Aphycus

Generalised antenna and wing of Aphycus, from Noyes & Hayat (1984).

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.

Aphycus is a genus of wasps parasitic on Pseudococcidae (mealy bugs).

<==Aphycus Mayr 1876 GM79
    |--A. alberti Howard 1898 GM79
    |--A. albicornis A71
    |--A. aligherini Girault 1932 G32
    |--A. argenteus Girault 1936 G36a
    |--A. atriphragma Girault 1936 G36a
    |--A. bowensis Girault 1932 G32
    |--A. buderimi Girault 1936 G36a
    |--A. coccidiphagus Girault 1917 GM79
    |--A. ichneumon Girault 1936 G36b, G36a [=A. iohneumon (l. c.) G36b]
    |--A. keatsi Girault 1932 G32
    |--A. nassaui Girault 1932 G32
    |--A. nigrivarius Girault 1929 GM79
    |--A. parisoti Girault 1936 G36a
    |--A. semialbus Girault 1932 G32
    |--A. tricinctus Girault 1932 G32
    |--A. turneri Girault 1932 G32
    `--A. verdini Girault 1936 G36a

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[G32] Girault, A. A. 1932. New pests from Australia, X. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 286-291).

[G36a] Girault, A. A. (as ‘L. de St. Fargeau’). 1936a. Chalcididae, Capsidae species nova Australiensis Giraulti. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 319-321).

[G36b] Girault, A. A. 1936b. Terror-errors; and novitates of Pterygota (or earth realities not state-bound). Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 322-325).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1-400.

Noyes, J. S., & M. Hayat. 1984. A review of the genera of Indo-Pacific Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.) 48 (3): 131-395.

Mirini

Female Plagiomerus diaspidis ovipositing into scale insect, photographed by R. M. Hendrickson Jr.

Belongs within: Encyrtidae.

The name 'Mirini' has been used for a tribe of parasitic wasps in the Encyrtidae; this name is, however, a junior synonym of a tribe of plant-bugs in the Heteroptera. It should be called the Bothriothoracini.

Characters (from Beardsley 1976, as Bothriothoracini): Tarsi 5-segmented; forewing, when present, with marginal, postmarginal and stigmal veins relatively well developed; paratergites absent; gonostyli always present and distinct; mandibles generally tridentate, often with two sharp teeth and a truncation, rarely quadridentate; female hypopygium rarely boat-shaped, rarely enclosing ovipositor.

<==Mirini
    |--Mira macrocera Schellenberg 1803 GM79
    |--Ecthrobacca Perkins 1906 G24, GM79
    |--Plagiomerus Crawford 1910 G32a, GM79
    |    `--P. diaspidis MH11
    |--Austromira Girault 1924 G24
    |    `--*A. muironi Girault 1924 G24
    |--Beethovena Girault 1932 G32a
    |    `--*B. longifasciata Girault 1932 G32a
    `--Nassauia Girault 1932 G32a
         |--*N. atoma Girault 1932 G32a
         `--N. secunda Girault 1932 G32b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Beardsley, J. W., Jr. 1976. A synopsis of the Encyrtidae of the Hawaiian Islands with keys to general and species (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidae). Proceedings, Hawaiian Entomological Society 22 (2): 181-195.

[G24] Girault, A. A. 1924. Homo perniciosus and new Hymenoptera. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 178-181).

[G32a] Girault, A. A. 1932a. New pests from Australia, X. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 286-291).

[G32b] Girault, A. A. 1932b. New lower Hymenoptera from Australia and India. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 293-298).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1-400.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS One 6 (11): e27023.

Microascales

Synnema of Graphium laricis, from Jacobs et al. (2003). Scale bar equals 20 µm.

Belongs within: Sordariomycetes.

The Microascales are a group of fungi that are mostly saprobic in soil or decaying vegetation.

Characters (from Kirk et al. 2008): Stromata absent. Ascomata solitary, perithecial or cleistothecial, usually black, thin-walled, sometimes with well-developed smooth setae. Interascal tissue absent or rarely of undifferentiated hyphae. Asci ± globose to clavate, very thin-walled, evanescent, 8-spored, sometimes formed in chains. Ascospores hyaline, yellow or reddish brown, aseptate or septate, sometimes curved, sometimes with very inconspicuous germ pores, with or without a sheath. Anamorphs hyphomycetous, prominent. Saprobic from soil or rotting vegetation, sometimes marine, a few opportunistic human and animal pathogens.

