Plagiotheciaceae

Plagiothecium denticulatum, photographed by Bob Klips.

Belongs within: Hypnales.

The Plagiotheciaceae are a family of mosses found worldwide, species of which grow in loose to dense mats or tufts. Though currently more diverse in the northern temperate zone, phylogenetic analysis indicates that the family may have originated in the Southern Hemisphere (Pedersen & Hedenäs 2002). Plagiothecium species are irregularly branching mosses with nerveless or two-nerved leaves and slender, oblong-cylindric capsules (Dixon 1924).

Synapomorphies (from Pedersen & Hedenäs 2002): Pseudoparaphyllia absent; rhizoids absent from stem and lowermost abaxial costa; axillary rhizoids purplish and granular-papillose; exostomes with whitish yellow basal part.

<==Plagiotheciaceae [Stereodontaceae]
    |--Catagonium Müll.Hal. 1908 SK02
    |    `--C. nitens (Brid.) Cardot 1915 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |--Stereodon D03
    |    |--S. lechleri D03
    |    |--S. nitidus D03
    |    `--S. ptychocarpon [=Ptychomnion ptychocarpon, Stereodon ptychomnium (l. c.)] SK02
    |--Acrocladium Mitt. 1869 SK02
    |    |--A. auriculatum [incl. Hypnum auriculatum, Acroceratium auriculatum, Stereodon auriculatus] SK02
    |    |--A. chlamydophyllum (Hooker & Wilson) Müll.Hal. & Broth. 1900 (see below for synonymy) SK02
    |    |--A. morenoi D03
    |    `--A. trichocladium Bosw. 1892 SK02
    `--Plagiothecium Bruch & Schimp. 1851 SK02
         |--P. cavifolium N02
         |--P. denticulatum (Hedw.) Schimp. 1852 SK02 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--P. d. var. denticulatum D24
         |    |--P. d. var. aptychus D24
         |    |--P. d. var. densum D24
         |    `--P. d. var. majus [incl. P. rufo-virescens] D24
         |--P. depressum [=Hypnum depressum, Isopterygium depressum, Rhynchostegium depressum] D24
         |--P. elegans [=Hypnum elegans, Isopterygium elegans; incl. Plagiothecium borrerianum] D24
         |    |--P. e. var. elegans D24
         |    `--P. e. var. collinum D24
         |--P. fuegianum D03
         |--P. laetum M08
         |    |--P. l. var. laetum M08
         |    `--P. l. var. curvifolium M08
         |--P. lamprostachys (Hampe) Jaeger 1878 [=Hypnum lamprostachys; incl. P. novae-seelandiae Broth. 1916] SK02
         |--P. latebricola [=Leskea latebricola] D24
         |    |--P. l. f. latebricola D24
         |    `--P. l. f. gemmascens D24
         |--P. leptoplumosum Dusén 1903 D03
         |--P. lucidulum D03
         |--P. lucidum (Hooker & Wilson) Paris 1897 SK02
         |--P. magellanicum D03
         |--P. muehlenbeckii [=Hypnum muehlenbeckii; incl. P. striatellum] D24
         |--P. muellerianum [=Isopterygium muelleri] D24
         |--P. neckeroideum N02
         |--P. nemorale M08
         |--P. piliferum [=Leskea pilifera] D24
         |--P. roeseanum N77
         |--P. silesiacum [=Hypnum silesiacum; incl. Isopterygium repens] D24
         |--P. silvaticum [=Hypnum sylvaticum] D24
         |    |--P. s. var. silvaticum D24
         |    |--P. s. var. orthocladum D24
         |    |--P. s. var. succulentum D24
         |    `--P. s. var. sullivantiae D24
         `--P. undulatum [=Hypnum undulatum] D24

Nomen nudum: Plagiothecium amblyostomum Müll.Hal. ex Burges 1935 SK02
             Stereodon australis Hooker & Wilson ex Muell. 1880 SK02
             Stereodon cupressiformis f. robusta Rodway 1914 SK02
             Stereodon wattsii Broth. ex Watts 1899 SK02

Acrocladium chlamydophyllum (Hooker & Wilson) Müll.Hal. & Broth. 1900 [=Hypnum chlamydophyllum, Coelidium chlamydophyllum, Lembophyllum chlamydophyllum] SK02

Catagonium nitens (Brid.) Cardot 1915 [incl. Phyllogonium elegans var. acuminatum (nom. inv.), Orthorrhynchium hampeanum, Cryptogonium hampeanum, Phyllogonium hampeanum, Orthorrhynchium hampei (n. n.), Hypnum politum, Acroceratium politum, Acrocladium politum, Catagonium politum] SK02

Plagiothecium denticulatum (Hedw.) Schimp. 1852 SK02 [=Hypnum denticulatum SK02; incl. P. denticuatum var. donii D24, P. donnianum SK02, Stereodon donnianus SK02, P. kinlayanum D24, P. denticulatum var. obtusifolium SK02, P. trichodeum D24]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D24] Dixon, H. N. 1924. The Student's Handbook of British Mosses 3rd ed. V. V. Sumfield: Eastbourne.

