Trochonematoidea

The Upper Carboniferous lophospirid Worthenia, from here.

Belongs within: Vetigastropoda.

The Ordovician to Middle Triassic Trochonematoidea included the gastropod families Trochonematidae and Lophospiridae. The two families shared a characteristic shell morphology: a median angulation running along or above the midline of each spire (replaced by a shallow sinus in some Trochonematidae), with further angulations above and/or below. The inner lining of the shell was nacreous. In the Lophospiridae, the aperture of the shell included a deep labral sinus or slit, but in the Trochonematidae this was replaced by an internal channel (Knight et al. 1960).

<==Trochonematoidea [Lophospiroidea, Trochonematacea]
    |--Trochonematidae [Trochonematinae] BR05
    |    |--Proturritella Koken 1889 (see below for synonymy) KC60
    |    |    `--*P. gracilis Koken 1889 KC60
    |    |--Amaurotoma Knight 1945 KC60
    |    |    `--*A. subsinuata (Meek & Worthen 1861) [=Pleurotomaria subsinuata] KC60
    |    |--Cyclobathmus Knight 1940 KC60
    |    |    `--*C. haworthi (Beede 1907) [=Trepospira haworthi] KC60
    |    |--Cyclites Knight 1940 KC60
    |    |    `--C. depressus (Beede 1907) (see below for synonymy) KC60
    |    `--Trochonema Salter 1859 BR05
    |         |  i. s.: T. etheridgei F71
    |         |         T. montgomerii (Etheridge 1896) [=Eunema montgomerii] F71
    |         |         T. nodosa Etheridge 1898 F71
    |         |--*T. (Trochonema) umbilicata (Hall 1847) [=Pleurotomaria umbilicata] KC60
    |         |--T. (Eunema Salter 1859) KC60
    |         |    `--T. (*E.) strigillatum (Salter 1859) [=*Eunema strigillatum] KC60
    |         `--T. (Trochonemopsis Meek 1872) KC60
    |              `--T. (*T.) tricarinatum Meek 1872 [=T. tricarinata] KC60
    `--Lophospiridae [Gyronematinae, Lophospirinae, Ruedemanniinae] BR05
         |--Gyronema Ulrich in Ulrich & Scoffield 1897 BR05
         |    `--*G. pulchellum (Ulrich & Scofield 1897) [=Trochonema (*Gyronema) pulchellum] KC60
         |--Ruedemannia Foerste 1914 BR05 [incl. Coronilla Perner 1907 non Beneden 1871] KC60
         |    `--*R. lirata (Ulrich in Ulrich & Scofield 1897) [=Lophospira (Seelya) lirata] KC60
         |--Trochonemella Okulitch 1935 KC60
         |    `--*T. notabilis (Ulrich in Ulrich & Scofield 1897) [=Lophospira notabilis] KC60
         |--Longstaffia Cossmann 1908 [=Tubulosa Cossmann 1908 non Schweigger 1820] KC60
         |    `--*L. tubulosa (Lindström 1884) [=Pleurotomaria tubulosa, *Tubulosa tubulosa] KC60
         |--Antitrochus Whidborne 1891 KC60
         |    `--*A. arietinus Whidborne 1891 KC60
         |--Araeonema Knight 1933 (see below for synonymy) KC60
         |    `--*A. virgatum Knight 1933 KC60
         |--Rhabdotocochlis Knight 1933 KC60
         |    `--*R. rugata Knight 1933 KC60
         |--Omphalonema Grabau 1936 KC60
         |    `--*O. multispirale Grabau 1936 KC60, W63
         |--Lophospira Whitfield 1886 BR05 (see below for synonymy)
         |    |--*L. milleri (Miller 1877) KC60 (see below for synonymy)
         |    `--L. conradana YN83
         |--Cinclidonema Knight 1945 W63
         |    |--*C. texanum Knight 1945 W63
         |    `--C. dignitas Waterhouse 1963 W63
         |--Manzanospira Batten 1989 PE02
         |    |--*M. manzanicum (Girty 1909) [=Phanerotrema manzanicum] PE02
         |    |--M. turrita Pan & Erwin 2002 PE02
         |    `--M. wordensis Batten 1989 PE02
         |--Loxoplocus Fischer 1885 KC60
         |    |--L. (Loxoplocus) solutus (Whiteaves 1884) (see below for synonymy) KC60
         |    `--L. (Donaldiella Cossmann 1903) (see below for synonymy) KC60
         |         `--L. (*D.) filosa (Donald 1902) [=*Goniospira filosa] KC60
         |--Yunnania Mansuy 1912 B79
         |    |--*Y. termieri Mansuy 1912 B79
         |    |--Y. meridionalis Mansuy 1914 B79
         |    |--Y. romanovskyi Licharew 1967 B79
         |    `--Y. semigranulosa Licharew 1967 B79
         `--Worthenia de Koninck 1883 TE01 [incl. Platyworthenia Chronic 1952 KC60]
              |--*W. tabulata (Conrad 1835) [=Turbo tabulatus] KC60
              |--W. conica Assmann 1924 TE01
              |--W. corrugata Chronic 1952 TE01
              |--W. esinensis TE01
              |--W. extendia Tong & Erwin 2001 TE01
              |--W. marmolatae Kittl 1894 TE01
              |--W. pura TE01
              `--W. subpunctata TE01

