Neopilionidae

Female Megalopsalis nigricans, copyright Tony.

Belongs within: Phalangioidea.
Contains: Ballarrinae.

The Neopilionidae are a family of long-legged harvestmen found only on the southern continents, being most diverse in Australia and New Zealand.

Characters (from Taylor 2011): Dorsum of opisthosoma usually coriaceous, rarely sclerotised. Glans of penis lacking lateral setae; lateral processes often present at shaft-glans junction. Spiracle lacking entapophysis, often with occluding spines. Pedipalp small, leg-like, without large spinose setae; tarsus longer than tibia.

<==Neopilionidae T11
    |--+--Neopilio Lawrence 1931 T13b, T11 [Neopilioninae]
    |  |    |--*N. australis Lawrence 1931 C92
    |  |    `--N. inferi Lotz 2011 L11
    |  `--Ballarrinae T13b
    `--Enantiobuninae [Megalopsalidinae, Megalopsalinae, Monoscutidae] T13b
         |--+--+--Thrasychirus Simon 1884 T13b, T11 [incl. Enantiobunus Mello-Leitão 1931 T11]
         |  |  |    |--*T. dentichelis Simon 1884 C92
         |  |  |    |--T. gulosus Simon 1884 T11 [incl. *Enantiobunus spinulosus Mello-Leitão 1931 C92]
         |  |  |    `--T. modestus Simon 1902 R23
         |  |  `--Thrasychiroides Soares & Soares 1947 P-RBT14
         |  |       |--*T. brasilicus Soares & Soares 1947 C92
         |  |       |--T. moporanga Pinto-da-Rocha, Bragagnolo & Tourinho 2014 P-RBT14
         |  |       |--T. toryba Pinto-da-Rocha, Bragagnolo & Tourinho 2014 P-RBT14
         |  |       `--T. ybytyra Pinto-da-Rocha, Bragagnolo & Tourinho 2014 P-RBT14
         |  `--Hesperopilio Shear 1996 VFG14, SC06
         |       |--*H. mainae Shear 1996 SC06
         |       `--H. magnificus Shultz & Cekalovic 2006 SC06
         `--+--Australiscutum Taylor 2009 T13b, T11
            |    |--*A. hunti Taylor 2009 T09, T11
            |    `--+--A. graciliforceps Taylor 2009 T11
            |       `--A. triplodaemon Taylor 2009 T11
            `--+--+--Tercentenarium Taylor 2011 T11
               |  |    `--*T. linnaei (Taylor 2008) [=Megalopsalis linnaei] T11
               |  `--Monoscutinae T11
               |       |--Monoscutum Forster 1948 T13b, T09
               |       |    `--*M. titirangiense Forster 1948 [=M. titirangiensis] T08
               |       |--Acihasta Forster 1948 T08
               |       |    `--*A. salebrosa Forster 1948 T08
               |       `--Templar Taylor 2008 T08
               |            `--*T. incongruens Taylor 2008 T08
               `--+--Neopantopsalis Taylor & Hunt 2009 T13b
                  |    |  i. s.: N. continentalis (Roewer 1923) T11 (see below for synonymy)
                  |    |--+--*N. quasimodo Taylor & Hunt 2009 TH09, T13b
                  |    |  `--N. pentheter Taylor & Hunt 2009 T13b, TH09
                  |    `--+--N. psile Taylor & Hunt 2009 T11
                  |       `--+--N. camelus (Forster 1949) T11 [=Spinicrus camelus TH09]
                  |          `--N. thaumatopoios Taylor & Hunt 2009 T11
                  |--+--Mangatangi Taylor 2013 VFG14, FVG14
                  |  |    `--*M. parvum Taylor 2013 T13a
                  |  `--Megalopsalis Roewer 1923 (see below for synonymy) T13b
                  |       |  i. s.: M. thryptica (Hickman 1957) T13b (see below for synonymy)
                  |       |         M. triascuta Forster 1944 T11
                  |       |--M. nigricans (Hickman 1957) [=Spinicrus nigricans] T13b
                  |       `--+--+--M. suffugiens Taylor 2013 T13b
                  |          |  `--+--M. minima (Kauri 1954) [=Spinicrus minimum, S. minimus] T13b