[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. Patagonian and Fuegian mosses. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 63–126. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).

[M08] Marstaller, R. 2008. Moosgesellschaften am Südrand des Kyffhäusergebirges bei Bad Frankenhausen (Kyffhäuserkreis). 130. Beitrag zur Moosvegetation Thüringens. Mauritiana 20 (2): 289–348.

[N02] Negi, H. R. 2002. Abundance and diversity of moss communities of Chopta-Tunganath in the Garhwal Himalaya. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 418–433.

[N77] Niedbała, W. 1977. Badania biocenotyczne nad mechowcami (Acari, Oribatei) Masywu Ślęży. Badania Fizjograficzne nad Polską Zachodnią, Seria C—Zoologia 30: 47–73.

Pedersen, N., & L. Hedenäs. 2002. Phylogeny of the Plagiotheciaceae based on molecular and morphological evidence. Bryologist 105 (3): 310-324.

[SK02] Streimann, H., & N. Klazenga. 2002. Catalogue of Australian Mosses. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 17. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.

Last updated: 7 January 2018.

Anostostomatidae

Sugarcane monster Cooloola ziljan, copyright Eric Zillmann.

Belongs within: Ensifera.
Contains: Anostostomatinae, Deinacridinae.

The king crickets and ground wetas of the Anostostomatidae are large orthopterans with a largely Gondwanan distribution, being found in South America, southern Africa, Australasia and south-east Asia. The 'monsters' of the genus Cooloola are particularly unusual digging orthopterans found in Queensland, Australia, that have shortened antennae unlike those of any other member of the group.

Characters (from Gorochov 2001): Tarsi with four segments, pulvilli at sole not widened, first segment with two pulvilli; tympana developed or lost; outer side of hind femur may have distinct chevron ridges. Abdominal part of femoro-abdominal stridulatory apparatus (if present) only irregularly denticulated or with small ridges; male abdominal apex with tenth tergite divided into lateral halves or undivided, with pair of hooked processes, paraproct usually (not always) with specialised process; ovipositor (if well-developed) with lower part of upper valvae inserted in furrow on lower valvae.

<==Anostostomatidae
    |--Zeuneropterinae Go01
    |    |--Zeuneroptera Sharov 1968 Go01
    |    |    `--Z. scotica Go01
    |    `--Albertoilus Kevan & Wighton 1981 Go01
    |         `--A. cervirufi Go01
    `--+--+--Leiomelus [Leiomelinae] Go01
       |  `--Cratomelus Blanchard 1851 [Cratomelinae] A01
       |       `--*C. armatus Blanchard 1851 A01
       |--Anabropsinae [Anabropsini] Go01
       |    |--Paterdecolyus Go01
       |    |--Pteranabropsis carli Go01
       |    |--Apteranabropsis Go01
       |    |--Brachyporus Go01
       |    |--Papuaistus Go01
       |    |--Anabropsis Go01
       |    `--Exogryllacris Willemse 1962 MF01
       |         `--*E. ornata Willemse 1962 MF01
       `--+--Cooloola [Cooloolidae, Cooloolinae] Go01
          |    |--C. dingo R96
          |    |--C. propator R96
          |    `--C. ziljan Go01
          `--+--Lezina [Lezininae] Go01
             |    `--L. mutica Go01
             `--+--Anostostomatinae Go01
                |--Deinacridinae Go01
                `--Lutosinae [Lutosini] Go01
                     |--Apotetamenus Go01
                     |--Lutosa marginalis Go01
                     |--Hypocophoides lepismoides (Walker 1871) [=Onosandrus lepismoides] MF01
                     `--Licodia Go01
                          |--L. cerberus FD01
                          |--L. grandis FD01
                          `--L. pallipes FD01

Anostostomatidae incertae sedis:
  Glaphyrosoma [Glaphyrosomatini] W01
  Transaevum Johns 1997 MF01
    `--*T. laudatum Johns 1997 MF01
  Gryllacropsis Go01
  Coccinellomima Go01
  Anisoura nicobarica Ander 1938 [incl. Hemiandrus monstrosus Salmon 1950] Gi01
  Hypocophus Go01
  Dolichochaeta Go01
  Aistus Go01
    |--*A. gracilis [incl. A. gracilis var. cingulifer Griffini 1914] G14
    |--A. rouxi Griffini 1914 G14
    `--A. sarasini Griffini 1914 G14
  Penthoplophora Go01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A01] Angulo, A. O. 2001. Anatomy, development and behaviour of the Chilean red cricket, Cratomelus armatus Bl. In The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies (L. H. Field, ed.) pp. 205-222. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[FD01] Field, L. H., & N. A. Deans. 2001. Sexual selection and secondary sexual characters of wetas and king crickets. In The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies (L. H. Field, ed.) pp. 179-204. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[Gi01] Gibbs, G. W. 2001. Habitats and biogeography of New Zealand’s deinacridine and tusked weta species. In The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies (L. H. Field, ed.) pp. 35-55. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[Go01] Gorochov, A. V. 2001. The higher classification, phylogeny and evolution of the superfamily Stenopelmatoidea. In The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies (L. H. Field, ed.) pp. 3-33. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[G14] Griffini, A. 1914. Stenopelmatidae della Nuova-Caledonia. In Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1, Heft IV (F. Sarasin & J. Roux, eds) pp. 283-311. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[MF01] Monteith, G. B., & L. H. Field. 2001. Australian king crickets: Distribution, habitats and biology (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae). In The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies (L. H. Field, ed.) pp. 79-94. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[R96] Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper Country: The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[W01] Weissman, D. B. 2001. Communication and reproductive behaviour in Noth American Jerusalem crickets (Stenopelmatus) (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae). In The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies (L. H. Field, ed.) pp. 351-375. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

