Diachlorini

Stenotabanus sp., copyright Jfdocampo.

Belongs within: Tabanidae.

The Diachlorini are a group of tabanine horse flies that usually have the basicosta of the wing bare of macrotrichia or nearly so (Pechuman & Teskey 1981).

Characters (from Pechuman & Teskey 1981): Scape barely longer than wide; basicosta (subepaulet) bare or nearly so; hind tibia without apical spurs; male gonostylus truncate; ends of spermathecal ducts in female with mushroom-like expansions.

<==Diachlorini PT81
    |--Diachlorus ferrugatus PT81
    |--Aegialomyia M54
    |--Microtabanus pygmaeus PT81
    |--Anacimas limbellatus PT81
    |--Leptapha M54
    |--Phaeotabanus M54
    |--Stypommisa M54
    |--Agelanius M54
    |--Scaptiodes M54
    |--Stypommia M54
    |--Dasybasis M54
    |--Chasmiella M54
    |--Leptotabanus transversus M54
    |--Aphopeas M54
    |--Thereviotabanus M54
    |--Protodasyommia M54
    |--Chlorotabanus crepuscularis PT81
    |--Cryptotylus M54
    |--Lepiselaga (Lepiselaga) crassipes B09
    |--Selasoma tibiale M54
    |--Lanemyia M54
    |--Amphichlorops M54
    |--Catachlorops (Psalidia) fulmineus M54, B09 [=Psalidia fulminea M54]
    |--Dasychela (Dasychela) badia M54, B09
    |--Udenocera brunnea M54
    |--Paracanthocera australis M54
    |--Neobolbodimyia M54
    |--Neotabanus ceylonicus M54
    |--Lissimas M54
    |--Leucotabanus annulatus PT81
    |--Holcopsis PT81
    |--Dicladocera nigrocaerulea B09
    |--Himantostylus intermedius B09
    |--Myiotabanus muscoideus B09
    |--Hemichrysops fascipennis B09
    |--Bolbodimyia B09
    |    |--B. atrata PT81
    |    `--B. galindoi B09
    |--Stibasoma B09
    |    |--S. (Stibasoma) chionostigma B09
    |    `--S. (Rhabdotylus) venenata B09
    |--Cydistomyia M54
    |    |--C. doddi S66
    |    `--C. postica M54
    |--Acanthocera M54
    |    |--A. apicalis M54
    |    |--A. (Nothocanthocera) costaricana B09
    |    `--A. (Polistimima) vespiformis B09
    |--Dichelacera M54
    |    |--D. (Dichelacera) B09
    |    |    |--D. (D.) fasciata B09
    |    |    `--D. (D.) regina BW09
    |    |--D. (Desmatochelacera) transposita B09
    |    `--D. (Idiochelacera) subcallosa B09
    |--Philipotabanus B09
    |    |--P. (Philipotabanus) B09
    |    |    |--P. (P.) nigrinubilus B09
    |    |    `--P. (P.) pallidetinctus B09
    |    |--P. (Melasmatabanus) criton BW09
    |    `--P. (Mimotabanus) inauratus B09
    `--Stenotabanus PT81
         |  i. s.: S. flavidus PT81
         |--S. (Stenotabanus) B09
         |    |--S. (S.) fulvistriatus B09
         |    `--S. (S.) incipiens B09
         `--S. (Brachytabanus) longipennis B09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BW09] Buck, M., N. E. Woodley, A. Borkent, D. M. Wood, T. Pape, J. R. Vockeroth, V. Michelsen & S. A. Marshall. 2009. Key to Diptera families—adults. In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 95–156. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[B09] Burger, J. F. 2009. Tabanidae (horse flies, deer flies, tabanos). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 495–507. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[M54] Mackerras, I. M. 1954. The classification and distribution of Tabanidae (Diptera). I. General review. Australian Journal of Zoology 2 (3): 431–454.

