Hemisphaerammininae

Hemisphaerammina bradyi, from Brady (1884).

Belongs within: Foraminifera.

The Hemisphaerammininae are a group of agglutinated Foraminifera known from the Ordovician to the present, in which the attached test is composed of one or more subglobular or hemispherical chambers (Loeblich & Tappan 1964a).

<==Hemisphaerammininae
    |--Goatapitigba Narchi 1962 LT64a
    |    `--*G. jurara Narchi 1962 LT64b
    |--Amphicervicis Mound 1961 LT64a
    |    `--*A. elliptica Mound 1961 LT64a
    |--Saccamminis Ireland 1960 [=Saccamminoides Ireland 1956 non Geroch 1955] LT64a
    |    `--*S. multicellus (Ireland 1956) [=*Saccamminoides multicellus] LT64a
    |--Saccodendron Rhumbler 1935 LT64a
    |    `--*S. heronalleni Rhumbler 1935 [incl. S. heronalleni f. latericium Rhumbler 1935] LT64a
    |--Sagenina Chapman 1900 [=Arsagenum Rhumbler 1913, Sagenella Brady 1879 non Hall 1851] LT64a
    |    `--*S. frondescens (Brady 1879) [=*Sagenella frondescens, *Arsagenum frondescens] LT64a
    |--Tholosina Rhumbler 1895 [=Artholosum Rhumbler 1913, Pseudoplacopsilina Eimer & Fickert 1899] LT64a
    |    `--*T. bulla (Brady 1881) [=Placopsilina bulla, *Artholosum bulla, *Pseudoplacopsilina bulla] LT64a
    |--Ammopemphix Loeblich 1952 [=Urnula Wiesner 1931 non Claparède & Lachmann 1857] LT64a
    |    |--*A. quadrupla (Wiesner 1931) [=*Urnula quadrupla] LT64a
    |    `--‘Urnula’ arctica C40
    |--Colonammina Moreman 1930 [incl. Psammoscene Thalmann 1934] LT64a
    |    |--*C. verruca Moreman 1930 LT64a
    |    `--‘*Psammoscene’ craterula Rhumbler 1931 LT64a
    |--Webbinelloidea Stewart & Lampe 1947 [incl. Sorosphaeroidea Stewart & Lampe 1947] LT64a
    |    |--*W. similis Stewart & Lampe 1947 LT64a
    |    `--W. polygonia (Stewart & Lampe 1947) [=*Sorosphaeroidea polygonia] LT64a
    `--Hemisphaerammina Loeblich & Tappan 1957 [incl. Fairliella Summerson 1958, Iridiella Shchedrina 1962] LT64a
         |--*H. batalleri Loeblich & Tappan 1957 LT64a
         |--H. bradyi PH03
         |--H. crassa LT64a
         |--‘*Fairliella’ dicantha Summerson 1958 LT64a
         `--H. marisalbi (Shchedrina 1962) [=*Iridiella marisalbi] LT64a

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[LT64a] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964a. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LT64b] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964b. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[PH03] Pawlowski, J., M. Holzmann, J. Fahrni & S. L. Richardson. 2003. Small subunit ribosomal DNA suggests that the xenophyophorean Syringammina corbicula is a foraminiferan. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 50: 483–487.

Lagynidae

Paralectotypes of Iridia diaphana, copyright Natural History Museum London. Left scale bar = 516 µm; right scale bar = 564 µm.

Belongs within: Foraminifera.

The Lagynidae are a group of Foraminifera with membranous or pseudochitinous tests (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Test small, membranous to pseudochitinous, may have ferruginous encrustations or rarely agglutinated matter; may form colonies; aperture single, or numerous apertures not localised; gametes (where known) biflagellate.