                  |          |     `--+--M. porongorupensis (Kauri 1954) (see below for synonymy) T13b
                  |          |        `--M. walpolensis Taylor 2013 T13b
                  |          `--+--M. coronata Taylor 2013 T13b
                  |             `--+--+--M. caeruleomontium Taylor 2013 T13b
                  |                |  `--+--M. atrocidiana Taylor 2013 T13b
                  |                |     `--M. puerilis Taylor 2013 T13b
                  |                `--+--+--M. leptekes Taylor 2011 T13b
                  |                   |  `--M. tanisphyros (Taylor 2011) T13b [=*Hypomegalopsalis tanisphyros T11]
                  |                   `--+--+--M. sublucens Taylor 2013 T13b
                  |                      |  `--M. tasmanica (Hogg 1910) T13b (see below for synonymy)
                  |                      `--+--M. stewarti (Forster 1949) [=Spinicrus stewarti] T13b
                  |                         `--+--M. hoggi (Pocock 1903) [=Macropsalis hoggi] T11
                  |                            `--+--M. pilliga Taylor 2011 T11
                  |                               `--+--M. epizephyros Taylor 2011 T11
                  |                                  `--+--*M. serritarsus (Sørensen 1886) (see below for synonymy) T11
                  |                                     `--M. eremiotis Taylor 2011 T11
                  `--+--Forsteropsalis Taylor 2011 T13b, T11
                     |    |  i. s.: F. bona Taylor & Probert 2014 TP14
                     |    |         F. distincta (Forster 1964) [=Pantopsalis distincta, Megalopsalis distincta] T11
                     |    |         F. grayi (Hogg 1920) [=Pantopsalis grayi, Megalopsalis grayi] T11
                     |    |         F. photophaga Taylor & Probert 2014 TP14
                     |    |--F. grimmetti (Forster 1944) [=Megalopsalis grimmetti] T11
                     |    `--+--F. fabulosa (Phillipps & Grimmett 1932) T11 (see below for synonymy)
                     |       `--+--+--*F. chiltoni (Hogg 1910) [=Macropsalis chiltoni, Megalopsalis chiltoni] T11
                     |          |  `--F. marplesi (Forster 1944) FVG14, T11 [=Megalopsalis marplesi T11]
                     |          `--F. inconstans (Forster 1944) T11 (see below for synonymy)
                     `--+--+--‘Megalopsalis’ turneri Marples 1944 FVG14 [=Macropsalis turneri F44]
                        |  `--+--‘Forsteropsalis’ pureora Taylor 2013 FVG14 [=F. pureroa T13a]
                        |     `--‘Forsteropsalis’ wattsi (Hogg 1920) FVG14 (see below for synonymy)
                        `--Pantopsalis Simon 1879 T11
                             |  i. s.: P. albipalpis Pocock 1903 T11 (see below for synonymy)
                             |         P. coronata Pocock 1903 [incl. P. trippi Pocock 1903] T04
                             |         P. halli Hogg 1920 T04
                             |         P. johnsi Forster 1964 [incl. P. mila Forster 1964] T04
                             |         P. pococki Hogg 1920 T04
                             |         P. rennelli Forster 1964 T04
                             |--+--*P. listeri (White 1849) T13a, FVG14, T13a (see below for synonymy)
                             |  `--P. cheliferoides (Colenso 1882) FVG14 [=Phalangium (Phrynus) cheliferoides T04]
                             `--+--P. phocator Taylor 2004 FVG14
                                `--P. snaresensis Forster 1964 FVG14