[PT81] Pechuman, L. L., & H. J. Teskey. 1981. Tabanidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 463–478. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[S66] Southcott, R. V. 1966. Revision of the genus Charletonia Oudemans (Acarina: Erythraeidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 14: 687–819.

Scionini

Flower-feeding March fly Scaptia auriflua, copyright dhobern.

Belongs within: Tabanidae.

The Pangoniini are a group of horse flies characterised by the presence of apical spurs on the hind tibia, an undivided tergite 9, and male terminalia with a simple gonostylus (Pechuman & Teskey 1981).

<==Scionini PT81
    |--Goniops chrysocoma PT81
    |--Mycteromyia M54
    |--Melpia M54
    |--Pityocera festae M54, B09
    |--Listriosca M54
    |--Parosca M54
    |--Listrapha M54
    |--Osca M54
    |--Palimmecomyia M54
    |--Pseudoscione M54
    |--Scione B09
    |    |--S. costaricana B09
    |    `--S. maculipennis M54
    |--Fidena M54
    |    |--F. flavipennis B09
    |    |--F. nigrovitta B09
    |    `--F. sorbens M54
    `--Scaptia M54
         |--S. adrel M54
         |--S. aurata M54
         |--S. auriflua ZS10
         |--S. barbata M54
         |--S. maculiventris M54
         |--S. patula M54
         `--S. viridiventris M54

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B09] Burger, J. F. 2009. Tabanidae (horse flies, deer flies, tabanos). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 495–507. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[M54] Mackerras, I. M. 1954. The classification and distribution of Tabanidae (Diptera). I. General review. Australian Journal of Zoology 2 (3): 431–454.

[PT81] Pechuman, L. L., & H. J. Teskey. 1981. Tabanidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 463–478. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P., & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia 3^rd ed. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

Pangoniini

Esenbeckia sp., from here.

Belongs within: Tabanidae.

The Pangoniini are a group of horse flies characterised by the presence of apical spurs on the hind tibia, an undivided tergite 9, and male terminalia with a bifid stylus (Pechuman & Teskey 1981).

<==Pangoniini PT81
    |--Stonemyia tranquilla PT81
    |--Brennania hera PT81
    |--Asaphomyia floridensis PT81
    |--Chaetopalpus coracinus M54
    |--Parasilvius fulvus M54
    |--Ectenopsis M54
    |--Caenoprosopon M54
    |--Protodasyapha M54
    |--Corizoneura chrysophilus M54
    |--Pilimas PT81
    |    |--P. californicus PT81
    |    `--P. ruficornis PT81
    |--Apatolestes comastes PT81
    |    |--A. c. comastes M54
    |    `--A. c. willistoni M54
    |--Pangonius Latreille 1802 L02
    |    |--P. mauretanus M54 [=Tabanus mauritanicus L02; incl. P. mauretanus var. aethiops M54]
    |    |--P. proboscideus [=Tabanus proboscideus] L02
    |    `--P. rostratus [=Tabanus rostratus] L02
    `--Esenbeckia PT81
         |--E. delta M90
         |--E. (Proboscoides) ecuadorensis B09
         |    |--E. e. ecuadorensis B09
         |    `--E. e. chagresensis B09
         `--E. (Esenbeckia) peruviana B09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B09] Burger, J. F. 2009. Tabanidae (horse flies, deer flies, tabanos). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 495–507. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[M54] Mackerras, I. M. 1954. The classification and distribution of Tabanidae (Diptera). I. General review. Australian Journal of Zoology 2 (3): 431–454.

[M90] McAlpine, J. F. 1990. Insecta: Diptera adults. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1211–1252. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[PT81] Pechuman, L. L., & H. J. Teskey. 1981. Tabanidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 463–478. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

Psychodomorpha

Larva of Philorus sp., from the California Department of Fish and Wildlife.

Belongs within: Neoneura.
Contains: Psychodoidea.