<==Lagynidae (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |--Marenda Nyholm 1951 G86
    |    `--*M. nematoides Nyholm 1951 LT64
    |--Schultzella Rhumbler 1904 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    `--*S. diffluens (Gruber 1884) (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |--Myxotheca Schaudinn 1893 [=Armyxothecum Rhumbler 1913] LT64
    |    `--*M. arenilega Schaudinn 1893 [=*Armyxothecum arenilegum] LT64
    |--Boderia Wright 1867 [=Arboderium Rhumbler 1913] LT64
    |    `--*B. turneri Wright 1867 [=*Arboderium turneri] LT64
    |--Apogromia De Saedeleer 1934 LT64
    |    `--*A. mucicola (Archer 1877) [=Microgromia mucicola, Mikrogromia mucicola] LT64
    |--Belaria De Saedeleer 1934 LT64
    |    `--*B. bicorpor De Saedeleer 1934 LT64
    |--Echinogromia Schröder 1907 [=Arechinogromium Rhumbler 1913] LT64
    |    `--*E. multifenestrata Schröder 1907 [=*Arechinogromium multifenestratum] LT64
    |--Heterogromia De Saedeleer 1934 LT64
    |    `--*H. intermedia De Saedeleer 1934 LT64
    |--Kibisidytes Jepps 1934 LT64
    |    `--*K. marinus Jepps 1934 LT64
    |--Microcometes Cienkowski 1876 LT64
    |    `--*M. paludosa Cienkowski 1876 LT64
    |--Nemogullmia Nyholm 1953 LT64
    |    `--*N. longevariabilis Nyholm 1953 LT64
    |--Ophiotuba Rhumbler 1894 [=Arophiotubum Rhumbler 1913] LT64
    |    `--*O. gelatinosa Rhumbler 1894 [=*Arophiotubum gelatinosum] LT64
    |--Pseudoditrema Deflandre in Grassé 1953 LT64
    |    `--*P. mikrous (De Saedeleer 1934) [=Ditrema mikrous] LT64
    |--Rhumblerinella Schmidt 1929 LT64
    |    `--*R. bacillifera Schmidt 1929 LT64
    |--Plagiophrys Claparède & Lachmann 1859 [=Arplagiophrum Rhumbler 1913] LT64
    |    |--*P. cylindrica Claparède & Lachmann 1859 [=*Arplagiophrum cylindricum] LT64
    |    `--P. parvipunctata Penard 1902 LT64
    |--Lagynis Schultze 1854 [=Exassula Ehrenberg 1872; incl. Platoum Schulze 1875] LT64
    |    |--*L. baltica Schultze 1854 [=Difflugia (*Exassula) baltica] LT64
    |    `--L. parva (Schulze 1875) [=*Platoum parvum] LT64
    |--Cystophrys Archer 1869 [incl. Mikrogromia Hertwig 1874, Microgromia Archer 1876] LT64
    |    |--*C. haeckeliana Archer 1869 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    `--C. oculea Archer 1869 LT64
    `--Iridia Heron-Allen & Earland 1914 LT64
         |--*I. diaphana Heron-Allen & Earland 1914 LT64
         `--I. lucida LT64

*Cystophrys haeckeliana Archer 1869 [incl. Gromia socialis Archer 1869, *Microgromia socialis, *Mikrogromia socialis] LT64

Lagynidae [Amphistominae, Amphistomini, Armyxothecnia, Belariini, Heterogromiini, Microcometesiidae, Microcometidae, Microgromiidae, Mikrogromiidae, Mikrogromiini, Myxothecinae, Plagiophryiinae, Polystomini] LT64

Schultzella Rhumbler 1904 [=Arschultzellum Rhumbler 1913, Schultzia Gruber 1888 nec Grimm 1876 nec Graff 1882] LT64

*Schultzella diffluens (Gruber 1884) [=Lieberkuehnia diffluens, *Arschultzellum diffluens, *Schultzia diffluens] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G86] Golemansky, V. G. 1986. Rhizopoda: Foraminiferida. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 17–20. E. J. Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

Allogromiidae

Allogromia laticollaris, from here.

Belongs within: Foraminifera.

The Allogromiidae are a group of Foraminifera with a pseudochitinous test known from the Upper Cambrian to the present (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Test pseudochitinous or with agglutinated matter on pseudochitinous base; certain forms known to show alternation of generations with amoeboid gametes.