Anostostomatinae

Male Mercury Island tusked weta Motuweta isolata, photographed by Chris Winks.

Belongs within: Anostostomatidae.

The king crickets or ground wetas of the Anostostomatinae are found in South America and Australasia. The males often bear noteworthy modifications of the mandibles; in some species, these have large frontal tusks that are used in fighting. One South African species, Libanasidus vittatus, has become known as the 'Parktown prawn' from its frequent discovery in swimming pools of the wealthier suburbs of Johannesburg.

Characters (from Gorochov 2001): Mandibles of male usually with sexual specialisation (enlarged and arched or with horn-like process); female mandibles not so developed. Pronotum and body not arched in profile. Wings, tympana and femoro-abdominal stridulatory apparatus developed or lost.

<==Anostostomatinae [Henicinae, Mimnermidae]
    |--Mimnermus cephalotes Go01
    |--Libanasidus vittatus T01
    |--Spitzaphilus Go01
    |--Spitzapterus Go01
    |--Bochus Go01
    |--Onosandridus Go01
    |--Borborothus opaca T01
    |--Motuweta isolata Gi01
    |--Cnemotettix HR01
    |--Gryllotaurus Karny 1929 R96, MF01
    |    `--*G. bicornis Karny 1929 MF01
    |--Henicus Go01
    |    |--H. monstrosus (Herbst 1803) [=Locusta monstrosa] T01
    |    `--H. whellani FD01
    |--Nasidius Go01
    |    |--N. longicauda T01
    |    |--N. punctulatus FD01
    |    `--N. whellani T01
    |--Libanasa Walker 1869 FD01, G14
    |    |--L. capicola FD01
    |    |--L. femoralis G14
    |    |--L. incisa [incl. L. fusca] G14
    |    |--L. punctulata G14
    |    `--L. vittata G14
    |--Anostostoma Gray 1837 [incl. Australostoma Karny 1931] MF01
    |    |--*A. australasiae Gray 1837 MF01
    |    |--A. erinaceum (Burmeister 1839) MF01 [=Australostoma erinaceum R96]
    |    |--A. femoralis (Walker 1869) MF01
    |    |--A. opacum (Brunner 1888) MF01 [=Australostoma opacum R96]
    |    `--A. spinosum Karny 1930 MF01
    |--Penalva Walker 1870 MF01
    |    |--P. (Penalva) MF01
    |    |    |--*P. (P.) lateralis Walker 1870 MF01
    |    |    `--P. (P.) flavocalceata (Karny 1928) MF01
    |    `--P. (Trihoplophora) MF01
    |         |--P. (*T.) abnormis (Brunner 1888) MF01
    |         `--P. (T.) uniformis Karny 1928 MF01
    |--Carcinopsis Go01
    |    |--*C. signata G14
    |    |--C. cuniculator [incl. C. cuniculator var. ornata] G14
    |    |--C. humboldtiana Griffini 1914 G14
    |    |--C. rothschildi G14
    |    |--C. rouxiana Griffini 1914 G14
    |    |--C. sarasiniana Griffini 1914 G14
    |    `--C. unicolor G14
    `--Hemiandrus Ander 1938 MF01
         |--H. anomalus F01
         |--H. bilobatus M01
         |--H. fiordensis F01
         |--H. furcifer WPT01
         |--H. maculifrons F01 [incl. Zealandosandrus gracilis HR01]
         |--H. pallitarsus M01
         |--H. similis F01
         `--H. subantarcticus F01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F01] Field, L. H. 2001. Stridulatory mechanisms and associated behaviour in New Zealand wetas. In The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies (L. H. Field, ed.) pp. 271-295. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[FD01] Field, L. H., & N. A. Deans. 2001. Sexual selection and secondary sexual characters of wetas and king crickets. In The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies (L. H. Field, ed.) pp. 179-204. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[Gi01] Gibbs, G. W. 2001. Habitats and biogeography of New Zealand’s deinacridine and tusked weta species. In The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies (L. H. Field, ed.) pp. 35-55. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[Go01] Gorochov, A. V. 2001. The higher classification, phylogeny and evolution of the superfamily Stenopelmatoidea. In The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies (L. H. Field, ed.) pp. 3-33. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[G14] Griffini, A. 1914. Stenopelmatidae della Nuova-Caledonia. In Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1, Heft IV (F. Sarasin & J. Roux, eds) pp. 283-311. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[HR01] Hale, R. J., & D. C. F. Rentz. 2001. The Gryllacrididae: An overview of the world fauna with emphasis on Australian examples. In The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies (L. H. Field, ed.) pp. 95-110. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[M01] McIntyre, M. 2001. The ecology of some large weta species in New Zealand. In The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies (L. H. Field, ed.) pp. 225-242. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[MF01] Monteith, G. B., & L. H. Field. 2001. Australian king crickets: Distribution, habitats and biology (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae). In The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies (L. H. Field, ed.) pp. 79-94. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[R96] Rentz, D. 1996. Grasshopper Country: The abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press: Sydney.