Araeonema Knight 1933 [incl. Palaeoturbina Wenz 1938, Turbina deKoninck 1881 non Brown in Herrmannsen 1847] KC60

Cyclites depressus (Beede 1907) [=Wortheniopsis depressa; incl. Pleurotomaria multilineata Girty 1908, *Cyclites multilineatus] KC60

Lophospira Whitfield 1886 BR05 [incl. Ptychonema Perner 1903 KC60, Schizolopha Ulrich in Ulrich & Scofield 1897 KC60]

*Lophospira milleri (Miller 1877) KC60 [=Murchisonia milleri KC60, Loxoplocus (Lophospira) milleri KC60, M. bicincta Hall 1847 non M’Coy 1844 KC60, Lophospira bicincta YN83]

Loxoplocus (Donaldiella Cossmann 1903) [=Goniospira Donald 1902 non Cossmann 1896; incl. Pagodispira Grabau 1922] KC60

Loxoplocus (Loxoplocus) solutus (Whiteaves 1884) [=Murchisonia soluta; incl. M. tropidophora Whiteaves 1884, *Loxoplocus tropidophorus] KC60

Proturritella Koken 1889 [incl. Gonionema Koken 1896, Nematotrochus Koken 1925, Pseudeunema Cossmann 1899] KC60

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B79] Batten, R. L. 1979. Gastropods from Perak, Malaysia. Part 2. The trochids, patellids and neritids. American Museum Novitates 2685: 1-26.

[BR05] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, J. Frýda, B. Hausdorf, W. Ponder, Á. Valdés & A. Warén. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1-397.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[KC60] Knight, J. B., L. R. Cox, A. M. Keen, R. L. Batten, E. L. Yochelson & R. Robertson. 1960. Gastropoda: systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia, pp. I169-I331. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[PE02] Pan, H.-Z., & D. H. Erwin. 2002. Gastropods from the Permian of Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces, south China. Journal of Paleontology 76 (Memoir 56): 1-49.

[TE01] Tong, J., & D. H. Erwin. 2001. Triassic gastropods of the southern Qinling Mountains, China. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology 92: 1-47.

[W63] Waterhouse, J. B. 1963. Permian gastropods of New Zealand. Part 4—Platyceratacea, Anomphalacea, Neritacea, and correlations. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 6 (5): 817-842.

[YN83] Yu W. & Ning H. 1983. Middle Ordovician gastropods from Ruoqiang, Xinjiang. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 22 (2): 199-203.

Khairkhaniidae

The Lower Devonian onychochilid Voskopiella barborae, from Frýda (1992).

Belongs within: Mollusca.