<==Allogromiidae (see below for synonymy)
    |--Lieberkuehnia Claparède & Lachmann 1859 [=Arlieberkuehnium Rhumbler 1913] LT64
    |    `--*L. wagneri Claparède & Lachmann 1859 [=*Arlieberkuehnium wagneri] LT64
    |--Rhynchosaccus Rhumbler 1894 [=Arrhynchosaccum Rhumbler 1913] LT64
    |    `--*R. immigrans Rhumbler 1894 [=*Arrhynchosaccum immigrans] LT64
    |--Rhynchogromia Rhumbler 1894 [=Arrhynchogromium Rhumbler 1913] LT64
    |    `--*R. variabilis Rhumbler 1894 [=*Arrhynchogromium variabile] LT64
    |--Diplogromia Rhumbler 1904 [=Allelogromia De Saedeleer 1934, Ardiplogromium Rhumbler 1913] LT64
    |    `--*D. brunneri (Blanc 1886) [=Gromia brunneri, *Allelogromia brunneri, *Ardiplogromium brunneri] LT64
    |--Diaphoropodon Archer 1869 C40
    |    `--*D. mobile Archer 1869 C40
    |--Rhabdogromia Valkanova 1964 G86
    |    `--R. flexilis (Höglund 1947) G86
    |--Chitinodendron Eisenack 1937 LT64
    |    `--*C. bacciferum Eisenack 1937 LT64
    |--Archaeochitosa Eisenack 1959 LT64
    |    `--*A. lobosa Eisenack 1959 LT64
    |--Chitinolagena Bykova 1961 LT64
    |    `--*C. gutta Bykova 1961 LT64
    |--Labyrinthochitinia Bykova 1961 LT64
    |    `--*L. tastikoliensis Bykova 1961 LT64
    |--Maylisoria Bykova 1961 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    `--*M. pseudoscheda Bykova 1961 LT64
    |--Archaeochitinia Eisenack 1954 LT64
    |    `--*A. gotlandica Eisenack 1954 LT64
    |--Xenotheka Eisenack 1938 LT64
    |    `--*X. klinostoma Eisenack 1938 LT64
    |--Ceratestina Carter 1880 LT64
    |    `--*C. globularis Carter 1880 LT64
    |--Chitinosaccus Smitter 1956 LT64
    |    `--*C. zuluensis Smitter 1956 LT64
    |--Dactylosaccus Rhumbler 1894 [=Ardactylosaccum Rhumbler 1913] LT64
    |    `--*D. vermiformis Rhumbler 1894 [=*Ardactylosaccum vermiforme] LT64
    |--Dendrotuba Rhumbler 1894 [=Ardendrotubum Rhumbler 1913] LT64
    |    `--*D. nodulosa Rhumbler 1894 [=*Ardendrotubum nodulosum] LT64
    |--Hospitella Rhumbler 1911 [=Arhospitellum Rhumbler 1913, Hospitellum Rhumbler 1913] LT64
    |    `--*H. fulva Rhumbler 1911 [=*Arhospitellum fulvum, *Hospitellum fulvum] LT64
    |--Marsupulina Rhumbler 1904 [=Armarsupium Rhumbler 1913] LT64
    |    `--*M. schultzei Rhumbler 1904 [=*Armarsupium schultzei] LT64
    |--Nodellum Rhumbler 1913 [=Arnodellum Rhumbler 1913; incl. Chitinosiphon Thalmann & Bermúdez 1954] LT64
    |    `--*N. membranaceum (Brady 1879) (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |--Paralieberkuehnia De Saedeleer 1934 LT64
    |    `--*P. elegantula (Penard 1904) [=Microgromia elegantula] LT64
    |--Penardogromia Deflandre in Grassé 1953 LT64
    |    `--*P. linearis (Penard 1902) [=Gromia linearis] LT64
    |--Phainogullmia Nyholm 1955 LT64
    |    `--*P. aurata Nyholm 1955 LT64
    |--Placopsilinella Earland 1934 LT64
    |    `--*P. aurantiaca Earland 1934 LT64
    |--Pleurophrys Claparède & Lachmann 1859 LT64
    |    `--*P. sphaerica Claparède & Lachmann 1859 LT64
    |--Saedeleeria Loeblich & Tappan 1960 LT64
    |    `--*S. gemma (Penard 1899) [=Gromia gemma] LT64
    |--Turriclavula Rhumbler 1911 LT64
    |    `--*T. interjecta Rhumbler 1911 LT64
    |--Shepheardella Siddall 1880 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    |--*S. taeniformis Siddall 1880 [=*Arshepheardellum taeniforme] LT64
    |    `--‘*Tinogullmia’ hyalina Nyholm 1954 LT64
    `--Allogromia Rhumbler 1904 (see below for synonymy) LT64
         |--*A. mollis (Gruber 1884) [=*Craterina mollis, *Arrogromium molle] LT64
         |--A. crystallifera PH03
         |--A. fluviatilis (Dujardin 1841) [=Gromia fluviatilis] LT64
         |--A. lagenoides C40
         |--A. laticollaris T72
         `--A. ovoidea LT64

Allogromia Rhumbler 1904 [=Arrogromium Rhumbler 1913, Craterina Gruber 1884 nec Curtis 1826 nec Bory de St Vincent 1827] LT64

Allogromiidae [Alexandrellidae, Allelogromiini, Allogromida, Allogromidae, Allogromiinae, Arrogromnia, Craterininae, Lieberkuehniinae, Lieberkuehniini, Maylisoriidae, Pleurophryini, Rhynchogromiinae]

Maylisoria Bykova 1961 [incl. Alexandrella Bykova 1958 (n. n.) nec Chevreux 1911 nec Tonnoir 1926 nec Schweyer 1939] LT64

*Nodellum membranaceum (Brady 1879) [=Reophax membranacea, *Arnodellum membranaceum; incl. *Chitinosiphon rufescens Thalmann & Bermúdez 1954] LT64

Shepheardella Siddall 1880 [=Arshepheardellum Rhumbler 1913, Shepheardia (l. c.); incl. Tinogullmia Nyholm 1954] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G86] Golemansky, V. G. 1986. Rhizopoda: Testacea. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 5–16. E. J. Brill / Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[PH03] Pawlowski, J., M. Holzmann, J. Fahrni & S. L. Richardson. 2003. Small subunit ribosomal DNA suggests that the xenophyophorean Syringammina corbicula is a foraminiferan. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 50: 483–487.

[T72] Tendal, O. S. 1972. A monograph of the Xenophyophoria (Rhizopodea, Protozoa). Galathea Report 12: 7–99.

Hyperamminidae

Hyperammina elongata, from here.

Belongs within: Foraminifera.

The Hyperamminidae were treated by Cushman (1940) as a family of Foraminifera with an elongate, undivided, agglutinate test. The Hippocrepininae (with test free) and Dendrophryinae (with test attached) were later placed by Loeblich & Tappan (1964) as independent subfamilies within the family Astrorhizidae; as the latter group is now known to be polyphyletic and the position of the taxa listed below is uncertain, Cushman's 'Hyperamminidae' is retained here for the sake of convenience.