The Psychodomorpha is a clade of flies including the moth flies of the Psychodidae and their close relatives. In the circumscription given below, it is supported by molecular data (Wiegmann et al. 2011). Members include the Blephariceridae, a cosmopolitan group of slender, long-legged flies with wings bearing a secondary network of vein-like markings (Colless & McAlpine 1991).

<==Psychodomorpha WT11
    |--+--Kuperwoodidae GE05
    |  |--Hennigmatidae GE05
    |  |--Grauvogelia [Grauvogeliidae] GE05
    |  |    `--G. arzvilleriana GE05
    |  `--+--Psychodoidea WT11
    |     `--Nadiptera [Nadipteridae] GE05
    |          `--N. kaluginae KK02
    `--Blephariceridae [Blepharicerimorpha, Blepharoceridae] WT11
         |--Edwardsina [Edwardsininae] C09
         |    |--E. ferrugiana CM91
         |    `--E. gigantea WT11
         |--Apistomyiinae [Apistomyiini] CM70
         |    |--Apistomyia tonnoiri CM91
         |    |--Parapistomyia CM91
         |    |--Austrocurupira CM91
         |    `--Neocurupira CM70
         `--Blepharicerinae C09
              |  i. s.: Aposonalco amoyote C09
              |         Kelloggina C09
              |         Limonicola lichanos C09
              |--Paltostoma C09 [Paltostomini H81]
              |    |--P. argyrocincta C09
              |    |--P. exserta C09
              |    `--P. schineri C09
              `--Blepharicerini H81
                   |--Bibiocephala grandis H81
                   |--Dioptopsis H81
                   |    |--D. aylmeri H81
                   |    `--D. sequioarum H81
                   |--Blepharicera H81
                   |    |--B. ostensackeni H81
                   |    |--B. tenuipes H81
                   |    `--B. tetrophtalma O98
                   |--Agathon H81
                   |    |--A. comstocki C09
                   |    |--A. doanei H81
                   |    `--A. elegantulus H81
                   `--Philorus H81
                        |--P. californicus H81
                        |--P. jacinto H81
                        `--P. yosemite H81

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CM70] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1970. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 656–740. Melbourne University Press.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C09] Courtney, G. W. 2009. Blephariceridae (net-winged midges). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 237–243. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H81] Hogue, C. L. 1981. Blephariceridae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 191–197. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[KK02] Krzemiński, W., & E. Krzemińska. 2002. Rhaetaniidae, a new family of the Diptera from the Upper Triassic of Great Britain (Diptera: Nematocera). Annales Zoologici 52 (2): 211–213.

[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 29 December 2020.

Phlebotominae

Feeding Phlebotomus papatasi, photographed by Frank Collins.

Belongs within: Psychodoidea.

The Phlebotominae, sand flies, are a group of small flies with soil-dwelling larvae and blood-sucking adults. They are characterised by a four-branched Rs vein in the wing, and mouthparts much longer than the height of the head (Quate & Vockeroth 1981).

<==Phlebotominae GE05
    |--Phlebotomites GE05
    |--Libanophlebotomus lutfallahi GE05
    |--Chinius WI-B09
    |--Sergentomyia WI-B09
    |--Brumptomyia mesai WI-B09
    |--Warileya [incl. Hertigia] WI-B09
    |--Edentomyia WI-B09
    |--Lutzomyia QV81
    |    |--L. cruciata WI-B09
    |    |--L. longipalpis WT11
    |    `--L. vexator QV81
    `--Phlebotomus WT11
         |--P. argentipes A71
         |--P. ariasi A71
         |--P. capensis de Meillon 1955 S61
         |--P. duboscqui WT11
         |--P. longipalpis A71
         |--P. major A71
         |--P. orientalis A71
         |--P. papatasi NJ91
         |--P. parfiliewi A71
         |--P. perniciosus A71
         |--P. sergenti A71
         `--P. verrucarum A71

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[NJ91] Nuttall, P. A., & L. D. Jones. 1991. Non-viraemic tick-borne virus transmission: mechanism and significance. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 2 pp. 3–6. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.