Forsteropsalis fabulosa (Phillipps & Grimmett 1932) T11 [=Macropsalis fabulosa T11, Megalopsalis fabulosa T11; incl. Me. tumida Forster 1944 TP14, Forsteropsalis tumida T11]

Forsteropsalis inconstans (Forster 1944) T11 [=Megalopsalis inconstans T11; incl. M. chiltoni nigra Forster 1944 FVG14, Forsteropsalis nigra FVG14]

‘Forsteropsalis’ wattsi (Hogg 1920) FVG14, T11 [=Pantopsalis wattsi T11, Megalopsalis wattsi T11]

Megalopsalis Roewer 1923 [=Macropsalis Sørensen 1886 non Sclater 1866; incl. Hypomegalopsalis Taylor 2011, Spinicrus Forster 1949] T13b

Megalopsalis porongorupensis (Kauri 1954) [=Spinicrus porongorupense, S. porongorupensis] T13b

*Megalopsalis serritarsus (Sørensen 1886) [=*Macropsalis serritarsus] T11

Megalopsalis tasmanica (Hogg 1910) T13b [=Pantopsalis tasmanica T04, *Spinicrus tasmanicum C92, S. tasmanicus (l. c.) T04]

Megalopsalis thryptica (Hickman 1957) T13b [=Spinicrus thrypticum T13b, S. thrypticus (l. c.) T04]

Neopantopsalis continentalis (Roewer 1923) T11 [=Pantopsalis continentalis TH09, Spinicrus continentale TH09]

Pantopsalis albipalpis Pocock 1903 T11 [incl. P. jenningsi Pocock 1903 T04, P. nigripalpis Pocock 1902 T04, P. nigripalpis spiculosa Pocock 1902 T04, P. nigripalpis spinulosa (l. c.) T04]

*Pantopsalis listeri (White 1849) T13a, FVG14, T13a [=Phalangium listeri T13a; incl. Megalopsalis luna Forster 1944 T13a, Pantopsalis luna T13a]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C92] Crawford, R. L. 1992. Catalogue of the genera and type species of the harvestman superfamily Phalangioidea (Arachnida). Burke Museum Contributions in Anthropology and Natural History 8: 1–60.

[FVG14] Fernández, R., S. Vélez & G. Giribet. 2014. Linking genetic diversity and morphological disparity: biodiversity assessment of a highly unexplored family of harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones: Neopilionidae) in New Zealand. Invertebrate Systematics 28: 590–604.

[F44] Forster, R. R. 1944. The genus Megalopsalis Roewer in New Zealand with keys to the New Zealand genera of Opiliones. Records of the Dominion Museum 1 (1): 183–192.

[L11] Lotz, L. N. 2011. Three new harvestmen species from southern Africa (Arachnida: Opiliones: Caddidae, Neopilionidae, Assamiidae). Journal of Afrotropical Zoology 7: 3–8.

[R23] Roewer, C.-F. 1923. Die Weberknechte der Erde: Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannnten Opiliones. Gustav Fischer: Jena.

[SC06] Shultz, J. W., & T. Cekalovic. 2006. First species of Hesperopilio (Opiliones, Caddoidea) from South America. Journal of Arachnology 34 (1): 46–50.

[T04] Taylor, C. K. 2004. New Zealand harvestmen of the subfamily Megalopsalidinae (Opiliones: Monoscutidae)—the genus Pantopsalis. Tuhinga 15: 53–76.

[T08] Taylor, C. K. 2008. A new species of Monoscutinae (Arachnida, Opiliones, Monoscutidae) from New Zealand, with a redescription of Monoscutum titirangiense. Journal of Arachnology 36: 176–179.

[T09] Taylor, C. K. 2009. Australiscutum, a new genus of Monoscutidae (Arachnida: Opiliones) from eastern Australia, with the first record of asymmetrical chelicerae in Opiliones. Insect Systematics and Evolution 40: 319–332.

[T11] Taylor, C. K. 2011. Revision of the genus Megalopsalis (Arachnida: Opiliones: Phalangioidea) in Australia and New Zealand and implications for phalangioid classification. Zootaxa 2773: 1–65.

[T13a] Taylor, C. K. 2013a. Further notes on New Zealand Enantiobuninae (Opiliones, Neopilionidae), with the description of a new genus and two new species. ZooKeys 263: 59–73.

[T13b] Taylor, C. K. 2013b. Further revision of the genus Megalopsalis (Opiliones, Neopilionidae), with the description of seven new species. ZooKeys 328: 59–117.

[TH09] Taylor, C. K., & G. S. Hunt. 2009. New genus of Megalopsalidinae (Arachnida: Opiliones: Monoscutidae) from north-eastern Australia. Zootaxa 2130: 41–59.

[TP14] Taylor, C. K., & A. Probert. 2014. Two new species of harvestmen (Opiliones, Eupnoi, Neopilionidae) from Waitomo, New Zealand. ZooKeys 434: 37–45.

[VFG14] Vélez, S., R. Fernández & G. Giribet. 2014. A molecular phylogenetic approach to the New Zealand species of Enantiobuninae (Opiliones: Eupnoi: Neopilionidae). Invertebrate Systematics 28: 565–589.