Characters (from Cushman 1940): Test free or attached, consisting of globular proloculum and more or less elongate (but not close coiled), sometimes branching portion, not divided into chambers; wall of variously agglutinated materials with basal layer of chitin; aperture formed by open end of tubular portion.

<==Hyperamminidae C40
    |--Dendrophryinae C40
    |    |--Dendronina Heron-Allen & Earland 1922 LT64
    |    |    `--*D. arborescens Heron-Allen & Earland 1922 LT64
    |    |--Halyphysema Bowerbank 1862 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    |    `--*H. tumanowiczii Bowerbank 1862 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    |--Nubeculariella Averintsev 1911 LT64
    |    |    `--*N. birulai Averintsev 1911 LT64
    |    `--Dendrophrya Wright 1861 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |         |--*D. erecta Wright 1861 LT64
    |         `--D. arborescens (Norman in Brady 1881) [=*Psammatodendron arborescens] LT64
    `--Hippocrepininae [Arhippocrepnia, Hyperammininae] LT64
         |--Jaculella Brady 1879 [=Arjaculum Rhumbler 1913] LT64
         |    `--*J. acuta Brady 1879 [=*Arjaculum acutum] LT64
         |--Giraliarella Crespin 1958 LT64
         |    `--*G. angulata Crespin 1958 LT64
         |--Protobotellina Heron-Allen & Earland 1929 LT64
         |    `--*P. cylindrica Heron-Allen & Earland 1929 LT64
         |--Pseudohyperammina Crespin 1958 LT64
         |    `--*P. radiostoma Crespin 1958 LT64
         |--Saccorhiza Eimer & Fickert 1899 LT64
         |    `--*S. ramosa (Brady 1879) [=Hyperammina ramosa] LT64
         |--Hippocrepina Parker in Dawson 1870 (see below for synonymy) LT64
         |    |--*H. indivisa Parker in Dawson 1870 [=*Arhippocrepum indivisum] LT64
         |    |--‘Hyperamminoides’ barksdalei BL79
         |    `--H. elegans (Cushman & Waters 1928) [=*Hyperamminella elegans, *Hyperamminoides elegans] LT64
         `--Hyperammina Brady 1878 (see below for synonymy) LT64
              |--*H. elongata Brady 1878 [=*Arhyperammum elongatum] LT64
              |--H. abyssorum (Dawson 1870) [=*Rhabdopleura abyssorum] LT64
              |--H. aptica BL79
              |--H. bulbosa C40
              `--H. friabilis Brady 1884 [=*Hyperammina (sensu Eimer & Fickert) friabilis] LT64

Dendrophrya Wright 1861 [=Ardendrophyrum Rhumbler 1913, Dendrophyra (l. c.); incl. Psammatodendron Norman in Brady 1881] LT64

Halyphysema Bowerbank 1862 [=Arhaliphysemum Rhumbler 1913, Gastrophysema Haeckel 1877, Haliphysema Haeckel 1877] LT64

*Halyphysema tumanowiczii Bowerbank 1862 [=*Arhaliphysemum tumanowiczii, *Haliphysema tumanowiczii, Squamulina scopula Carter 1877, *Gastrophysema scopula] LT64

Hippocrepina Parker in Dawson 1870 [=Arhippocrepum Rhumbler 1913; incl. Hyperamminella Cushman & Waters 1928 non de Folin 1881, Hyperamminoides Cushman & Waters 1928] LT64

Hyperammina Brady 1878 [=Arhyperammum Rhumbler 1913, Bactrammina Eimer & Fickert 1899; incl. Hyperammina Eimer & Fickert 1899 non Brady 1878, Rhabdopleura Dawson 1870 non Allman 1869] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BL79] Basov, V. A., B. G. Lopatin, I. S. Gramberg, A. I. Danjushevskaya, V. Ya. Kaban’kov, V. M. Lazurkin & D. K. Patrunov. 1979. Lower Cretaceous lithostratigraphy near Galicia Bank. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 47: 683–717.

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

Saccamminidae

Pelosina variabilis, copyright Jan Pawlowski.

Belongs within: Foraminifera.

The Saccamminidae are a group of Foraminifera with agglutinated tests known from the Ordovician to the present (Loeblich & Tappan 1964); it is likely that this represents a polyphyletic assemblage of relatively simple-bodied forams.

See also: A small bag of grains (Taxon of the Week: Saccamminidae); Three random foram genera (Taxon of the Week: Pelosininae).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Test free or attached, subglobular, or in groups; aperture absent, single, or multiple.

