Reclinata

Phyllograptus angustifolius elongatus, from here.

Belongs within: Eugraptoloida.
Contains: Tetragraptinae, Isograptus, Bireclinata.

The Reclinata are a clade of graptoloids defined by Maletz et al. (2009) as the smallest clade including Tetragraptus serra and Exigraptus uniformis. Synapomorphies of the clade include the presence of a rutellum on the ventral side of the sicular aperture, serially homologous ventral projections on the proximal thecae (thecal rutellae), and a longer sicula than in outgroup taxa (Maletz et al. 2009).

<==Reclinata MCM09
    |--Tetragrapta [Pan-Tetragrapta] MCM09
    |    |  i. s.: Corymbograptus Obut & Sobolevskaya 1964 MCM09, B70
    |    |           `--*C. v-fractus (Salter 1863) [=Didymograptus v-fractus] B70
    |    |         Pseudotrigonograptus Mu & Lee 1958 MCM09, B70 [Pseudotrigonograptidae, Pseudotrigonograptinae]
    |    |           `--*P. uniformis Mu & Lee 1958 [=Tristichograptus uniformis] B70
    |    |--Tetragraptinae MCM09
    |    `--+--+--Perissograptus pygmaeus (Ruedemann 1904) MCM09
    |       |  `--Phyllograptus Hall 1858 MCM09, B70
    |       |       |--*P. typus Hall 1858 B70
    |       |       |--P. angustifolius B70
    |       |       |    |--P. a. angustifolius J79
    |       |       |    `--P. a. elongatus J79
    |       |       |--P. densus J79
    |       |       `--P. loringi White 1874 W77
    |       `--+--Bryograptus Lapworth 1880 FC86, B70
    |          |    |--*B. kjerulfi Lapworth 1880 B70
    |          |    `--B. patens B70
    |          `--+--Pseudobryograptus Mu 1957 FC86, B70
    |             |    `--*P. parallelus Mu 1957 B70
    |             `--Pendeograptus Bouček & Přibyl 1951 MCM09, B70
    |                  |--*P. pendens (Elles 1898) [=Tetragraptus pendens] B70
    |                  `--P. fruticosus (Hall 1858) MCM09 [=Tetragraptus fruticosus FC86]
    `--Pan-Bireclinata [Glossograptacea] MCM09
         |--Isograptus MCM09
         `--+--Parisograptus caduceus MCM09
            `--Bireclinata MCM09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B70] Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina with sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In: Teichert, C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt V 2^nd ed. pp. V1–V149. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[FC86] Fortey, R. A., & R. A. Cooper. 1986. A phylogenetic classification of the graptoloids. Palaeontology 29: 631–654.

[J79] Jaanusson, V. 1979. Ordovician. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A136–A166. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[MCM09] Maletz, J., J. Carlucci & C. E. Mitchell. 2009. Graptoloid cladistics, taxonomy and phylogeny. Bulletin of Geosciences 84 (1): 7–19.

[W77] White, C. A. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (1): 1–219, pls 1–21.

Monograptina

Specimen of Pristiograptus, copyright P. Skupien.

Belongs within: Bireclinata.
Contains: Cyrtograptinae, Linograptinae, Monograptus, Saetograptus.

The Monograptina are a group of graptolites known from the Lower Silurian to the Lower Devonian, characterised by the production of a uniserial rhabdosome with thecae along one side only of the central stipe (Bulman 1970).

Characters (from Bulman 1970): Scandent, uniserial; development monograptid, with sinus method of pore formation and initially upward direction of growth of th1.