[T01] Toms, R. B. 2001. South African king crickets (Anostostomatidae). In The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies (L. H. Field, ed.) pp. 73-78. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[WPT01] Wharton, D. A., R. Poulin & C. L. Tyrell. 2001. Parasites of anostostomatid insects. In The Biology of Wetas, King Crickets and Their Allies (L. H. Field, ed.) pp. 259-267. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

Cervidae

Male tufted deer Elaphodus cephalophus, an Asian species with extremely small antlers. Photographed by Heush.

Belongs within: Pecora.
Contains: Cervini, Muntiacus, Odocoileini.

The Cervidae, deers, are a family of ruminants in which the majority of members possess antlers, paired cranial appendages with a deciduous distal portion. Antlers are absent in the Chinese water deer Hydropotes inermis and very small in the tufted deer Elaphodus cephalophus of China and Myanmar. The Cervidae are otherwise characterised by the presence of a lacrimal fossa and various soft-body features such as the absence of a gall bladder (Janis & Scott 1988). Molecular analyses of the Cervidae support a primary division within the living members of the family between the Cervinae or Plesiometacarpalia, retaining only the proximal part of the lateral metacarpals, and the Capreolinae or Telemetacarpalia, retaining only the distal part of the lateral metacarpals (Gilbert et al. 2006).

<==Cervidae
    |--Cervinae [Plesiometacarpalia] GRH06
    |    |--Cervini GRH06
    |    `--Muntiacini [Muntiacinae] GRH06
    |         |--+--Muntiacus GRH06
    |         |  `--Dicrocerus Lartet 1839 FS15, C77 [incl. Cosoryx C77]
    |         |       |--D. dichotomus C77
    |         |       |--D. elegans D07
    |         |       |--D. furcatus (Leidy 1869) [=Cosoryx furcatus; incl. C. ramosus Cope 1874] C77
    |         |       |--D. gemmifer (Cope 1873) [=Cosoryx gemmifer] C77
    |         |       |--D. grangeri D07
    |         |       |--D. necatus (Leidy 1854) [=Merycodus necatus; incl. Cervus warrenii Leidy 1858] C77
    |         |       |--D. tehuanus Cope 1876 C77
    |         |       |--D. teres (Cope 1874) [=Cosoryx teres] C77
    |         |       `--D. trilateralis Cope 1876 C77
    |         `--Elaphodus Milne-Edwards 1871 GRH06
    |              `--E. cephalophus GRH06
    `--Capreolinae [Neocervinae, Odocoileinae, Telemetacarpalia] GRH06
         |--Odocoileini HH06
         `--+--Alceini [Alcinae, Alcini] HH06
            |    |--Cervalces Scott 1885 GRH06, D07
            |    |    `--C. scotti D07
            |    `--Alces Gray 1821 GRH06
            |         |  i. s.: A. palmatus T66
            |         |--A. scotti FS15
            |         `--+--A. alces (Linnaeus 1758) FS15, F99
            |            `--A. americanus FS15
            `--Capreolini HH06
                 |--Procapreolus GRH06
                 |--Hydropotes Swinhoe 1870 [Hydropotinae, Hydropotini] GRH06
                 |    `--H. inermis HH06
                 `--Capreolus Gray 1821 GRH06
                      |  i. s.: C. caprea M01
                      |         C. matheronis (Gervais 1850) H78
                      |         C. tokunagai Otuka 1941 AC98
                      |--*C. capreolus GRH06, FS15
                      `--+--C. miyakoensis Otsuka 1973 FS15, AC98
                         `--C. pygargus (Pallas 1771) FS15, M01 [=Cervus pygargus M01, Ce. capreolus pygargus] M01]
                              |--C. p. pygargus M01
                              |--C. p. leptocerus M01
                              `--C. p. pachycerus M01

Cervidae incertae sedis:
  Megamuntiacus vuquangensis Tuoc, Dung et al. 1994 TB01
  Eucladoceros Falconer 1868 D07
    |--E. boulei DW04
    |--E. ctenoides D07
    |--E. dicranios D07
    `--E. tetraceros D07
  Pseudodama Azzaroli 1992 ME05
    `--P. nestii ME05
         |--P. n. nestii ME05
         `--P. n. vallonnetensis de Lumley, Kahlke et al. 1988 ME05
  Heterocemas Young 1937 JS88, H78
  Euprox Kaup 1839 D07
    |--E. dicranocerus D07
    |--E. furcatus D07
    `--E. robustus D07

Inorganic: Alces alces minilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87
           Capreolus capreolus minilorientalus Okamura 1987 O87

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AC98] Alcover, J. A., X. Campillo, M. Macias & A. Sans. 1998. Mammal species of the world: additional data on insular mammals. American Museum Novitates 3248: 1–29.