<==Saccamminidae (see below for synonymy)
    |--Diffusilininae LT64
    |    |--Diffusilina Heron-Allen & Earland 1924 LT64
    |    |    `--*D. humilis Heron-Allen & Earland 1924 LT64
    |    |--Crithionina Goës 1894 [=Arcrithionum Rhumbler 1913] LT64
    |    |    `--*C. mamilla Goës 1894 [=*Arcrithionum mamilla] LT64
    |    |--Daitrona Loeblich & Tappan 1961 LT64
    |    |    `--*D. lens (Goës 1896) [=Crithionina lens] LT64
    |    |--Discobotellina Collins 1958 LT64
    |    |    `--*D. biperforata Collins 1958 LT64
    |    |--Kerionammina Moreman 1933 LT64
    |    |    `--*K. favus Moreman 1933 LT64
    |    |--Masonella Brady 1889 [=Armasonellum Rhumbler 1913] LT64
    |    |    `--*M. planulata Brady 1889 [=*Armasonellum planulatum] LT64
    |    |--Oryctoderma Loeblich & Tappan 1961 LT64
    |    |    |--*O. rotundata (Cushman 1910) [=Crithionina rotundata] LT64
    |    |    |--O. pisum (Goës 1896) [=Crithionina pisum] LT61
    |    |    |--O. rugosa (Goës 1896) [=Crithionina rugosa] LT61
    |    |    `--O. teicherti (Parr 1942) [=Crithionina teicherti] LT61
    |    |--Pseudowebbinella Shchedrina 1962 LT64
    |    |    `--*P. goesi (Höglund 1947) [=Crithionina goesi] LT64
    |    |--Thuramminoides Plummer 1945 LT64
    |    |    `--*T. sphaeroidalis Plummer 1945 LT64
    |    |--Verrucina Goës 1896 [=Arverrucum Rhumbler 1913] LT64
    |    |    `--*V. rudis Goës 1896 [=*Arverrucum rude] LT64
    |    `--Weikkoella Summerson 1958 LT64
    |         `--*W. sphaerica Summerson 1958 LT64
    |--Psammosphaerinae [Stegnammininae, Thekammininae] LT64
    |    |--Blastammina Eisenack 1932 LT64
    |    |    `--*B. polymorpha Eisenack 1932 LT64
    |    |--Ceratammina Ireland 1939 LT64
    |    |    `--*C. cornucopia Ireland 1939 LT64
    |    |--Amphifenestrella Rhumbler 1935 LT64
    |    |    `--*A. wiesneri Rhumbler 1935 LT64
    |    |--Storthosphaera Schulze 1875 [=Arstorthosphaerum Rhumbler 1913; incl. Titanopsis de Folin 1887] LT64
    |    |    |--*S. albida Schulze 1875 [=*Arstorthosphaerum albidum] LT64
    |    |    `--‘*Titanopsis’ irregularis de Folin 1887 LT64
    |    |--Pseudastrorhiza Eisenack 1932 [incl. Parvistellites Wetzel 1951] LT64
    |    |    |--*P. silurica Eisenack 1932 LT64
    |    |    `--P. hospitalis (Wetzel 1951) [=*Parvistellites hospitalis] LT64
    |    |--Stegnammina Moreman 1930 [incl. Raibosammina Moreman 1930, Thekammina Dunn 1942] LT64
    |    |    |--*S. cylindrica Moreman 1930 LT64
    |    |    |--S. mica (Moreman 1930) [=*Raibosammina mica] LT64
    |    |    `--S. quadrangularis (Dunn 1942) [=*Thekammina quadrangularis] LT64
    |    |--Sorosphaera Brady 1879 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    |    |--*S. confusa Brady 1879 [=*Arsorophaerum confusum] LT64
    |    |    |--‘*Thuramminopsis’ canaliculata Haeusler 1883 LT64
    |    |    |--S. consociata (Rhumbler in Wiesner 1931) [=*Psammophax consociata] LT64
    |    |    |--S. gracilis (Frentzen 1944) [=*Danubica gracilis] LT64
    |    |    |--S. perforata (Shchedrina 1939) [=*Arenosphaera perforata] LT64
    |    |    `--S. robusta LT64
    |    `--Psammosphaera Schulze 1875 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |         |--*P. fusca Schulze 1875 [=*Arpsammosphaerum fuscum] LT64
    |         |--P. bowmanni C40
    |         |--P. carnata [=Proteonina carnata] H03
    |         |--P. exigua (Rhumbler 1935) [=*Pilalla exigua] LT64
    |         |--P. frankei (Rhumbler 1935) (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |         |--P. parva C40
    |         `--P. rustica C40
    `--Saccammininae [Pelosininae] LT64
         |--Causia Rhumbler 1938 LT64
         |    `--*C. injudicata Rhumbler 1938 LT64
         |--Pilulina Carpenter 1870 [=Arpilulum Rhumbler 1913] LT64
         |    `--*P. jeffreysii Carpenter 1870 [=*Arpilulum jeffreysii] LT64
         |--Pelosphaera Heron-Allen & Earland 1932 LT64
         |    `--*P. cornuta Heron-Allen & Earland 1932 LT64
         |--Saccamminoides Geroch 1955 LT64
         |    `--*S. carpathicus Geroch 1955 LT64
         |--Stomasphaera Mound 1961 LT64
         |    `--*S. brassfieldensis Mound 1961 LT64
         |--Thurammina Brady 1879 [=Arthyrammum Rhumbler 1913, Thyrammina Rhumbler 1904] LT64
         |    |--*T. papillata Brady 1879 [=*Arthyrammum papillatum, *Thyrammina papillata] LT64
         |    `--T. echinata LT64
         |--Lagenammina Rhumbler 1911 [=Arlagenammum Rhumbler 1913] LT64
         |    |--*L. laguncula Rhumbler 1911 [=*Arlagenammum laguncula] LT64
         |    `--L. compressa (Cushman & McCulloch 1939) [=Proteonina compressa] H03
         |--Technitella Norman 1878 (see below for synonymy) LT64
         |    |--*T. legumen Norman 1878 [=*Artechnitum legumen] LT64
         |    `--T. richardi (de Folin 1887) [=*Dioxeia richardi] LT64
         |--Brachysiphon Chapman 1906 (see below for synonymy) LT64
         |    |--*B. corbuliformis Chapman 1906 [=*Arbrachysiphum corbuliforme] LT64
         |    |--B. australe (Crespin 1958) [=*Sacculinella australe] LT64
         |    `--B. rudis (Parr 1942) [=Hyperammina rudis, *Hyperamminita rudis] LT64
         |--Saccammina Sars in Carpenter 1869 (see below for synonymy) LT64
         |    |--*S. sphaerica Brady 1871 [=*Arsaccammum sphaericum] LT64
         |    |--S. lathrami BL79
         |    `--‘Reophax’ placenta Grzybowski 1897 [=*Placentammina placenta] LT64
         |--Ordovicina Eisenack 1938 (see below for synonymy) LT64
         |    |--*O. oligostoma Eisenack 1938 LT64
         |    |--O. bicuspidata (Dunn 1942) [=*Shidelerella bicuspidata] LT64
         |    |--O. citroniforma (Eisenack 1938) [=*Amphitremoida citroniforma, *Amphitremoidea citroniforma] LT64
         |    |--O. typa (Dunn 1942) [=*Croneisella typa] LT64
         |    `--O. williamsae (Dunn 1942) [=*Gastroammina williamsae] LT64
         `--Pelosina Brady 1879 (see below for synonymy) LT64
              |--*P. variabilis Brady 1879 [=*Arpelosum variabile] LT64
              |--P. arborescens G96
              |--P. bicaudata (Parr 1950) [=*Pelosinella bicaudata] LT64
              |--P. caudata (Montanaro Gallitelli 1955) [=Saccammina caudata, *Caudammina caudata] LT64
              |--P. distoma Millett 1904 [=*Millettina distoma] LT64
              |--P. rotundata C40
              `--P. sphaeriloculum Höglund 1947 [=P. variabilis var. sphaeriloculum, *Globosiphon sphaeriloculum] LT64

