiidae, Payettiinae, Payettinae] BR05
         |         `--*P. dalli (White 1882) [=Latia dalli] BR17
         `--Drepanotrema Crosse & Fischer 1880 BR05 [Drepanotrematinae, Drepanotrematini BR17, Drepanotremeae]
              |--*D. yzabalense (Crosse & Fischer 1879) [=Planorbis yzabalensis] BR17
              |--D. anatinum (d’Orbigny 1835) RGG06
              |--D. cimex (Moricand 1839) RGG06
              |--D. depressissimum (Moricand 1839) RGG06
              |--D. esperanzense (Tryon 1866) [=Planorbis esperanzensis] BR17
              |--D. heloicum (d’Orbigny 1835) RGG06
              |--D. kermatoides (d’Orbigny 1835) RGG06
              |--D. nordestense (Lucena 1953) [=Tropicorbis nordestensis] B59
              `--D. lucidum (Pfeiffer 1839) RGG06

Planorbidae incertae sedis:
  Antillorbis Harry & Hubendick 1963 RGG06
    `--A. nordestensis (Lucena 1954) RGG06
  Anisancylus Pilsbry 1924 RGG06
    `--A. obliquus (Broderip & Sowerby 1832) RGG06
  Hebetancylus Pilsbry 1913 RGG06
    `--H. moricandi (d’Orbigny 1837) RGG06
  Uncancylus Pilsbry 1913 RGG06
    `--U. concentricus (d’Orbigny 1835) RGG06
  Planorbella AG88
    |--*P. corpulenta (Say 1824) A79, P88 [=Planorbis corpulentus A79, Helisoma corpulentum C64]
    `--P. magnifica (Pilsbry 1903) [=Planorbis magnificus] AG88
  Isidorella Tate 1896 KKW12
    |--I. egregia (Preston 1906) [=Limnaea (Bulinus) egregia, Glyptophysa egregia] KKW12
    `--I. newcombi (Adams & Adams 1864) KKW12
  Anisopsis Sandberger 1875 TTE93, B91
    |--*A. calculus (Sandberger 1875) B91, TTE93
    `--A. cherusca Huckriede 1967 B91
  Palaeancylus radiatus Yen 1948 TTE93
  Australorbis R64
    |--A. glabratus R64
    `--A. odhner NG13
  Tropicorbis R64
    |--T. albicans R64
    `--T. obstructus R64

‘Ancylus’ radiatus Guilding 1829 [incl. *Gundlachia ancyliformis Pfeiffer 1850, A. havanensis Pfeiffer 1839] BR05

Physastra variabilis (Gray 1843) [incl. Isidora antipodea, P. lirata conferta, P. hochstetteri, P. lirata, P. tabulata moesta, P. novaezelandiae, P. tabulata] P61

Planorbarius Duméril 1806 [=Coretus Gray 1847; Coretina, Coretinae, Coretini, Planorbariinae, Planorbariini] BR05

*Planorbarius corneus (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 [=Helix cornea BR17, *Coretus corneus BR17, Planorbis corneus G40; incl. Helix nana G40, Planorbis purpureus G40, Planorbis similis G40]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AG88] Adams, W. F., & A. G. Gerberich. 1988. Rediscovery of Planorbella magnifica (Pilsbry) in southeastern North Carolina. Nautilus 102 (3): 125–126.

[A79] Anonymous. 1879. Genus Planorbella Gabb. Journal of Conchology 2: 235.

[B59] Baker, H. B. 1959. Publications received: The Brazilian species of “Drepanotrema”. IV. V. VI. By W. Lobato Paraense & Newton Deslandes. Nautilus 72 (4): 148.

[B91] Bandel, K. 1991. Gastropods from brackish and fresh water of the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition (a systematic reevaluation). Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, Reihe A 134: 9–55.