[C77] Cope, E. D. 1877. Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (2): i–iv, 1–370.

[DW04] Deng T., Wang X., Ni X. & Liu L. 2004. Sequence of the Cenozoic mammalian faunas of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 78 (1): 8–14.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.

[F99] Forsten, A. 1999. Snout proportions in some Eurasian hipparions (Mammalia, Equidae): taxonomic and functional implications. Geodiversitas 21 (2): 255–278.

[GRH06] Gilbert, C., A. Ropiquet & A. Hassanin. 2006. Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenies of Cervidae (Mammalia, Ruminantia): systematics, morphology, and biogeography. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 101–117.

[H78] Hamilton, W. R. 1978. Cervidae and Palaeomerycidae. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 496–508. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[HH06] Hughes, S., T. J. Hayden, C. J. Douady, C. Tougard, M. Germonpré, A. Stuart, L. Lbova, R. F. Carden, C. Hänni & L. Say. 2006. Molecular phylogeny of the extinct giant deer, Megaloceros giganteus. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 285–291.

[JS88] Janis, C. M., & K. M. Scott. 1988. The phylogeny of the Ruminantia (Artiodactyla, Mammalia). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods vol. 2. Mammals pp. 273–282. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[M01] Méhely, L. 1901. Emlősök [Säugethiere]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 1–19. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[ME05] Moullé, P.-E., A. Echassoux, F. Lacombat, E. Desclaux & S. Bailon. 2005. L’environnement animal des premiers habitants de l’Europe méditerranéenne: les grands mammifères contemporains de l’homme du Vallonnet, données taxonomiques et biostratigraphiques pour la deuxième moitie du Pléistocène inférieur. BAR International Series 1364: 105–113.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[TB01] Timm, R. M., & J. H. Brandt. 2001. Pseudonovibos spiralis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae): new information on this enigmatic south-east Asian ox. Journal of Zoology 253: 157–166.

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84–93.

Last updated: 24 July 2018.

Gliroidea

African dormice Graphiurus ?murinus, photographed by H. Osadnik.

Belongs within: Rodentia.

The Gliroidea, dormice, are a group of mouse-like rodents, more closely related to squirrels than true mice. The name of the group refers to their hibernation (dormancy) during winter. Among living species, the Glirinae are found in Eurasia and northern Africa, while Graphiurus is found in sub-Saharan Africa.

See also: Taxon of the Week: Nothing to do with teapots.

Characters (from Lavocat 1978): Sciurognath jaws, with infraorbital foramen frequently of great size; cheek teeth with very distinctive pattern, transverse crests usually low and frequently numerous. Usually four cheek teeth (except P3 present in Gliravus).

<==Gliroidea [Glirimorpha]
    |--Myoxidae IT07
    |    |--Selevinia betpakdalaensis IT07
    |    |--Glirulus Thomas 1906 IT07, P04
    |    |    `--G. japonicus (Schinz 1845) I92
    |    `--Myoxus T66
    |         |--M. glis IT07
    |         |--M. melanurus T66
    |         `--M. nitella T66
    `--Gliridae [Muscardinidae] MR03
         |  i. s.: Microdyromys De Bruijn 1966 P04
         |           |--M. complicatus M-SK04
         |           `--M. koenigswaldi De Bruijn 1966 P04
         |         Eogliravus J88
         |         Dryomys Thomas 1906 L78, P04
         |           |--D. laniger IT07
         |           |--D. nitedula IT07
         |           `--D. sichuanensis IT07
         |         Myomimus Ognev 1924 P04
         |           |--M. complicidentatus Popov 2004 P04
         |           |--M. dehmi (De Bruijn 1966) P04
         |           |--M. maritsensis De Bruijn, Dawson & Mein 1970 P04
         |           |--M. personatus IT07
         |           |--M. qafzensis (Haas 1973) P04
         |           |--M. roachi (Bate 1937) P04
         |           `--M. setzeri IT07
         |         Dryomimus Kretzoi 1959 P04
         |           `--D. eliomyoides Kretzoi 1959 P04
         |         Peridyromys Stehlin & Schaub 1951 P04
         |           |--P. aquatilis (De Bruijn & Moltzer 1974) P04
         |           `--P. murinus (Pomel 1953) P04
         |         Ramys Garcia Moreno & Lopez Martinez 1986 P04
         |           `--R. multicrestatus (De Bruijn 1966) P04
         |         Miodyromys aegercii (Baudelot 1972) P04
         |         Pseudodryomys De Bruijn 1965 P04
         |           |--P. ibericus C-PR70
         |           `--P. simplicidens C-PR70
         |         Gliravus B74
         |--Graphiurus [Graphiurinae] MR03
         |    |--G. christyi IT07
         |    |--G. crassicaudatus IT07
         |    |--G. hueti IT07
         |    |--G. kelleni IT07
         |    |--G. lorraineus IT07
         |    |--G. microtis IT07
         |    |--G. monardi IT07
         |    |--G. murinus MR03
         |    |--G. ocularis IT07
         |    |--G. olga IT07
         |    |--G. parvus IT07
         |    |--G. platyops IT07
         |    |--G. rupicola IT07
         |    `--G. surdus IT07
         `--Glirinae B74
              |--Muscardinus Kaup 1829 B74, P04
              |    |--M. avellanarius B74
              |    |--M. cyclopeus Agusti, Moyà & Pons 1982 BG-PQ-C02
              |    `--M. sansaniensis M-SK04
              |--Glis Brisson 1762 P04
              |    |--G. glis AA02
              |    |--G. minor Kowalski 1956 [=G. sackdillingensis minor] P04
              |    |--G. sackdillingensis (Heller 1930) P04
              |    `--G. vulgaris T66
              `--Eliomys Wagner 1840 B74, P04
                   |--E. melanurus IT07
                   `--E. quercinus B74
                        |--E. q. quercinus KK54
                        `--E. q. pallidus Barrett-Hamilton 1899 KK54