Aphralysiaceae

Section of Sparaphralysia orientalis, from Vachard et al. (2001).

Belongs within: Cyanobacteria.

The Aphralysiaceae are encrusting organisms, probably Cyanobacteria, known from the Early Carboniferous to the Late Cretaceous (Vachard et al. 2001).

Characters (from Vachard et al. 2001): Encrusting colonies, nodular, composed of dark microgranular elements ('walls'); vesicles, tubules, laminae, networks, etc., filled with clear microsparitic elements. Some 'walls' can be also microsparitic.

<==Aphralysiaceae
    |--Aphralysia Garwood 1914 VH01
    |--Pycnoporidium Derville 1931 VH01
    |--Stylocodium Derville 1931 VH01
    |--Intextulella Petryk in Petryk & Mamet 1972 VH01
    |--Bacinella Radoičić 1959 VH01
    |    `--*B. irregularis Radoičić 1959 H75
    |--Archaeolithoporella Endo 1961 VH01
    |    `--*A. hidensis Endo 1961 VH01
    `--Sparaphralysia Vachard in Vachard & Beckary 1991 VH01
         |--*S. tacania Vachard in Vachard & Beckary 1991 VH01
         |--S. orientalis Vachard, Hauser et al. 2001 VH01
         `--‘Wetheredella’ starobeshevense Berchenko in Aisenverg et al. 1983 VH01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H75] Häntzschel, W. 1975. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea Suppl. 1. Trace Fossils and Problematica 2^nd ed. The Geological Society of America: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[VH01] Vachard, D., M. Hauser, R. Martini, L. Zaninetti, A. Matter & T. Peters. 2001. New algae and problematica of algal affinity from the Permian of the Aseelah Unit of the Batain Plain (East Oman). Geobios 34 (4): 375–404.

Momoniidae

Stygomomonia sp., from Water Mites of North America.

Belongs within: Neohydrachnidia.

The Momoniidae are a group of more or less well-sclerotised, interstitial or hyporheic water mites whose larvae, where known, are parasites of Trichoptera. Members of the type genus Momonia are found in streams and lakes in southern Eurasia and North America (Walter et al. 2009).

Characters (from Walter et al. 2009): Adults with tibia I much longer than tarsus; claw of leg I flexing proximad to oppose dorsal surface of tarsus. Larva with idiosoma moderately flattened dorsoventrally; gnathosoma projecting beyond anterior edge of dorsal plate, entirely exposed in dorsal view; dorsal plate bearing four pairs of setae (verticils and scapulars), with setae c1 on lateral membranous integument; setae c2 and d2 thick and long relative to other hysterosomatic setae; excretory pore setae ps1 and ps2 absent, represented by their alveoli on excretory pore plate; legs with five movable segments; leg genua with setae Ge5 borne on tubercles; tibia I bearing eight setae (+2ϕ), including Ti11; leg tarsi lacking setae Tal4, bearing paired claws.

<==Momoniidae
    |--Cladomomonia Orghidan & Gruia 1980 S86 [Cladomomoniinae WL09]
    |    `--C. mirifica Orghidan & Gruia 1980 S86
    |--Momoniinae S86
    |    |--Momonisia Petrova 1974 S86
    |    |    `--M. phreatica Petrova 1974 S86
    |    |--Partidomonia Cook 1983 S86
    |    |    `--P. polyplacophora Cook 1983 S86
    |    |--Momonides Lundblad 1941 S86
    |    |    `--M. lundbladi Angelier 1951 S86
    |    |--Momonia Halbert 1906 S86
    |    |    |  i. s.: M. campylotibia WL09
    |    |    `--M. (Kondia Sokolow 1926) S86
    |    |         `--M. (K.) hopkinsi Schwoerbel 1984 S86
    |    `--Neomomonia Cook 1968 S86
    |         |--N. benova Cook 1983 S86
    |         |--N. hopkinsi Cook 1983 S86
    |         |--N. paramecia Cook 1983 S86
    |         |--N. rotunda Schwoerbel 1984 S86
    |         `--N. torquipes (Hopkins 1966) S86
    `--Stygomomoniinae S86
         |--Xenomomonia Orghidan 1975 S86
         |    `--X. subcentrata Orghidan 1977 S86
         `--Stygomomonia Szalay 1943 S86
              |  i. s.: S. mitchelli WL09
              |         S. torquipes Hopkins 1966 SL71
              |--S. (Stygomomonia) S86
              |    |--S. (S.) hachiojensis Imamura 1959 S86
              |    |--S. (S.) latipes Szalay 1943 S86
              |    |--S. (S.) neomexicana Cook 1968 S86
              |    |--S. (S.) occidentalis Cook 1968 S86
              |    |--S. (S.) ozarkensis Cook 1968 S86
              |    |--S. (S.) pallida Cook 1968 S86
              |    |--S. (S.) riparia Habeeb 1957 S86
              |    |--S. (S.) rotunda Imamura 1956 S86
              |    `--S. (S.) separata Cook 1968 S86
              `--S. (Allomomonia Cook 1968) S86
                   |--S. (A.) kantoensis Imamura 1959 S86
                   `--S. (A.) moodyi Mitchell 1959 S86