[B68] Beetle, D. E. 1968. Laevapex fragilis on the outer banks of North Carolina. Nautilus 81 (3): 107.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[E99] Esu, D. 1999. Contribution to the knowledge of Neogene climate changes in western and central Europe by means of non-marine molluscs. In: J. Agustí, L. Rook & P. Andrews (eds) The Evolution of Neogene Terrestrial Ecosystems in Europe pp. 328–354. Cambridge University Press.

[G40] Gray, J. E. 1840. A Manual of the Land and Fresh-water Shells of the British Islands, with figures of each of the kinds. By William Turton, M.D. A new edition, thoroughly revised and much enlarged. Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans: London.

[KKW12] Köhler, F., V. Kessner & C. Whisson. 2012. New records of non-marine, non-camaenid gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from islands off the Kimberley coast, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (1): 21–39.

[L79] Legrand, W. 1879. Notes on a few Tasmanian land and freshwater shells. Journal of Conchology 2: 95–96.

[NG13] Ni, X., D. L. Gebo, M. Dagosto, J. Meng, P. Tafforeau, J. J. Flynn & K. C. Beard. 2013. The oldest known primate skeleton and early haplorhine evolution. Nature 498: 60–64.

[P79] Petterd, W. F. 1879. List of the freshwater shells of Tasmania. Journal of Conchology 2: 80–88.

[PB27] Pilsbry, H. A., & J. Bequaert. 1927. The aquatic mollusks of the Belgian Congo, with a geographical and ecological account of Congo malacology. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 53 (2): 69–602, pls 10–77.

[P88] Pip, E. 1988. Niche congruency of freshwater gastropods in central North America with respect to six water chemistry parameters. Nautilus 102 (2): 65–72.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[R64] Richards, C. S. 1964. Apertural lamellae as supporting structures in Australorbis glabratus. Nautilus 78 (2): 57–60.

[RGG06] Rumi, A., D. E. Gutiérrez Gregoric, V. Núñez, I. I. César, M. A. Roche, M. P. Tassara, S. M. Martín & M. F. López Armengol. 2006. Freshwater Gastropoda from Argentina: species richness, distribution patterns, and an evaluation of endangered species. Malacologia 49 (1): 189–208.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 19 February 2022.

Paryphanta

Kauri snail Paryphanta bushyi, copyright Shelley Langton-Myers.

Belongs within: Rhytidoidea.

Paryphanta is a New Zealand genus of large snails with a widely umbilicate shell, dark olive green or spirally or radially patterned, with a protoconch of two whorls.

<==Paryphanta Albers 1850 [Paryphantinae] BR05
    |  i. s.: P. atramentaria [=Helix atramentaria] L79
    |         P. compacta K64
    |         P. edwardi C01
    |--*P. (Paryphanta) bushyi (Gray 1840) BR17 [=Helix bushyi BR17, Nanina busbyi P61]
    |    |--P. b. bushyi P61
    |    `--P. b. watti Powell 1946 P61
    `--P. (Powelliphanta O’Connor 1945) P61
         |--P. (*P.) hochstetteri (Pfeiffer 1862) [=Helix hochstetteri] P61
         |    |--P. h. hochstetteri P61
         |    |--P. h. anatokiensis Powell 1938 P61
         |    |--P. h. bicolor Powell 1930 P61
         |    |--P. h. consobrina Powell 1936 P61
         |    `--P. h. obscura Beutler 1901 P61
         |--P. (P.) gilliesi Smith 1880 P61
         |    |--P. g. gilliesi P61
         |    |--P. g. aurea Powell 1946 P61
         |    |--P. g. brunnea Powell 1938 P61
         |    |--P. g. compta Powell 1930 P61
         |    |--P. g. fallax Powell 1930 P61
         |    |--P. g. jamesoni Powell 1936 P61
         |    |--P. g. kahurangica Powell 1936 P61
         |    |--P. g. montana Powell 1936 P61
         |    `--P. g. subfusca Powell 1930 P61
         |--P. (P.) lignaria Hutton 1888 P61
         |    |--P. l. lignaria P61
         |    |--P. l. annectens Powell 1936 P61
         |    |--P. l. johnstoni Powell 1946 P61
         |    |--P. l. lusca Powell 1949 P61
         |    |--P. l. oconnori Powell 1938 P61
         |    |--P. l. rotella Powell 1938 P61
         |    |--P. l. ruforadiata Powell 1949 P61
         |    `--P. l. unicolorata Powell 1930 P61
         |--P. (P.) rossiana Powell 1930 P61
         |    |--P. r. rossiana P61
         |    |--P. r. fletcheri Powell 1938 P61
         |    |--P. r. gagei Powell 1938 P61
         |    `--P. r. patrickensis Powell 1949 P61
         |--P. (P.) spedeni Powell 1932 P61
         |    |--P. s. spedeni P61
         |    `--P. s. lateumbilicata Powell 1946 P61
         |--P. (P.) superba Powell 1930 P61
         |    |--P. s. superba P61
         |    |--P. s. harveyi Powell 1946 P61
         |    |--P. s. mouatae Powell 1936 P61
         |    |--P. s. prouseorum Powell 1946 P61
         |    `--P. s. richardsoni Powell 1946 P61
         `--P. (P.) traversi Powell 1930 P61
              |--P. t. traversi P61
              |--P. t. florida Powell 1946 P61
              |--P. t. koputaroa Powell 1946 P61
              |--P. t. latizona Powell 1949 P61
              |--P. t. marchanti Powell 1932 P61
              |--P. t. otakia Powell 1946 P61
              `--P. t. tararuaensis Powell 1938 P61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[C01] Collinge, W. E. 1901. On the anatomy of certain agnathous pulmonate mollusks. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 65–73.