Microascales
    |  i. s.: Gondwanamyces Marais & Wingfield in Marais et al. 1998 EB03, E99 [anam. Knoxdaviesia E99]
    |           |--*G. proteae (Wingf., van Wyk & Marasas) Marais & Wingfield in Marais et al. 1998 E99
    |           `--G. capensis (Wingf. & van Wyk) Marais & Wingfield in Marais et al. 1998 E99
    |         Viennotidea Negru & Verona ex Rogerson 1970 EB03, RS99
    |           |--*V. spermosphaerici RS99
    |           |--V. fimicola [=Sphaeronaemella fimicola; anam. Gabarnaudia fimicola] RS99
    |           |--V. humicola [=Sphaeronaemella humicola] RS99
    |           `--V. raphani RS99
    |         anam. Sporendocladia bactrospora [=Phialocephala bactrospora] JC03
    |--Chadefaudiellaceae EB03
    |    |--Chadefaudiella EB03
    |    `--Faurelina EB03
    `--Microascaceae EB03
         |  i. s.: Anekabeeja EB03
         |         Canariomyces EB03
         |         Enterocarpus EB03
         |         Kernia EB03
         |         Lophotrichus EB03
         |         Pithoascus EB03
         |--Ceratocystis JKW03
         |    |--C. fimbriata JKW03
         |    |--C. laricicola JKW03
         |    |--C. polonica JKW03
         |    |--C. ulmi B82
         |    `--C. virescens ZB01
         `--anam. Graphium JKW03
              |  i. s.: anam. G. calicioides HWB03
              |         anam. G. putredinis JKW03
              |--+--+--anam. *G. penicillioides JKW03
              |  |  `--anam. G. basitruncatum JKW03
              |  `--+--anam. G. fimbriisporum (Morelet) Jacobs, Kirisits & Wingfield 2003 (see below for synonymy) JKW03
              |     `--+--anam. G. laricis Jacobs, Kirisits & Wingfield 2003 JKW03
              |        `--anam. G. pseudormiticum Mouton & Wingf. 1994 JKW03
              `--+--+--anam. G. fructicola JKW03
                 |  `--anam. G. tectonae JKW03
                 `--+--anam. G. eumorphum JKW03
                    `--+--+--Petriella setifera JC03, JKW03
                       |  `--Pseudallescheria JKW03
                       |       |--P. boydii JKW03
                       |       `--P. ellipsoidea JC03
                       `--Microascus JKW03 [anam. Scopulariopsis E99]
                            |--M. brevicaulis Abbott in Abbott et al. 1998 [anam. *Scopulariopsis brevicaulis] E99
                            |--M. cirrosus JKW03
                            `--M. trigonosporus HWB03

Graphium fimbriisporum (Morelet) Jacobs, Kirisits & Wingfield 2003 [=Rhexographium fimbriisporum Morelet 1995, R. fimbriasporum (l. c.)] JKW03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B82] Batra, S. W. T. 1982. Biological control in agroecosystems. Science 215: 134-139.

[E99] Eriksson, O. E. (ed.) 1999. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 2440-2755. Myconet 2: 1-41.

[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota—2003. Myconet 9: 1-89.

[HWB03] Henk, D. A., A. Weir & M. Blackwell. 2003. Laboulbeniopsis termitarius, an ectoparasite of termites newly recognized as a member of the Laboulbeniomycetes. Mycologia 95 (4): 561-564.

[JC03] Jacobs, A., M. P. A. Coetzee, B. D. Wingfield, K. Jacobs & M. J. Wingfield. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships among Phialocephala species and other ascomycetes. Mycologia 95 (4): 637-645.

[JKW03] Jacobs, K., T. Kirisits & M. J. Wingfield. 2003. Taxonomic re-evaluation of three related species of Graphium, based on morphology, ecology and phylogeny. Mycologia 95 (4): 714-727.

Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, D. W. Minter & J. A. Stalpers (eds) 2008. Dictionary of the Fungi, 10th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1-248.

[ZB03] Zhang, N., & M. Blackwell. 2001. Molecular phylogeny of dogwood anthracnose fungus (Discula destructiva) and the Diaporthales. Mycologia 93 (2): 355-365.

Thaumasura

Dorsal view of head to mesoscutum of Thaumasura annulicornis, from Bouček (1988).

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.

Thaumasura is a genus of wasps found in south-east Asia and Australasia that develop as parasites of wood-boring beetle larvae. Adults are mainly found on dying or freshly felled trees (Bouček 1988).

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Relatively large body size; coloration often metallic; females with gaster prolonged into a tail. Forewing often bearing a double infumation; head mostly almost as in grasshoppers, with large elongate (and mostly bare) eyes and swollen cheeks. Elongate eyes often bearing (especially when alive) cross-bands which partly coincide with metallic cross-bands on the face, changing often from blue-violet to red or dark purpureous, bright pale green to blue-green, combined with thick silvery pilosily. Antennae and legs slender but pronotum mostly only of moderate length. Notauli complete, narrowly groove-like, anterior margin of the scutellum straight. Gaster relatively slender, in the female the ovipositor always projecting and partly covered by the extended epipygium. Epipygium may be longer than gastral body and cover whole ovipositor but with the precercal part very short, or even much longer than gaster with the precercal part also very long and yet the sheaths still protruding far beyond the epipygium, or with the precercal part short and the postcercal part only little more than twice as long as the sixth tergite, with the ovipositor protruding beyond the epipygium.