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AA02] Arnason, U., J. A. Adegoke, K. Bodin, E. W. Born, Y. B. Esa, A. Gullberg, M. Nilsson, R. V. Short, X. Xu & A. Janke. 2002. Mammalian mitogenomic relationships and the root of the eutherian tree. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 99 (12): 8151-8156.

[BG-PQ-C02] Bailon, S., J. Garcia-Porta & J. Quintana-Cardona. 2002. Première découverte de Viperidae (Reptilia, Serpentes) dans les îles Baléares (Espagne): Des vipères du Néogène de Minorque. Description d’une nouvelle espèce du Pliocène. Comptes Rendus Palevol 1: 227-234.

[B74] Bugge, J. 1974. The cephalic arterial system in insectivores, primates, rodents and lagomorphs, with special reference to the systematic classification. Acta Anatomica 87 (Suppl 62): 1-160.

[C-PR70] Crusafont-Pairó, M., & S. Reguant. 1970. The nomenclature of intermediate forms. Systematic Zoology 19 (3): 254-257.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PLoS One 2 (3): e296.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[J88] Jaeger, J.-J. 1988. Rodent phylogeny: new data and old problems. In The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, vol. 2. Mammals (M. J. Benton, ed.) pp. 177-199. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[KK54] Klemmer, K., & H. E. Krampitz. 1954. Zur Kenntnis der Säugetierfauna Siziliens. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (3-4): 121-135.

[L78] Lavocat, L. 1978. Rodentia and Lagomorpha. In Evolution of African Mammals (V. J. Maglio & H. B. S. Cooke, eds) pp. 69-89. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[MR03] Mercer, J. M., & V. L. Roth. 2003. The effects of Cenozoic global change on squirrel phylogeny. Science 299: 1568-1572.

[M-SK04] Moyà-Solà, S., M. Köhler, D. M. Alba, I. Casanovas-Vilar & J. Galindo. 2004. Pierolapithecus catalaunicus, a new Middle Miocene great ape from Spain. Science 306: 1339-1344.

[P04] Popov, V. V. 2004. Pliocene small mammals (Mammalia, Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia) from Muselievo (north Bulgaria). Geodiversitas 26 (3): 403-491.

[T66] Tristram, H. B. 1866. Report on the mammals of Palestine. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 84-93.

Myomorpha

Birch mouse Sicista betulina, photographed by Ivo Dinsbergs.

Belongs within: Rodentia.
Contains: Dipodidae, Arvicolidae, Spalacidae, Nesomyidae, Cricetidae, Muridae.

The Myomorpha are a universally recognised rodent clade uniting the Dipodoidea (jerboas and allies) with the Muroidea (true rats and mice) (some authors use the name 'Myomorpha' for a larger clade also including the Geomyoidea, pocket gophers, in which case the smaller clade is called Myodonta). Myomorphs are distinguished by a unique muscular structure, with the medial and lateral masseter muscles moved forward relative to other rodents, as well as sharing a distinct cephalic arterial pattern (Jaeger 1988).

Within the myomorphs, the Dipodoidea are distinguished by the presence of an independent lower vascular groove on the infraorbital foramen. They are often divided between the Dipodidae (jerboas) and Zapodidae (jumping mice and birch mice); however, as the Zapodidae are generally distinguished by the absence of apomorphic features of the Dipodidae (such as fused foot bones and vertebrae), their monophyly is questionable. The Muroidea are distinguished by the presence of a distinct anterocone on the first molar, the absence of the fourth lower premolar, and a confluence of the masseteric and neurovascular foramina on the anterior zygoma (Jaeger 1988). Classification of the muroids has varied between authors (some have even placed all muroids in a single family, the Muridae), but the basalmost-diverging living muroids may be the Oriental dormice of the Platacanthomyidae. Also nested within the Muroidea are the Rhizomyoidea (bamboo rats and mole rats), burrowing rodents found in Africa and Eurasia (not to be confused with the mole rats of the Bathyergidae).