[QV81] Quate, L. W., & J. R. Vockeroth. 1981. Psychodidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 293–300. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[S61] Stuckenberg, R. R. 1961. Diptera (Nematocera): Thaumaleidae. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck. South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 409–412. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.

[WI-B09] Wagner, R., & S. Ibáñez-Bernal. 2009. Psychodidae (sand flies, and moth flis or owl flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera, vol. 1 pp. 319–335. Ottawa, NRC Research Press.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Psychodoidea

Male Protoplasa fitchii, from Alexander (1981).

Belongs within: Psychodomorpha.
Contains: Phlebotominae, Psychodinae.

The Psychodoidea are a clade uniting the moth flies and sand flies of the Psychodidae with the primitive crane flies of the Tanyderidae. The Psychodidae are mostly small, very hairy flies with broadly ovate wings with veins M and often Rs each bearing four branches (Colless & McAlpine 1991).

Synapomorphies (from Blagoderov et al. 2002): Ocelli absent; sc-r terminal; M₂ convex; male genitalia inverted.

<==Psychodoidea BLM02
    |--Tanyderidae [Tanyderoidea, Tanyderomorpha] BLM02
    |    |--Praemacrochile BLM02
    |    |--Peringueyomyina A81
    |    |--Protoplasa fitchii A81
    |    |--Nothoderus australiensis CM91, M81
    |    |--Protanyderus margarita A81
    |    |--Macrochile A81
    |    |--Radinoderus occidentalis CM91
    |    `--Eutanyderus A81
    |         |--E. oreonympha CM91
    |         `--E. wilsoni CM91
    `--Psychodidae [Phlebotomidae] WI-B09
         |  i. s.: Eopericoma zherichini Kalugina in Kalugina & Kovalev 1985 RJ93
         |         Tanypsycha GE05
         |         Liassopsychodina GE05
         |         Psychotanyderus GE05
         |         Bazarella WI-B09
         |         Quatiella interdicta WM96
         |--Nannotanyderus WT11
         `--+--Phlebotominae WI-B09
            |--Psychodinae WI-B09
            |--Horaiella [Horaiellinae] WI-B09
            |--Sycoracinae WI-B09
            |    |--Sycorax WI-B09
            |    |--Aposycorax chilensis WI-B09
            |    `--Parasycorax WI-B09
            |--Bruchomyiinae WI-B09
            |    |--Bruchomyia WI-B09
            |    `--Nemapalpus WI-B09
            |         |--N. nearcticus QV81
            |         `--N. youngi WI-B09
            `--Trichomyia [Trichomyiinae] WI-B09
                 |--T. botosaneanui WM96
                 |--T. buchholzi Wagner & Masteller 1996 WM96
                 |--T. flinti Wagner & Masteller 1996 WM96
                 |--T. masneri WM96
                 |--T. nuda WI-B09
                 |--T. rawlinsi WM96
                 |--T. sattelmairi Wagner & Masteller 1996 WM96
                 |--T. urbica QV81
                 `--T. wirthi WM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A81] Alexander, C. P. 1981. Tanyderidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 149–151. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[BLM02] Blagoderov, V. A., E. D. Lukashevich & M. B. Mostovski. 2002. Order Diptera Linné, 1758. The true flies (=Muscida Laicharting, 1781). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 227–240. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[M81] McAlpine, J. F. 1981. Morphology and terminology—adults. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 9–63. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[QV81] Quate, L. W., & J. R. Vockeroth. 1981. Psychodidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 293–300. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WI-B09] Wagner, R., & S. Ibáñez-Bernal. 2009. Psychodidae (sand flies, and moth flies or owl flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 319–335. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[WM96] Wagner, R., & E. C. Masteller. 1996. New moth flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) and a key to species from Puerto Rico. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 450–464.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 29 December 2020.