Brachysiphon Chapman 1906 [=Arbrachysiphum Rhumbler 1913; incl. Hyperamminita Crespin 1958, Sacculinella Crespin 1958] LT64

Ordovicina Eisenack 1938 [incl. Amphitremoida Eisenack 1938, Amphitremoidea Thalmann 1941, Croneisella Dunn 1942, Gastroammina Dunn 1942, Shidelerella Dunn 1942] LT64

Pelosina Brady 1879 [=Arpelosum Rhumbler 1913; incl. Caudammina Montanaro Gallitelli 1955, Globosiphon Avnimelech 1952, Millettina Avnimelech 1952, Pelosinella Parr 1950] LT64

Psammosphaera Schulze 1875 [=Arphammosphaerum Rhumbler 1913; incl. Pilalla Rhumbler 1935, Psammella Rhumbler 1935] LT64

Psammosphaera frankei (Rhumbler 1935) [=*Psammella frankei; incl. Psammosphaera frankei f. ellipsoides, Psammosphaera frankei f. sphaeroides] LT64

Saccammina Sars in Carpenter 1869 [=Arsaccammum Rhumbler 1913, Saccamina (l. c.); incl. Placentammina Majzon 1943] LT64

Saccamminidae [Kyphamminidae, Pilulinida, Pilulinidae, Pilulinina, Protocystidae, Psammosphaerida, Psammosphaeridae, Saccamminae, Saccamminina, Stegnamminidae]

Sorosphaera Brady 1879 [=Arsorophaerum Rhumbler 1913, Sorophaera (l. c.); incl. Arenosphaera Shchedrina 1939, Danubica Frentzen 1944, Psammophax Rhumbler in Wiesner 1931, Thuramminopsis Haeusler 1883] LT64

Technitella Norman 1878 [=Artechnitum Rhumbler 1913; incl. Dioxeia de Folin 1887, Hyperamminella de Folin 1887] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BL79] Basov, V. A., B. G. Lopatin, I. S. Gramberg, A. I. Danjushevskaya, V. Ya. Kaban’kov, V. M. Lazurkin & D. K. Patrunov. 1979. Lower Cretaceous lithostratigraphy near Galicia Bank. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 47: 683–717.

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G96] Gooday, A. J. 1996. Xenophyophores (Protista), including two new species, from two abyssal sites in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 26 (3): 193–208.

[H03] Hanagata, S. 2003. Miocene-Pliocene Foraminifera from the Niigata oil-fields region, northeastern Japan. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 293–340.