[K64] Krauss, N. L. H. 1964. Investigations on biological control of giant African (Achatina fulica) and other land snails. Nautilus 78 (1): 21–27.

[L79] Legrand, W. 1879. Notes on a few Tasmanian land and freshwater shells. Journal of Conchology 2: 95–96.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

Rhytida

Rhytida greenwoodii greenwoodi, copyright Jacqui Geux.

Belongs within: Rhytidoidea.

Rhytida is a New Zealand genus of moderately large snails with a light brown or olive green, often wrinkled-appearing shell bearing a protoconch of 1.5 whorls.

<==Rhytida Martens 1860 BR17
    |  i. s.: R. ferreziana K64
    |         R. inaequalis K64
    |--R. (Rhytida) P61
    |    |--*R. (R.) greenwoodii (Gray 1850) [=Helix greenwoodii] BR17
    |    |    |--R. g. greenwoodi P61
    |    |    `--R. g. webbi Powell 1949 P61
    |    |--R. (R.) australis Hutton 1873 P61
    |    |--R. (R.) citrina Hutton 1883 P61
    |    |--R. (R.) dunniae (Gray 1840) P61
    |    |--R. (R.) duplicata Suter 1904 P61
    |    |    |--R. d. duplicata P61
    |    |    `--R. d. vivens Powell 1946 P61
    |    |--R. (R.) forsythi Powell 1952 P61
    |    |--R. (R.) hadfieldi Powell 1949 P61
    |    |--R. (R.) meesoni Suter 1891 P61
    |    |    |--R. m. meesoni P61
    |    |    `--R. m. perampla Powell 1946 P61
    |    |--R. (R.) oconnori Powell 1946 P61
    |    |--R. (R.) otagoensis Powell 1930 P61
    |    |--R. (R.) patula Hutton 1883 P61
    |    |--R. (R.) pycrofti Powell 1932 P61
    |    |--R. (R.) spelaea Powell 1933 P61
    |    |--R. (R.) stephenensis Powell 1930 P61
    |    |--R. (R.) tarangaensis Powell 1930 P61
    |    `--R. (R.) yaldwyni Dell 1955 P61
    `--R. (Rhytidarex Powell 1948) P61
         |--R. (*R.) johnsoni Powell 1948 P61
         `--R. (R.) buddlei Powell 1948 P61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[K64] Krauss, N. L. H. 1964. Investigations on biological control of giant African (Achatina fulica) and other land snails. Nautilus 78 (1): 21–27.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.