<==Myomorpha [Myodonta]
    |  i. s.: Simimys simplex B74, N85
    |         Pappocricetodon MJ11
    |--+--Plesiosminthus B74
    |  `--Dipodoidea J88
    |       |--Dipodidae MJ11
    |       `--Zapodidae B74
    |            |--Zapus [Zapodinae] B74
    |            |    |--*Z. hudsonius (Zimmermann 1780) [=Dipus hudsonius] H48
    |            |    |    |--Z. h. hudsonius B75
    |            |    |    |--Z. h. intermedius Krutzsch 1954 B75
    |            |    |    `--Z. h. pallidus B75
    |            |    |--Z. burti Hibbard 1941 MH03
    |            |    |--Z. princeps IT07
    |            |    |--Z. sandersi Hibbard 1956 MH03
    |            |    `--Z. trinotatus IT07
    |            `--Sicista [Sicistinae, Sminthidae] B74
    |                 |--S. armenica IT07
    |                 |--S. betulina B74
    |                 |--S. caucasica IT07
    |                 |--S. caudata IT07
    |                 |--S. concolor IT07
    |                 |--S. kazbegica IT07
    |                 |--S. kluchorica IT07
    |                 |--S. napaea IT07
    |                 |--S. pseudonapaea IT07
    |                 |--S. severtzovi IT07
    |                 |--S. strandi IT07
    |                 |--S. subtilis IT07
    |                 `--S. tianshanica IT07
    `--Muroidea MJ11
         |  i. s.: Eumys Cope 1873 J88, C77
         |           |--E. elegans C77
         |           `--E. loxodon (Cope 1874) [=Hesperomys loxodon] C77
         |         Arvicolidae B74
         |--Platycanthomyidae MJ11
         |    |--Platacanthomys lasiurus IT07
         |    `--Typhlomys MJ11
         |         |--T. chapensis IT07
         |         `--T. cinereus IT07
         `--+--Rhizomyoidea B74
            |    |--Rhizospalax B74
            |    |--Spalacidae MJ11
            |    `--Rhizomyidae B74
            |         |--Cannomys badius B74
            |         |    |--C. b. badius B74
            |         |    `--C. b. minor B74
            |         `--Rhizomys B74
            |              |--R. pruinosus B74
            |              |--R. sinensis IT07
            |              `--R. sumatrensis IT07
            `--+--Calomyscus Thomas 1905 P04 [Calomyscidae MJ11]
               |    |--C. bailwardi IT07
               |    |--C. baluchi IT07
               |    |--C. hotsoni IT07
               |    |--C. mystax IT07
               |    |--C. tsolovi IT07
               |    `--C. urartensis IT07
               |--Cricetodon [Cricetodontidae] B74
               |    |--C. ibericus L78
               |    `--C. rhodanicum MHL03
               `--+--Nesomyidae MJ11
                  `--+--Cricetidae MJ11
                     `--+--Muridae MJ11
                        `--Cricetomys IT07 [Cricetomyidae J88]
                             |--C. emini IT07
                             `--C. gambianus IT07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B75] Bowles, J. B. 1975. Distribution and biogeography of mammals of Iowa. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University 9: 1-184.

[B74] Bugge, J. 1974. The cephalic arterial system in insectivores, primates, rodents and lagomorphs, with special reference to the systematic classification. Acta Anatomica 87 (Suppl 62): 1-160.

[C77] Cope, E. D. 1877. Report upon the extinct Vertebrata obtained in New Mexico by parties of the expedition of 1874. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (2): i-iv, 1-370.

[H48] Hershkovitz, P. 1948. The technical name of the Virginia deer with a list of the South American forms. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 61: 41-45.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PloS One 2 (3): e296.

[J88] Jaeger, J.-J. 1988. Rodent phylogeny: new data and old problems. In The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, vol. 2. Mammals (M. J. Benton, ed.) pp. 177-199. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[L78] Lavocat, L. 1978. Rodentia and Lagomorpha. In Evolution of African Mammals (V. J. Maglio & H. B. S. Cooke, eds) pp. 69-89. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[MH03] Martin, R. A., R. T. Hurt, J. G. Honey & P. Peláez-Campomanes. 2003. Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene rodents fom the northern Borchers Badlands (Meade County, Kansas), with comments on the Blancan-Irvingtonian boundary in the Meade Basin. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 985-1001.

[MHL03] Meng, J., Y. Hu & C. Li. 2003. The osteology of Rhombomylus (Mammalia, Glires): Implications for phylogeny and evolution of Glires. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 275: 1-247.