[LT61] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1961. Remarks on the systematics of the Sarkodina (Protozoa), renamed homonyms and new and validated genera. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 74: 213–234.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

Xenophyophorea

Aschemonella catenata, from Brady (1884).

Belongs within: Foraminifera.
Contains: Stannophyllum, Psamminidae.

The Xenophyophorea are a group of often large, deep-water protists (now believed to be a subgroup of the Foraminifera) that construct sessile tests of agglutinated particles.

Characters (from Tendal 1972): Plasmodium (granellare) multinucleate, enclosed by branched tube system composed of a transparent, cement-like organic substance, containing numerous barite crystals (granellae). Pseudopodia extending through free ends of tubes. Faecal pellets (stercomes) retained outside plasma and organic tube system as darks strings or masses (stercomare). Granellare surrounded by test consisting of stercomare and foreign matter (xenophyae) in varying proportions.

Xenophyophorea (see below for synonymy)
    |  i. s.: Cerelpsamma Laubenfels 1936 T72
    |           `--*C. argillaceum (Haeckel 1889) [=Holopsamma argillaceum] T72
    |--Stannomidae [Neusinidae, Neusininae, Stannomida] T72
    |    |--Stannophyllum T72
    |    |--Stannoma Haeckel 1889 [incl. Stannoplegma Haeckel 1889] T72
    |    |    |--*S. dendroides Haeckel 1889 T72
    |    |    `--S. coralloides Haeckel 1889 [=*Stannoplegma coralloides] LT64b
    |    `--Botellina Carpenter, Jeffreys & Thomson 1870 C40, LT64a [=Arbotellum Rhumbler 1913 LT64a; Botellininae]
    |         |--*B. labyrinthica Brady 1881 [=*Arbotellum labyrinthicum] LT64a
    |         `--B. pinnata C40
    `--Psamminida G96
         |--Psamminidae G96
         |--Cerelasma Haeckel 1889 [Cerelasmidae] T72
         |    |--*C. gyrosphaera Haeckel 1889 T72
         |    |--C. lamellosa Haeckel 1889 T72
         |    `--C. massa Tendal 1972 T72
         |--Syringamminidae G96
         |    |--Syringammina Brady 1883 [=Arsyringammum Rhumbler 1913; Syringammininae] T72
         |    |    |--*S. fragilissima Brady 1883 [=*Arsyringammum fragilissimum] LT64a
         |    |    |--S. corbicula PH03
         |    |    |--S. minuta Pearcy 1914 RTG93
         |    |    |--S. reticulata Gooday 1996 G96
         |    |    `--S. tasmanensis Lewis 1966 T72
         |    `--Aschemonellinae [Araschemonellinia] LT64a
         |         |--Kalamopsis de Folin 1883 [=Arkalamopsum Rhumbler 1913] LT64a
         |         |    `--*K. vaillanti de Folin 1883 [=*Arkalamopsum vaillanti] LT64a
         |         `--Aschemonella Brady 1879 G96 [=Araschemonellum Rhumbler 1913 LT64a]
         |              |--*A. scabra Brady 1879 [=Araschemonellum scabrum] LT64a
         |              |--A. bastillensis L94
         |              |--A. catenata (Norman 1876) [=Astrorhiza catenata] LT64a
         |              |--A. longicaudata L94
         |              |--A. louisiana L94
         |              `--A. ramuliformis Brady 1884 G96
         `--Psammettidae G96
              |--Maudammina Tendal 1972 T72
              |    `--*M. arenaria Tendal 1972 T72
              |--Homogammina Gooday & Tendal 1988 G96
              |    |--*H. lamina Gooday & Tendal 1988 GT88
              |    |--H. crassa Gooday 1991 G91
              |    `--H. maculosa Gooday & Tendal 1988 G96
              `--Psammetta Schulze 1906 T72
                   |--*P. globosa Schulze 1906 T72, GT88
                   |--P. arenocentrum Tendal 1972 T72
                   |--P. erythrocytomorpha Schulze 1907 T72
                   `--P. ovale Tendal 1972 T72

Xenophyophorea [Arxenophyria, Domatocoela, Psamminidea, Psammininae, Xenophiophorae, Xenophyophora, Xenophyophoria, Xenophyophorida, Xenophyophoridae]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G91] Gooday, A. J. 1991. Xenophyophores (Protista, Rhizopoda) in box-core samples from the abyssal northeast Atlantic Ocean (BIOTRANS area): their taxonomy, morphology, and ecology. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 21 (3): 197–212.

[G96] Gooday, A. J. 1996. Xenophyophores (Protista), including two new species, from two abyssal sites in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 26 (3): 193–208.

[GT88] Gooday, A. J., & O. S. Tendal. 1988. New xenophyophores (Protista) from the bathyal and abyssal north-east Atlantic Ocean. Journal of Natural History 22: 413–434.

[L94] Levin, L. A. 1994. Paleoecology and ecology of xenophyophores. Palaios 9: 32–41.