The Khairkhaniidae were a Lower Cambrian family of planispiral molluscs, possibly basal or stem gastropods. Parkhaev (2002) suggested that the khairkhaniid genus Protowenella was ancestral to the Upper Cambrian to Lower Devonian Onychochilidae, a family of turbospiral hyperstrophic forms, though he did not explicitly state his reasons for suggesting the connection.

Characters of Khairkhaniidae (from Parkhaev 2002): Shell planispiral or almost planispiral with up to three or four coils. Aperture almost circular with diameter significantly less than diameter of shell (Parkhaev's listing of a paired pallial caecum as a character of Khairkhaniidae should be treated with caution, as this is not something that can be observed directly from the shell).

<==Khairkhaniidae [Khairkhaniiformes]
    |--+--+--Barskovia Golubev 1976 [incl. Nekolenia Vassiljeva 1998] P02
    |  |  `--Philoxenella Vostokova 1962 P02
    |  `--+--Khairkhania Missarzhevsky 1981 P02
    |     |--Ardrossania Runnegar in Bengtson et al. 1990 P02
    |     `--Michniakia Missarzhevsky 1966 P02
    `--+--Protowenella Runnegar & Jell 1976 P02
       `--+--Xinjispira Yu & Rong 1987 P02
          `--Clisospiroidea (see below for synonymy) BR05
               |  i. s.: Mimospira FB01
               |--Clisospiridae BR05
               |    |--Atracura Horný 1964 [Atracurinae] BR05
               |    |--Trochoclisa Horný 1964 [Trochoclisinae] BR05
               |    `--Clisospirinae BR05
               |         |--Clisospira Billings 1865 BR05
               |         `--Progalerus Holzapfel 1895 [Progalerinae] BR05
               `--Onychochilidae P02
                    |--Beshtashella Missarzhevsky in Missarzhevsky & Mambetov 1981 P02
                    |--Voskopiella barborae Frýda 1992 FBL02
                    |--Onychochilus Lindström 1884 [Onychochilinae] BR05
                    |--Hyperstrophema Horný 1964 [Hyperstropheminae] BR05
                    |--Scaevogyra Whitfield 1878 [Scaevogyridae, Scaevogyrinae] BR05
                    `--Yuwenia Runnegar 1981 [incl. Kistassella Missarzhevsky 1989] P02
                         `--*Y. bentleyi Runnegar 1981 [incl. *Kistassella spiralis Missarzhevsky 1989] P02

Clisospiroidea [Clisospiracea, Dextrobranchia, Mimospirina, Onychochiliformes, Onychochiloidea, Umbraculiformii] BR05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, J. Frýda, B. Hausdorf, W. Ponder, Á. Valdés & A. Warén. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1-397.

Frýda, J. 1992. Mode of life of a new onychochilid mollusc from the Lower Devonian of Bohemia. Journal of Paleontology 66 (2): 200-205.

[FB01] Frýda, J., & R. B. Blodgett. 2001. The oldest known heterobranch gastropod, Kuskokwimia gen. nov., from the Early Devonian of west-central Alaska, with notes on the early phylogeny of higher gastropods. Vĕstnik Českého Geologického Ústavu 76 (1): 39-53.

[FBL02] Frýda, J., R. B. Blodgett & A. C. Lenz. 2002. New Early Devonian gastropods from the families Crassimarginatidae (new family) and Scoliostomatidae (new family), Royal Creek area, Yukon Territory, Canada. Journal of Paleontology 76 (2): 246-255.

[P02] Parkhaev, P. Yu. 2002. Phylogenesis and the system of the Cambrian univalved mollusks. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 2002 (1): 27-39 (transl. Paleontological Journal 36 (1): 25-36).

Amphigastropoda

Steinkern of Pelagiella, from Landing et al. (2002).

Belongs within: Helcionelliformes.
Contains: Bellerophontidae.