<==Thaumasura Westwood 1868 (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--*T. terebrator Westwood 1868 [incl. Belonea erythropoda Cameron 1888] B88
    |--T. annulicornis (Cameron 1912) [=Aressida annulicornis] B88
    |--T. arboris Girault 1932 B88
    |--T. australica (Westwood 1874) [=*Belonea australica] B88
    |--T. australiensis Bouček 1988 [=*Calosetroides australica Girault 1913 non Belonea australica Westwood 1874] B88
    |--T. bella Girault 1927 B88
    |--T. brevicaudata (Westwood 1874) [=Belonea brevicaudata] B88
    |--T. brevistylus (Girault 1915) [=Agamerionella brevistylus] B88
    |--T. carinicollis (Cameron 1911) [=*Aressida carinicollis] B88
    |--T. colliscutellum Girault 1932 B88
    |--T. dentatitibia Girault 1927 B88
    |--T. diana Girault 1928 B88
    |--T. eleganta Girault 1926 B88
    |--T. femoralis (Westwood 1874) [=Belonea femoralis] B88
    |--T. fera Girault 1932 B88
    |--T. goethei Girault 1937 B88
    |--T. imperialis (Froggatt 1927) [=Aressida imperialis] B88
    |--T. juno Girault 1926 B88
    |--T. locustiformis (Girault 1915) [=*Agamerionella locustiformis] B88
    |--T. longa Girault 1928 B88
    |--T. macrocalculus Girault 1932 B88
    |--T. magnicalculus G28
    |--T. magnispina Girault 1932 B88
    |--T. micans Girault 1932 B88
    |--T. nelsoni Girault 1932 B88
    |--T. nigricornis (Cameron 1912) [=Aressida nigricornis] B88
    |--T. niobe Girault 1932 B88
    |--T. pavo (Girault 1915) [=Agamerionella pavo] B88
    |--T. rubrifunicle Girault 1932 B88
    |--T. rubritibia Girault 1932 B88
    |--T. rubrofemoralis Ashmead 1900 B88
    |--T. sanguinipes (Girault 1915) [=Agamerionella sanguinipes] B88
    |--T. scutellata (Girault 1915) [=Agamerionella sanguinipes var. scutellatus] B88
    |--T. solis Girault 1932 B88
    `--T. westwoodi Girault 1917 B88

Thaumasura Westwood 1868 [=Thaumatopus Schulz 1906, Thaumatura Schulz 1906; incl. Agamerionella Girault 1915, Aressida Cameron 1911, Belonea Westwood 1874, Calosetroides Girault 1913; Thaumasurini] B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[G28] Girault, A. A. 1928. Some new hexapods stolen from authority. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 221-224).

Marietta

Marietta leopardina, from here.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.

Marietta is a genus of small wasps including hyperparasitoids of scale insects.

Characters (from Hayat 1983): Antennae five- or six-segmented; eyes glabrous; pronotum composed of a single plate; mesopleurum large, undivided; axillae barely projecting forwards so that their anterior margins are almost in line with anterior margin of scutellum; scutellum at most twice as wide as long and with rounded apex; propodeum at most as long as metanotum, without crenulae in middle of posterior margin; forewing with linea calva; gaster with all terga more or less equally developed, not densely setose.

<==Marietta Motschulsky 1863 GM79
    |--M. angeloni Girault 1932 G32
    |--M. carnesi MH11
    |--M. cowperi (Girault 1923) GM79
    |--M. distonota Girault 1932 G32
    |--M. javensis Girault 1932 GM79
    |    |--M. j. javensis G32
    |    `--M. j. indi Girault 1932 G32
    |--M. leopardina MH11
    |--M. lessingi Girault 1932 G32
    |--M. literata (Girault 1915) GM79
    |--M. maculatipes Girault 1917 GM79
    |--M. peculiaris Girault 1932 G32
    `--M. romae Girault 1932 G32

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G32] Girault, A. A. 1932. New lower Hymenoptera from Australia and India. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 293-298).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1-400.

Hayat, M. 1983. The genera of Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera) of the world. Systematic Entomology 8: 63-102.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS One 6 (11): e27023.

Trichogramma

Female Trichogramma platneri ovipositing on egg of Trichoplusia ni, photographed by Max E. Badgley.

Belongs within: Trichogrammatidae.