[MJ11] Meredith, R. W., J. E. Janečka, J. Gatesy, O. A. Ryder, C. A. Fisher, E. C. Teeling, A. Goodbla, E. Eizirik, T. L. L. Simão, T. Stadler, D. L. Rabosky, R. L. Honeycutt, J. J. Flynn, C. M. Ingram, C. Steiner, T. L. Williams, T. J. Robinson, A. Burk-Herrick, M. Westerman, N. A. Ayoub, M. S. Springer & W. J. Murphy. 2011. Impacts of the Cretaceous terrestrial revolution and KPg extinction on mammal diversification. Science 334: 521-524.

[N85] Novacek, M. J. 1985. The Sespedectinae, a new subfamily of hedgehog-like insectivores. American Museum Novitates 2822: 1-24.

[P04] Popov, V. V. 2004. Pliocene small mammals (Mammalia, Lipotyphla, Chiroptera, Lagomorpha, Rodentia) from Muselievo (north Bulgaria). Geodiversitas 26 (3): 403-491.

Phiomorpha

The Cape dune mole rat Bathyergus suillus. Photo from here.

Belongs within: Hystricognathiformes.
Contains: Thryonomyidae.

The Phiomorpha are African hystricognathous rodents, including the cane rats (Thryonomyidae) and bathyergid mole rats (Bathyergidae). Some authors have also included the the Old World porcupines (Hystricidae) in this group, though they may not form a monophyletic clade with the Phiomorpha sensu stricto. The bathyergids are the most speciose living group of phiomorphs, and are highly specialised burrowers. One species of bathyergid, the naked mole rat Heterocephalus glaber, is famed for its complex social behaviour, living in colonies with a single reproductive queen.

Characters (from Lavocat 1978): Lower jaw always hystricognath. Infraorbital structure primarily hystricomorph (greatly modified in some Bathyergoidea). Molar teeth tetra- or pentalophodont (simplified in Bathyergidae); three to five (usually four) cheek teeth.

<==Phiomorpha
    |--Bathyergoidea L78
    |    |--Bathyergoides [Bathyergoididae] L78
    |    |    `--B. neotertiarius L78
    |    `--Bathyergidae J88
    |         |--Proheliophobius leakeyi L78
    |         |--Paracryptomys mackennae L78
    |         |--Heterocephalus glaber GE05
    |         |--Heliophobius argenteocinereus IT07
    |         |--Georychus capensis IT07
    |         |--Bathyergus B74
    |         |    |--B. janetta IT07
    |         |    `--B. suillus B74
    |         |--Gypsorhynchus L78
    |         |    |--G. darti L78
    |         |    |--G. makapani L78
    |         |    `--G. minor L78
    |         `--Cryptomys L78
    |              |--C. bocagei IT07
    |              |--C. damarensis IT07
    |              |--C. foxi IT07
    |              |--C. hottentotus IT07
    |              |--C. mechowi IT07
    |              |--C. natalensis B74
    |              |--C. ochraceocinereus IT07
    |              |--C. robertsi L78
    |              `--C. zechi IT07
    `--Thryonomyoidea L78
         |--Thryonomyidae J88
         |--Kenyamyidae L78
         |    |--Kenyamys mariae L78
         |    `--Simonimys genovefae L78
         |--Myophiomyidae L78
         |    |--Myophiomys arambourgi L78
         |    |--Elmerimys woodi L78
         |    |--Phiomyoides humilis L78
         |    `--Phiocricetomys Wood 1968 L78, W68
         |         `--*P. minutus Wood 1968 W68
         |--Diamantomyidae L78
         |    |--Metaphiomys Osborn 1908 L78, W68
         |    |    |--*M. beadnelli Osborn 1908 W68
         |    |    `--M. schaubi Wood 1968 W68
         |    `--+--Phthynilla W68
         |       `--+--Diamantomys luederitzi W68, L78
         |          `--Pomonomys dubius W68, L78
         `--Phiomyidae J88
              |--Andrewsimys parvus L78
              |--Pseudospalax W68
              |--Protophiomys J88
              `--Phiomys Osborn 1908 W68
                   |--*P. andrewsi Osborn 1908 W68
                   |--P. lavocati Wood 1968 W68
                   `--P. paraphiomyoides Wood 1968 W68

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B74] Bugge, J. 1974. The cephalic arterial system in insectivores, primates, rodents and lagomorphs, with special reference to the systematic classification. Acta Anatomica 87 (Suppl 62): 1-160.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[IT07] Isaac, N. J. B., S. T. Turvey, B. Collen, C. Waterman & J. E. M. Baillie. 2007. Mammals on the EDGE: conservation priorities based on threat and phylogeny. PLoS One 2 (3): e296.

[J88] Jaeger, J.-J. 1988. Rodent phylogeny: new data and old problems. In The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, vol. 2. Mammals (M. J. Benton, ed.) pp. 177-199. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[L78] Lavocat, L. 1978. Rodentia and Lagomorpha. In Evolution of African Mammals (V. J. Maglio & H. B. S. Cooke, eds) pp. 69-89. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[W68] Wood, A. E. 1968. The African Oligocene Rodentia. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, Bulletin 28: 23-105.