Monograptina
    |--Cyrtograptidae BR70
    |    |--Cyrtograptinae BR70
    |    `--Linograptinae BR70
    `--Monograptidae BR70
         |  i. s.: Falcatograptus Hundt 1965 (n. d.) BR70
         |         Mystiograptus Hundt 1965 (n. d.) BR70
         |         Nodosograptus Hundt 1951 (n. d.) BR70
         |         Paragraptus Hundt 1965 (n. d.) BR70
         |--Monograptus BR70
         |--Pseudomonoclimacis Mikhailova 1975 ZL97
         |    `--P. dalejensis (Bouček 1936) [=Monograptus dalejensis; incl. M. haupti Kühne 1955] ZL97
         |--Cucullograptus Urbanek 1954 BR70
         |    |  i. s.: C. aversus (Eisenack 1942) [=Monograptus aversus] ZL97
         |    |           |--C. a. aversus B70
         |    |           `--C. a. rostratus B70
         |    |--*C. (Cucullograptus) pazdroi Urbanek 1954 BR70
         |    `--C. (Lobograptus Urbanek 1958) BR70
         |         |--C. (*L.) scanicus (Tullberg 1883) BR70, ZL97 [=Monograptus scanicus BR70]
         |         |    |--C. s. scanicus B70
         |         |    `--C. s. amphirostris B70
         |         |--‘Lobograptus’ expectatus ZL97
         |         |--C. (L.) parascanicus B70, ZL97 [=Cucullograptus scanicus parascanicus B70]
         |         |--C. (L.) progenitor (Urbanek 1966) [=Lobograptus progenitor] ZL97
         |         `--C. (L.) simplex [=Cucullograptus (Lobograptus) simplex] B70
         |--Monoclimacis Frech 1897 BR70
         |    |--*M. vomerina (Nicholson 1872) [=Graptolithus vomerinus] BR70
         |    |--M. crenulata B70
         |    |--M. griestoniensis B70
         |    `--M. micropoma BR70
         |--Rastrites Barrande 1850 BR70 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--*R. peregrinus Barrande 1850 BR70 [=*Rastrograptus peregrinus B70]
         |    |--R. longispinus B70
         |    |--R. maximus B70
         |    |--‘*Stavrites’ rossicus Obut & Sobolevskaya 1968 BR70
         |    `--‘*Corymbites’ sigmoidalis Obut & Sobolevskaya 1967 BR70
         |--Pristiograptus Jaekel 1889 [incl. Bohemograptus Příbyl 1967] BR70
         |    |--*P. frequens Jaekel 1889 BR70
         |    |--P. bohemicus (Barrande 1850) BR70, B70 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |    |--P. b. bohemicus ZL97
         |    |    |--‘Bohemograptus’ b. garratti ZL97
         |    |    `--‘Bohemograptus’ b. tenuis (Bouček 1936) [=Monograptus bohemicus tenuis] ZL97
         |    |--P. dubius ZL97
         |    |--P. fecundus B70
         |    |--P. nudus M79
         |    |--‘Bohemograptus’ praecornutus ZL97
         |    |--P. regularis ZL97
         |    |--P. transgrediens B70
         |    |--P. tumescens ZL97
         |    `--P. ultimus B70
         |--Neomonograptus Mu & Ni 1975 NJ83
         |    |  i. s.: N. shidianensis Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
         |    |--N. falcarius NJ83
         |    |--N. hercynicus NJ83
         |    `--+--N. fanicus NJ83
         |       `--+--N. atopus NJ83
         |          |    |--N. a. atopus NJ83
         |          |    `--N. a. rigidus NJ83
         |          `--N. himalayensis NJ83
         |--Saetograptus BR70
         |--Metamonograptus Wang 1977 NJ83
         |    |  i. s.: M. arcuatus Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
         |    |         M. craigensis [=Monograptus craigensis] NJ83
         |    |         M. facetus Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
         |    |         M. giganteus Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
         |    |--M. birchensis [=Monograptus birchensis] NJ83
         |    `--+--M. praehercynicus NJ83
         |       `--+--M. hemiodon NJ83
         |          `--+--M. qinzhouensis [=Monograptus qinzhouensis] NJ83
         |             `--M. telleri NJ83
         `--Pernerograptus Přibyl 1941 NJ83
              |  i. s.: P. neotericus Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
              |         P. supernus Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83
              |--*P. argenteus (Nicholson 1867) BR70 [=Graptolithus argenteus BR70, Monograptus argenteus NJ83, BR70]
              `--+--‘Monograptus’ ramstalensis NJ83
                 `--P. urbanus Ni & Jiao 1983 NJ83

Pristiograptus bohemicus (Barrande 1850) BR70, B70 [=Graptolithus bohemicus ZL97, *Bohemograptus bohemicus B70, Monograptus bohemicus ZL97]

Rastrites Barrande 1850 BR70 [=Rastrograptus Hopkinson & Lapworth 1875 B70; incl. Corymbites Obut & Sobolevskaya 1967 BR70, Stavrites Obut & Sobolevskaya 1968 BR70]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B70] Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina with sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In: Teichert, C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt V 2^nd ed. pp. V1–V149. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[BR70] Bulman, O. M. B., & R. B. Rickards. 1970. Classification of the graptolite family Monograptidae Lapworth, 1873. In: Teichert, C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt V 2^nd ed. pp. V149–V157. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[M79] Müller, A. H. 1979. Fossilization (taphonomy). In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A2–A78. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[NJ83] Ni Y.-N. & Jiao S.-D. 1983. Lower Devonian graptolites from Yunnan. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 22 (3): 295–307.

[ZL97] Zhang Y. & A. C. Lenz. 1997. Uppermost Wenlock and Ludlow graptolites from southern Yunnan, China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 34: 1220–1238.