Trichogramma is a genus of minute egg parasitoid wasps. Species of this genus are among the most widely used wasps in the biological control of Lepidoptera species.

Characters (from Girault 1918): Female antenna six-segmented; funicle two-segmented, shorter than pedicel; clava solid, without terminal nipple. Male antenna four-segmented, with long and nodular single-segmented clava, clothed with long hairs. Forewings with discal cilia all in straight lines; marginal vein short, more or less equal to stigmal and slightly curved; stigmal vein long with a slender neck; distal venation more or less bowed. Abdomen more or less pointed.

<==Trichogramma Westwood 1833 GM79
    |--T. parkeri MH11
    `--+--T. evanescens MH11
       `--+--T. platneri MH11
          `--T. pretiosum MH11

Trichogramma incertae sedis:
  T. australicum Girault 1912 GM79
  T. brevicornis GJR97
  T. cacoeciae A71
  T. cordubensis GJR97
  T. deion GJR97
  T. euproctidis (Girault 1911) GM79
  T. fasciatum Perkins 1912 GM79
  T. kalkae NS91
  T. minutum Riley 1871 GM79 (see below for synonymy)
  T. retorridum (Girault 1911) GM79
  T. semblidis (Aurivillius 1897) GM79
  T. (Trichogrammatana Girault 1932) G32
    `--T. (*T.) singularis Girault 1932 G32

Trichogramma minutum Riley 1871 GM79 [incl. T. helocharae Perkins 1907 G18, GM79, T. perkinsi Girault 1912 G18, GM79]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[GJR97] Giordano, R., J. J. Jackson & H. M. Robertson. 1997. The role of Wolbachia bacteria in reproductive incompatibilities and hybrid zones of Diabrotica beetles and Gryllus crickets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 94: 11439–11444.

[G18] Girault, A. A. 1918. North American Hymenoptera Trichogrammatidae. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 142–152).

[G32] Girault, A. A. 1932. New lower Hymenoptera from Australia and India. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 293–298).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PloS One 6 (11): e27023.

[NS91] Nagelkerke, C. J., & M. W. Sabelis. 1991. Precise sex-ratio control in the pseudo-arrhenotokous phytoseiid mite Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt. In: Schuster, R., & P. W. Murphy (eds) The Acari: Reproduction, development and life-history strategies pp. 193–207. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 28 April 2019.

Spalangiinae

Spalangia nigroaenea, photographed by Philippe Blanchot.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.

The Spalangiinae are a group of parasitoids of Diptera. Some species of Spalangia have been used in the biological control of synanthropic flies and sheep-maggot flies (Bouček 1988).

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Body black or slightly metallic; at least thorax with some distinct punctures or rugosity, often also head; frons with median punctured groove; antennal toruli situated on lower margin of head, overhanging the mouth; antenna 1171 i.e. with 7 funicular segments but no anellus; scutellum without sublateral lines but often with punctate frenal line; gaster on distinct petiole; forewing disc flat, pubescent, without a tuft of scales; marginal vein very long, stigmal and postmarginal veins short.

<==Spalangiinae [Spalangiae, Spalangiidae, Spalangiides, Spalangiina]
    |--Neosciatheras Masi 1917 G24, GM79
    |--Playaspalangia B88
    `--Spalangia Latreille 1805 B88 [incl. Prospalangia Brethes 1915 G17, GM79]
         |  i. s.: *S. nigra Latreille 1805 B88
         |         S. australiensis Girault 1913 B88
         |         S. cameroni Perkins 1910 B88
         |         S. drosophilae A71
         |         S. endius Walker 1839 [incl. S. orientalis Graham 1932] B88
         |         S. epos Girault 1933 B88
         |         S. grotiusi Girault 1913 B88
         |         S. kingstonensis Girault 1933 B88
         |         S. marxi Girault 1933 B88
         |         S. muscofaga Girault 1933 B88
         |         S. punctulaticeps Girault 1929 B88
         |         S. shakespearei Girault 1933 B88
         |         S. simplex Perkins 1910 [incl. S. parasitica Girault 1915] B88
         |         S. virginica Girault 1913 B88
         |--S. erythromera MH11
         `--+--S. haematobia MH11
            `--S. nigroaenea Curtis 1839 MH11, B88 (see below for synonymy)

Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis 1839 MH11, B88 [incl. S. abenabooi Girault 1932 B88, S. mors Girault 1933 B88, S. muscidarum Richardson 1913 B88, GM79, S. sundaica Graham 1932 B88]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. Descriptiones hymenopterorum chalcidoidicarum variorum cum observationibus. V. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 116-131).

[G24] Girault, A. A. 1924. Lese majeste, new insects and robbery. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 182).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1-400.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS One 6 (11): e27023.