Momoniidae incertae sedis:
  Momoniella Viets 1929 RFF05
    |--M. australica Cook 1986 H98
    |--M. parva Cook 1986 H98
    `--M. sudamericana Cook 1988 RFF05
  Hesperomomonia WL09
  Notomomonia Cook 1988 RFF05
    |--N. alza Cook 1988 RFF05
    |--N. anchista Cook 1988 RFF05
    `--N. crassipes Cook 1988 RFF05
  Cyclomomonia andrewsi WL09
  Partidomomonia Cook 1983 H98
    |--P. blythi Harvey 1990 H98
    `--P. cabanandra Harvey 1990 H98

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[H98] Halliday, R. B. 1998. Mites of Australia: A checklist and bibliography. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood.

[RFF05] Rosso de Ferradás, B., & H. R. Fernández. 2005. Elenco y biogeografía de los ácaros acuáticos (Acari, Parasitengona, Hydrachnidia) de Sudamérica. Graellsia 61 (2): 181–224.

[S86] Schwoerbel, J. 1986. Acari: “Hydrachnellae”. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 652–696. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[SL71] Spain, A. V., & M. Luxton. 1971. Catalog and bibliography of the Acari of the New Zealand subregion. Pacific Insects Monograph 25: 179–226.

[WL09] Walter, D. E., E. E. Lindquist, I. M. Smith, D. R. Cook & G. W. Krantz. 2009. Order Trombidiformes. In: Krantz, G. W., & D. E. Walter (eds) A Manual of Acarology 3^rd ed. pp. 233–420. Texas Tech University Press.

Last updated: 6 July 2022.

Orthopsidae

Orthopsis miliaris, copyright Sartha.

Belongs within: Euechinoidea.

The Orthopsidae are a group of echinoids of uncertain affinities known from the Lower Jurassic to the Upper Cretaceous (Fell & Pawson 1966).

Characters (from Fell & Pawson 1966): Test small or large, regularly hemispherical or globular. Lantern camarodont (known only in Orthopsis). Ambulacra simple, without compounded plates, at most with only incipient triads; zygopores arranged in straight meridians. Tubercles perforate, noncrenulate. Apical system dicyclic, exceptionally with posterior oculars insert. Spines unknown.

Orthopsidae [Orthopsida, Orthopsina, Orthopsinae] FP66
    |--Brochechinus Lambert & Thiéry 1908 FP66
    |    `--*B. elisae Lambert & Thiéry 1908 FP66
    |--Dubarechinus Lambert 1937 FP66
    |    `--*D. despujolsi Lambert 1937 FP66
    |--Gymnodiadema de Loriol 1884 FP66
    |    `--*G. choffati de Loriol 1884 FP66
    |--Orthocidaris Cotteau 1862 FP66
    |    `--*O. inermis (Gras 1848) [=Hemicidaris inermis] FP66
    |--Scaptodiadema de Loriol 1891 FP66
    |    `--*S. matheyi de Loriol 1891 FP66
    `--Orthopsis Cotteau 1864 (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |--*O. miliaris (d’Archiac 1835) [=Cidarites miliaris] FP66
         |--O. flouesti Cotteau 1867 [=*Miorthopsis flouesti] FP66
         `--O. similis Stoliczka 1873 [=*Arialopsis similis, *Stephanopsis similis, *Stephomma simile] FP66

Orthopsis Cotteau 1864 [incl. Arialopsis Lambert & Thiéry 1925, Miorthopsis Pomel 1883, Stephanopsis Lambert 1900 non Bedot 1896, Stephomma Stechow 1921] FP66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FP66] Fell, H. B., & D. L. Pawson. 1966. Echinacea. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U367–U440. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.