Culicoidini

Culicoides obsoletus, from here.

Belongs within: Ceratopogonidae.

The Culicoidini are a group of biting midges whose females commonly feed on the blood of vertebrates, with some Culicoides species being vectors of parasites or viruses. Some species can be significant pests in the latter regard, with attacks from Culicoides furens in coastal regions in Central America being bad enough to preclude human habitation in some locations (Borkent et al. 2009). Members of the genus Paradasyhelea have the palps and mouthparts reduced relative to Culicoides, and females lack the teeth on the mandible of the latter genus (Downes & Wirth 1981).

Characters (from Downes & Wirth 1981): Female antenna with 13 flagellomeres. Prescutal pits prominent. Wing with macrotrichia usually abundant; cell r₁ and cell r₂₊₃ both usually well-developed, similar in size; M forking beyond crossvein r-m, medial fork petiolate. Empodia small; claws of both sexes small, equal, and simple.

<==Culicoidini BSG09
    |--Paradasyhelea DW81
    |    |--P. minuta DW81
    |    `--P. olympiae DW81
    `--Culicoides BSG09
         |  i. s.: C. angularis CM91
         |         C. anophelis CM91
         |         C. antennalis CM91
         |         C. arubae BSG09
         |         C. austeni A71
         |         C. barbosai BSG09
         |         C. brevitarsis CM91
         |         C. castillae WB56
         |         C. equatoriensis WB56
         |         C. filarifer BSG09
         |         C. foxi BSG09
         |         C. furens BSG09
         |         C. gabaldoni WB56
         |         C. grahami A71
         |         C. impunctatus A71
         |         C. inornatipennis A71
         |         C. insignis BSG09
         |         C. insinuatus Ortiz & Leon 1955 WB56
         |         C. marmoratus CM74
         |         C. ornatus L91
         |         C. paraensis BSG09
         |         C. phlebotomus BSG09
         |         C. pseudodiabolicus BSG09
         |         C. pulicaris A71
         |         C. pusillus BSG09
         |         C. yoosti GE05
         |         C. debilipalpis group WB56
         |           |--C. dasyophrus Macfie 1940 WB56
         |           |--C. debilipalpis [incl. C. debilipalpis var. glabrior Macfie 1940] WB56
         |           |--C. germanus Macfie 1940 WB56
         |           |--C. hoffmani Fox 1946 WB56
         |           `--C. trilineatus Fox 1946 WB56
         |--C. (Culicoides) yukonensis M90
         |--C. (Avaritia) obsoletus DW81
         |--C. (Beltranmyia) crepuscularis DW81
         |--C. (Diphaomyia) haematopotus DW81
         |--C. (Drymodesmyia) copiosus DW81
         |--C. (Monoculicoides) variipennis M90
         `--C. (Selfia) hieroglyphicus DW81

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[BSG09] Borkent, A., G. R. Spinelli & W. L. Grogan Jr. 2009. Ceratopogonidae (biting midges, purrujas). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 407–435. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[CM74] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1974. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Supplement 1974 pp. 91–96. Melbourne University Press.

[CM91] Colless, D. H., & D. K. McAlpine. 1991. Diptera (flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 717–786. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[DW81] Downes, J. A., & W. W. Wirth. 1981. Ceratopogonidae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 393–421. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[L91] Liehne, P. F. S. 1991. An Atlas of the Mosquitoes of Western Australia. Health Department of Western Australia.

[M90] McAlpine, J. F. 1990. Insecta: Diptera adults. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 1211–1252. John Wiley & Sones: New York.

[WB56] Wirth, W. W., & F. S. Blanton. 1956. Redescriptions of four species of Neotropical Culicoides of the debilipalpis group (Diptera: Heleidae). Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (6): 186–190.

Last updated: 28 December 2020.