[LT64a] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964a. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LT64b] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964b. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[PH03] Pawlowski, J., M. Holzmann, J. Fahrni & S. L. Richardson. 2003. Small subunit ribosomal DNA suggests that the xenophyophorean Syringammina corbicula is a foraminiferan. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 50: 483–487.

[RTG93] Riemann, F., O. S. Tendal & F. X. Gingele. 1993. Reticulammina antarctica nov. spec. (Xenophyophora, Protista) from the Weddell Sea, and aspects of the nutrition of xenophyophores. Polar Biology 13: 543–547.

[T72] Tendal, O. S. 1972. A monograph of the Xenophyophoria (Rhizopodea, Protozoa). Galathea Report 12: 7–99.

Miliolida

External and sectional views of Miliammina earlandi, from Loeblich & Tappan (1964).

Belongs within: Foraminifera.
Contains: Nubeculariidae, Fischerinidae, Rzehakinidae, Miliolinellinae, Miliolinae, Tubinellinae, Quinqueloculininae.

The Miliolida are a group of Foraminifera with a test that is most commonly calcareous and porcelaneous in appearance, though a minority of genera have an agglutinated or siliceous test (Pawlowski et al. 2013).

Characters (from Pawlowski et al. 2013): Test bi- or multi-chambered, chambers tubular or elongate, some with complex internal structures adapted to host algal endosymbionts; wall generally imperforate, calcareous of high magnesium calcite with randomly oriented crystals refracting light in all directions and resulting in a porcelaneous appearance of the test; may be agglutinated or siliceous.

<==Miliolida (see below for synonymy)
    |--+--Nubeculariidae C40
    |  `--Fischerinidae C40
    `--+--Rzehakinidae PHT13
       `--Miliolidae (see below for synonymy) C40
            |  i. s.: Praemurgella Luperto Sinni, Martín-Chivelet & Giménez 2000 LSM-CG00
            |           `--*P. valenciana Luperto Sinni, Martín-Chivelet & Giménez 2000 LSM-CG00
            |         Murgella Luperto Sinni 1965 LSM-CG00
            |           `--M. lata Luperto Sinni 1965 LSM-CG00
            |         Scandonea De Castro 1971 LSM-CG00
            |           |--S. mediterranea LSM-CG00
            |           `--S. samnitica LSM-CG00
            |         Miliammina Heron-Allen & Earland 1930 G86
            |           |--M. oblonga G86 (see below for synonymy)
            |           |--M. earlandi LT64
            |           |--M. echigoensis Asano & Inomata in Asano 1952 H03
            |           |--M. herzensteini LT64
            |           `--M. lata C40
            |--Miliolinellinae S-VC91
            |--Miliolinae LT64
            |--Tubinellinae LT64
            `--Quinqueloculininae S-VC91

Miliolida incertae sedis:
  Barkerinidae [Barkerininae] LT64
    |--Barkerina Frizzell & Schwartz 1950 LT64
    |    `--*B. barkerensis Frizzell & Schwartz 1950 LT64
    |--Coxites Smout 1956 LT64
    |    `--*C. zubairensis Smout 1956 LT64
    |--Rabanitina Smout 1956 LT64
    |    `--*R. basraensis Smout 1956 LT64
    `--Nezzazata Omara 1956 [incl. Begia Smout 1956] LT64
         |--*N. simplex Omara 1956 LT64
         `--N. gyra (Smout 1956) [=*Begia gyra] LT64
  Miliammellus [Silicoloculinida] PHT13

Miliammina oblonga G86 [incl. Miliolina oblonga var. arenacea Chapman 1900 G86, *Miliammmina oblonga var. arenacea LT64, Miliammina selon Birstein & Ljovoushkin 1965 G86]

Miliolida [Alveolinidea, Cornuspiridea, Cornuspiroidea, Flexostili, Imperforida, Miliolacea, Miliolidaceae, Miliolidea, Miliolina, Orbitolitacea, Porcellanea]

Miliolidae [Armiliolidia, Fabularina, Hauerinae, Hauerinidae, Hauerinina, Milioletta, Miliolidina, Miliolinidae, Miliolitidae, Multiloculidae, Plicatilia, Tubularina]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G86] Golemansky, V. G. 1986. Rhizopoda: Foraminiferida. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 17–20. E. J. Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[H03] Hanagata, S. 2003. Miocene-Pliocene Foraminifera from the Niigata oil-fields region, northeastern Japan. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 293–340.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LSM-CG00] Luperto Sinni, E., J. Martín-Chivelet & R. Giménez. 2000. Praemurgella valenciana nov. gen. et sp. (Foraminifera) in the Sierra de Utiel Formation (Coniacian–Santonian) of the Prebetic domain (SE Spain). Geobios 32 (2): 145–151.

[PHT13] Pawlowski, J., M. Holzmann & J. Tyszka. 2013. New supraordinal classification of Foraminifera: molecules meet morphology. Marine Micropalaeontology 100: 1–10.

[S-VC91] Segura-Vernis, L. R., & A. L. Carreño. 1991. Foraminíferos y ostrácodos de la Laguna de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Inv. Mar. CICIMAR 6 (1): 195–224.