Callithamnion

Callithamnion pikeanum, copyright Gary W. Saunders.

Belongs within: Ceramiales.

Callithamnion is a genus of irregularly branched red algae.

Characters (from Scagel 1957): Thallus a branched monosiphonous filament, with branching predominately irregular; axis obscure to percurrent with major branches sometimes uncorticated or sometimes corticated nearly to apex; sporangia with four tetraspores.

Callithamnion
    |--C. acutum Kylin 1925 S57
    |--C. biseriatum Kylin 1925 S57
    |--C. bisporum Gardner 1927 S57
    |--C. colensoi Hooker & Harvey 1855 L27
    |--C. consanguineum Hooker & Harvey 1855 L27
    |--C. cryptopterum (Hooker & Harvey) Kützing 1849 [incl. C. micropterum Hooker & Harvey 1847 (preoc.)] L27
    |--C. gracile Hooker & Harvey 1847 L27
    |--C. laxum Setchell & Gardner in Gardner 1927 [=Ceratothamnion pikeanum f. laxum] S57
    |--C. pikeanum Harvey 1853 [=Ceratothamnion pikeanum] S57
    |    |--C. p. var. pikeanum S57
    |    `--C. p. var. pacificum (Harvey) Setchell & Gardner in Gardner 1927 [=C. arbuscula var. pacifica] S57
    `--C. puniceum Hooker & Harvey 1855 L27

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[L27] Laing, R. M. 1927. A reference list of New Zealand marine algae. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 126–185.

[S57] Scagel, R. F. 1957. An annotated list of the marine algae of British Columbia and northern Washington (including keys to genera). National Museum of Canada Bulletin 150: 1–289.

Plocamiaceae

Plocamium sp., copyright Derek Keats.

Belongs within: Florideophycidae.

The Plocamiaceae is a family of red algae including the free-living Plocamium and its adelphoparasite Plocamiocolax.

Characters (from Womersley 1994): Thallus (of free-living species) erect, complanately branched, with alternating marginal series of 2–6 compressed lateral branches or ramuli, axes sympodially developed, base stoloniferous (or parasitic and pulvinate); structure uniaxial, with a central filament surrounded by a pseudoparenchymatous cortex. Sexual thalli dioecious; procarpic. Carpogonial branches 3-celled, borne on mid cortical cells, with the supporting cell acting as the auxiliary cell. Carposporophyte outwardly directed, with a basal fusion cell producing several gonimolobes with all except the basal cells forming carposporangia, enclosed in a dense cellular pericarp; cystocarps sessile or pedicellate on the upper ramuli of the series, non-ostiolate. Spermatangia developed from surface cortical cells on upper ramuli or on branched tufts in their axils. Tetrasporangia borne in simple or branched stichidia on the margins of upper ramuli or in branched axillary tufts. Life history triphasic with isomorphic gametophytes and tetrasporophytes.

Plocamiaceae [Plocamiales]
    |--Plocamiocolax pulvinata Setchell 1923 S57
    `--Plocamium HSA03
         |--P. abnorme Hooker & Harvey 1845 L27
         |--P. angustum Agardh 1841 L27
         |--P. brachiocarpum Kützing 1849 L27
         |--P. cartilagineum HSA03
         |--P. coccineum Lyngbye 1819 L27
         |--P. costatum Agardh 1841 L27
         |--P. cruciferum Hooker & Harvey 1855 L27
         |--P. dilatatum Agardh 1876 L27
         |--P. dispersum Hooker & Harvey 1855 L27
         |--P. hamatum NLS03
         |--P. leptophyllum Kützing 1849 L27
         |--P. mertensii G05
         |--P. oregonum Doty 1947 S57
         |--P. pacificum Kylin 1925 S57
         |--P. procerum Agardh 1841 L27
         |--P. rigidum Agardh 1851 L27
         |--P. telfairiae L27
         |--P. tenue Kylin 1925 S57
         `--P. violaceum Farlow 1877 S57

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G05] Goldberg, N. A. 2005. Temporal variation in subtidal macroalgal assemblages at Black Island, Recherche Archipelago. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (2): 65–71.