Cyrtograptinae

Specimen of Cyrtograptus, from here.

Belongs within: Monograptidae.

The Cyrtograptinae are a group of uniserial graptolites known from the Middle Silurian, characterised by the regular production of thecal cladia (Bulman 1970).

Characters (from Bulman 1970): Main stipe (procladium) generally spirally coiled, helicoidally at proximal end, with one or more thecal cladia, sometimes bearing second- or higher-order cladia; production of cladia typically regular.

Cyrtograptinae
    |--Averianowograptus Obut 1949 B70
    |    `--*A. magnificus (Averianow 1931) [=Cyrtograptus magnificus] B70
    |--Barrandeograptus Bouček 1933 B70
    |    `--*B. pulchellus (Tullberg 1883) [=Cyrtograptus pulchellus] B70
    `--Cyrtograptus Carruthers 1867 (see below for synonymy) B70
         |--*C. murchisoni Carruthers 1867 [=Cyrtograpsus murchisoni] B70
         |--C. centrifugus B70
         |--C. ellesae B70
         |--C. grayi Lapworth 1876 [=*Lapworthograptus grayi] B70
         |--C. insectus K-D04
         |--‘*Uralograptus’ insuetus Koregn 1962 B70
         |--C. lapworthi K-D04
         |--C. linnarssoni B70
         |--C. lundgreni B70
         |--C. perneri B79
         |--C. radians B79
         |--C. rigidus B70
         `--C. spiralis Averianow 1931 [=*Damosiograptus spiralis] B70

Cyrtograptus Carruthers 1867 [=Cyrtograpsus; incl. Damosiograptus Obut 1950, Lapworthograptus Bouček & Přibyl 1952, Uralograptus Koregn 1962] B70

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B79] Boucot, A. J. 1979. Silurian. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A167–182. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[B70] Bulman, O. M. B. 1970. Graptolithina with sections on Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia. In: Teichert, C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt V 2^nd ed. pp. V1–V149. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and the University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[K-D04] Kozłowska-Dawidziuk, A. 2004. Evolution of retiolitid graptolites—a synopsis. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (4): 505–518.

Gasterocomidae

Gasterocoma sp., from Steinkern.de.

Belongs within: Cyathocrinida.

The Gasterocomidae are a group of crinoids known from the Lower and Middle Devonian (Moore et al. 1978).

Characters (from Moore et al. 1978): Theca conical bowl shaped to globose; infrabasals five, three, or one; radial articular facets narrow horseshoe shaped; axial canal present; radianal absent, anal X present or absent, anal opening generally through side of cup below posterior radials. Anal sac absent. Moderately thick uniserial arms spread sideward, branching isotomously. Transversely round to quadrangular stem with axial and three or four peripheral canals.

Gasterocomidae [Gastrocomidae, Schultzicrinidae]
    |--Scoliocrinus Jaekel 1895 ML78
    |    `--*S. eremita Jaekel 1895 ML78
    |--Nanocrinus Müller 1856 ML78
    |    `--*N. paradoxus Müller 1856 ML78
    |--Schultzicrinus Springer 1911 ML78
    |    `--*S. typus Springer 1911 ML78
    |--Kopficrinus Goldring 1954 ML78
    |    `--*K. pustuliferus Goldring 1954 ML78
    |--Mictocrinus Goldring 1923 ML78
    |    `--*M. robustus Goldring 1923 ML78
    |--Gasterocoma Goldfuss 1839 (see below for synonymy) ML78
    |    |--*G. antiqua Goldfuss 1839 [=*Gastrocoma antiqua] ML78
    |    `--G. bicaula N79
    `--Myrtillocrinus Sandberger & Sandberger 1856 [incl. Tripleurocrinus Wood 1904] ML78
         |--*M. elongatus Sandberger & Sandberger 1856 ML78
         |--M. americanus ML78
         `--‘*Tripleurocrinus’ levis Wood 1904 ML78

Gasterocoma Goldfuss 1839 [=Gastrocoma Beyrich 1871; incl. Ceramocrinus Müller 1855, Epactocrinus Müller 1855] ML78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[ML78] Moore, R. C., N. G. Lane, H. L. Strimple, J. Sprinkle & R. O. Fay. 1978. Inadunata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T520–T759. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[N79] Norris, A. W. 1979. Devonian in the Western Hemisphere. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A218–A253. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Dermabacteraceae

Culture of Brachybacterium muris, copyright LG1.

Belongs within: Micrococcineae.

The Dermabacteraceae are a group of Gram-positive bacteria found in a range of habitats, including soils and in association with animals as commensals or facultative pathogens.