[HSA03] Huisman, J. M., A. R. Sherwood & I. A. Abbott. 2003. Morphology, reproduction, and the 18S rRNA gene sequence of Pihiella liagoraciphila gen. et sp. nov. (Rhodophyta), the so-called ‘monosporangial discs’ associated with members of the Liagoraceae (Rhodophyta), and proposal of the Pihiellales ord. nov. Journal of Phycology 39: 978–987.

[L27] Laing, R. M. 1927. A reference list of New Zealand marine algae. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 126–185.

[NLS03] Nelson, T. A., D. J. Lee & B. C. Smith. 2003. Are “green tides” harmful algal blooms? Toxic properties of water-soluble extracts from two bloom-forming macroalgae, Ulva fenestrata and Ulvaria obscura (Ulvophyceae). Journal of Phycology 39: 874–879.

[S57] Scagel, R. F. 1957. An annotated list of the marine algae of British Columbia and northern Washington (including keys to genera). National Museum of Canada Bulletin 150: 1–289.

Hemicidaroida

Tetragramma variolare, from the Natural History Museum.

Belongs within: Echinacea.

The Hemicidaroida are a group of echinoids with a stirodont lantern and perforate primary tubercles known from the Upper Triassic to the Upper Cretaceous (Fell & Pawson 1966).

<==Hemicidaroida [Hemicidarina]
    |  i. s.: Allomma Pomel 1883 FP66
    |           `--*A. normanniae (Cotteau 1863) [=Pseudodiadema normanniae] FP66
    |         Colpotiara Pomel 1883 FP66
    |           `--*C. matheyi (de Loriol 1870) [=Heterodiadema matheyi] FP66
    |         Trochodiadema de Loriol 1900 FP66
    |           `--*T. abramense de Loriol 1900 FP66
    |--Hemicidaridae FP66
    |    |--Cidaropsis Cotteau 1863 FP66
    |    |    `--*C. minor (Agassiz 1840) [=Hemicidaris minor] FP66
    |    |--Hessotiara Pomel 1883 FP66
    |    |    `--*H. florescens (Agassiz 1840) [=Diadema florescens] FP66
    |    |--Heterodiadema Cotteau 1864 FP66
    |    |    `--*H. libycum (Desor 1846) [=Hemicidaris libyca] FP66
    |    |--Asterocidaris Cotteau 1859 FP66
    |    |    |--*A. notodi Cotteau 1859 FP66
    |    |    `--A. minor FP66
    |    |--Gymnocidaris Agassiz 1838 [incl. Prodiadema Pomel 1869] FP66
    |    |    |--*G. diademata (Agassiz 1838) [=Hemicidaris diademata] FP66
    |    |    `--‘Cidarites’ agassizi Roemer 1839 [=*Prodiadema agassizi] FP66
    |    |--Plesiocidaris Pomel 1883 FP66
    |    |    |--*P. alpina (Agassiz 1840) [=Hemicidaris alpina] FP66
    |    |    `--P. durandi FP66
    |    |--Hemicidaris Agassiz 1838 [incl. Hemipygus Etallon 1859] FP66
    |    |    |--*H. crenularis (Lamarck 1816) (see below for synonymy) FP66
    |    |    |--H. glasvillei FP66
    |    |    `--H. mondegoensis FP66
    |    |--Hemitiaris Pomel 1883 FP66
    |    |    |--*H. stramonium (Agassiz 1840) [=Hemicidaris stramonium] FP66
    |    |    |--H. morinica FP66
    |    |    `--H. purbeckensis FP66
    |    |--Sphaerotiaris Lambert & Thiéry 1914 [=Tiaris Quenstedt 1873 (preoc.); incl. Dorytiaris Beurlin 1937] FP66
    |    |    |--*S. quenstedti (Merian in Desor 1858) [=Hemicidaris quenstedti, *Tiaris quenstedti] FP66
    |    |    |--‘Hemicidaris’ intermedia Fleming 1828 [=*Dorytiaris intermedia] FP66
    |    |    `--S. koechlini FP66
    |    `--Pseudocidaris Étallon 1859 FP66
    |         |--*P. thurmanni (Agassiz 1840) [=Hemicidaris thurmanni] FP66
    |         |--P. clunifera FP66
    |         |--P. lusitanica FP66
    |         |--P. mammosa FP66
    |         |--P. rupellensis FP66
    |         `--P. subcrenularis FP66
    `--Pseudodiadematidae FP66
         |--Dumblea Cragin 1893 FP66
         |    `--*D. symmetrica Cragin 1893 FP66
         |--Loriolia Neumayr 1881 [=Heterotiara Pomel 1883] FP66
         |    `--*L. foucardi (Cotteau 1851) [=Diadema foucardi, *Heterotiara foucardi] FP66
         |--Microdiadema Cotteau 1863 FP66
         |    `--*M. richerianum (Cotteau 1869) [=Arbacia richeriana] FP66
         |--Pedinopsis Cotteau 1863 FP66
         |    `--*P. meridanensis Cotteau 1863 FP66
         |--Tiaromma Pomel 1883 FP66
         |    `--*T. schlueteri (de Loriol 1887) [=Pseudodiadema schlueteri] FP66
         |--Diplopodia M’Coy 1848 [incl. Polyplodia Valette 1906, Pseudoplopodia Valette 1906] FP66
         |    |--*D. pentagona M’Coy 1848 FP66
         |    `--D. morieri FP66
         |--Pseudodiadema Desor 1855 [incl. Aplodiadema de Loriol 1902, Stereopyga Pomel 1883] FP66
         |    |--*P. pseudodiadema (Lamarck 1816) [=Cidarites pseudodiadema] FP66
         |    |--P. langi Desor 1868 [=*Aplodiadema langi] FP66
         |    `--P. moorei Wright 1857 [=*Stereopyga moorei] FP66
         |--Acrocidaris Agassiz 1840 [incl. Acrotiaris Quenstedt 1872] FP66
         |    |--*A. nobilis Agassiz 1840 FP66
         |    |--A. formosa FP66
         |    `--A. minor FP66
         |--Hypodiadema Desor 1858 [incl. Gymnotiara Pomel 1883] FP66
         |    |--*H. saleniforme (Desor 1853) [=Hemicidaris saleniformis] FP66
         |    |--H. desoriana FP66
         |    `--‘Pseudodiadema’ varusense Cotteau 1880 [=*Gymnotiara varusensis] FP66
         |--Polydiadema Lambert 1888 (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |    |--*P. mamillanum (Roemer 1836) (see below for synonymy) FP66
         |    |--‘*Leptarbacia’ argutus Clark & Twitchell 1915 FP66
         |    |--P. tenue FP66
         |    `--‘*Polypedina’ tounatensis Lambert 1933 FP66
         |--Trochotiara Lambert 1901 [incl. Tiarella Pomel 1883 nec Swainson 1840 nec Schultze 1876] FP66
         |    |--*T. prisca (Agassiz 1840) [=Diadema priscum] FP66
         |    |--T. bourgeti FP66
         |    |--T. guathieri FP66
         |    `--T. thiriai FP66
         `--Tetragramma Agassiz 1840 (see below for synonymy) FP66
              |--*T. variolare (Brongniart 1821) [=Cidarites variolare, *Acanthechinopsis variolare] FP66
              |--T. argonnensis Lambert 1925 [=*Strictotiara argonnensis] FP66
              |--T. malbosi FP66
              |--T. raulini FP66
              |--T. renevieri FP66
              `--‘Pseudodiadema’ subangulatum Stoliczka 1873 [=*Orthodiadema subangulatum] FP66

*Hemicidaris crenularis (Lamarck 1816) [=Cidarites crenularis; incl. H. intermedia Cotteau 1880 non Fleming 1828] FP66

Polydiadema Lambert 1888 [=Plesiodiadema Duncan 1885 non Pomel 1883; incl. Leptarbacia Clark & Twitchell 1915, Placodiadema Duncan 1889, Polypedina Lambert 1933] FP66

*Polydiadema mamillanum (Roemer 1836) [=Cidaris mamillanum, *Plesiodiadema mamillanum; incl. Pseudodiadema davidsoni Wright 1857, Polydiadema davidsoni] FP66

Tetragramma Agassiz 1840 [=Acanthechinopsis Gregory 1906; incl. Hexagramma Pomel 1883, Orthodiadema Lambert & Thiéry 1908, Strictotiara Lambert & Thiéry 1925] FP66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FP66] Fell, H. B., & D. L. Pawson. 1966. Echinacea. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U367–U440. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.