<==Dermabacteraceae
    |--Dermabacter hominis BS03
    `--Brachybacterium BS03
         |--+--B. muris Buczolits, Schumann et al. 2003 BS03
         |  `--+--B. nesterenkovii BS03
         |     `--B. rhamnosum BS03
         `--+--+--B. fresconis BS03
            |  `--B. sacelli BS03
            `--+--+--B. alimentarium BS03
               |  `--B. tyrofermentans BS03
               `--+--B. faecium BS03
                  `--+--B. conglomeratum BS03
                     `--B. paraconglomeratum BS03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BS03] Buczolits, S., P. Schumann, G. Weidler, C. Radax & H.-J. Busse. 2003. Brachybacterium muris sp. nov., isolated from the liver of a laboratory mouse strain. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1955–1960.

Cellulomonas

False-coloured micrograph of Cellulomonas, from here.

Belongs within: Micrococcineae.

Cellulomonas is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria commonly isolated from soil with the ability to hydrolyse cellulose (Rivas et al. 2003).

<==Cellulomonas
    |--+--C. humilata RS03
    |  `--+--C. hominis RS03
    |     `--+--‘Promicromonospora’ enterophila RS03
    |        `--C. turbata RS03
    `--+--+--C. fermentans RS03
       |  `--+--C. cellasea RS03
       |     `--+--C. biazotea RS03
       |        `--C. fimi RS03
       `--+--+--C. flavigena RS03
          |  `--C. persica RS03
          `--+--C. iranensis RS03
             `--+--C. gelida RS03
                `--C. uda RS03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[RS03] Rivas, R., M. Sánchez, M. E. Trujillo, J. L. Zurdo-Piñeiro, P. F. Mateos, E. Martínez-Molina & E. Velázquez. 2003. Xylanimonas cellulosilytica gen. nov., sp. nov., a xylanolytic bacterium isolated from a decayed tree (Ulmus nigra). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 99–103.

Arthrobacter

Colony of Arthrobacter chlorophenolicus, from the United States Department of Energy.

Belongs within: Micrococcineae.

Arthrobacter is a widely distributed genus of bacteria, found primarily in soils. They appear as Gram-negative rods in young cultures and as Gram-positive cocci in mature cultures (Storms et al. 2003).

<==Arthrobacter
    |  i. s.: A. lutens GM96
    |--A. flavus SD03
    `--+--+--+--A. agilis SD03
       |  |  `--+--A. gandavensis Storms, Devriese et al. 2003 SD03
       |  |     `--+--A. citreus SD03
       |  |        `--A. luteolus SD03
       |  `--+--A. atrocyaneus SD03
       |     `--+--A. nasiphocae SD03
       |        `--+--A. albus SD03
       |           `--A. cumminsii SD03
       `--+--+--+--A. woluwensis SD03
          |  |  `--+--A. crystallopoletes Sd03
          |  |     `--+--*A. globiformis [=Bacterium globiforme] SD03
          |  |        `--+--A. pascens SD03
          |  |           `--A. ramosus SD03
          |  `--+--A. creatinolyticus SD03
          |     `--+--+--A. rhombi SD03
          |        |  `--A. sulfureus SD03
          |        `--+--A. protophormiae SD03
          |           `--+--A. nicotianae SD03
          |              `--A. uratoxydans SD03
          `--+--A. methylotrophus Borodina, Kelly et al. 2002^VP SD03, IJSEM02
             `--+--+--A. ureafaciens SD03
                |  `--+--+--A. aurescens SD03
                |     |  `--A. ilicis SD03
                |     `--+--A. histidinolovorans SD03
                |        `--A. nicotinovorans SD03
                `--+--+--A. chlorophenolicus SD03
                   |  `--+--A. oxydans SD03
                   |     `--A. polychromogenes SD03
                   `--+--A. sulfonivorans Borodina, Kelly et al. 2002<sup>VP</sup> SD03, IJSEM02
                      `--+--A. psychrolactophilus SD03
                         `--A. roseus SD03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[GM96] Griffiths, A. J. F., J. H. Miller, D. T. Suzuki, R. C. Lewontin & W. M. Gelbart. 1996. An Introduction to Genetic Analysis 6^th ed. W. H. Freeman and Company: New York.

[IJSEM02] IJSEM. 2002. Validation list no. 85: Validation of publication of new names and new combinations previously effectively published outside the IJSEM. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52: 685–690.

[SD03] Storms, V., L. A. Devriese, R. Coopman, P. Schumann, F. Vyncke & M. Gillis. 2003. Arthrobacter gandavensis sp. nov., for strains of veterinary origin. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 1881–1884.