The name 'Amphigastropoda' has been used for an assemblage of planispiral or cap-shaped, mostly Palaeozoic molluscs. Primarily centered around the Bellerophontoidea, other groups that have been included in the Amphigastropoda by various authors include the Pelagielliformes, Cyrtolitidae and Tryblidiidae. The grouping was originally proposed on the basis that these animals were gastropod-like but untorted; however, studies of muscle scars the genus Bellerophon itself indicate that it, at least, underwent torsion, and the Amphigastropoda in the broad sense is probably a polyphyletic assemblage (Peel 1972).

Amphigastropoda
    |--Cyrtolitida BR05
    |--Tryblidiidae T59 [Tryblidiida BR05]
    |    |--Helcionopsis Ulrich & Schofield 1897 T59
    |    |    `--*H. striata T59
    |    |--Pilina Koken 1925 T59
    |    |    `--*P. unguis [=Tryblidium unguis] T59
    |    |--Tryblidium Lindström 1880 T59
    |    |    |--*T. reticulatum T59
    |    |    `--T. nycteis (Billings 1862) [=Metoptoma nycteis] T59
    |    `--Vallatotheca Foerste 1914 T59
    |         |--*V. manitoulini T59
    |         `--V. elegantula (Chapman 1916) (see below for synonymy) T59
    |--Pelagielliformes [Orthostrophina, Pelagiellacea, Pelagiellida, Pelagielloidea] BR05
    |    |--Pelagiellidae BR05
    |    |    |--Costipelagiella Horny 1964 P02
    |    |    |--Tianzhushanospira Yu 1979 P02
    |    |    |--Proeccyliopterus Kobayashi 1939 [Proeccyliopteridae] BR05
    |    |    |--Protoscaevogyra Kobayashi 1939 [Protoscaevogyridae] BR05
    |    |    |--Tannuspira Missarzhevsky 1989 P02
    |    |    |    `--T. magnifica Missarzhevsky 1989 P02
    |    |    `--Pelagiella Matthew 1895 BR05
    |    |         |--P. adunca Missarzhevsky 1966 P02
    |    |         |--P. lorenzi Kobayashi 1939 P02
    |    |         `--P. madianensis Zhou & Xiao 1984 P02
    |    `--Aldanellidae BR05
    |         |--Paraaldanella Golubev 1976 P02
    |         |--Nomgoliella Missarzhevsky 1981 P02
    |         |    |--N. australiensis P02
    |         |    |--N. rotunda P02
    |         |    `--N. sinistrovolubilis Missarzhevsky 1981 P02
    |         `--Aldanella Vostokova 1962 BR05
    |              |--A. crassa Missarzhevsky 1969 P02
    |              `--+--A. utchurica Missarzhevsky 1969 P02
    |                 `--+--A. rozanovi Missarzhevsky 1966 P02
    |                    `--A. operosa Missarzhevsky 1966 P02
    `--Bellerophontoidea [Bellerophontacea, Bellerophontida, Bellerophontina] BR05
         |--Bellerophontidae BR05
         |--Bucanella Meek 1871 [=Bucaniella Fischer 1885; Bucanellinae, Bucaniellinae] BR05
         |--Tremanotus Hall 1867 [=Trematonotus Fischer 1885; Tremanotidae, Tremanotinae, Trematonotidae] BR05
         |--Tropidodiscus Meek & Worthen 1866 [Tropidodiscidae, Tropidodiscinae] BR05
         |--Pterothecidae BR05
         |    |--Pterotheca Salter 1852 [Pterothecinae] BR05
         |    |--Carinaropsis Hall 1847 [Carinaropsidae, Carinaropsinae] BR05
         |    `--Pedasiola Spriesterbach 1919 [Pedasiolinae] BR05
         |--Sinuitidae [Sinuitoidea] BR05
         |    |--Aiptospira Wang 1980 [Aiptospirinae] BR05
         |    |--Hispanosinuites Frýda & Gutierrez-Marco 1996 [Hispanosinuitinae] BR05
         |    `--Sinuitinae BR05
         |         |--Sinuites Koken 1896 BR05
         |         `--Protowarthia Ulrich & Scofield 1897 [Protowarthiidae] BR05
         |--Euphemitidae BR05
         |    |--Paleuphemites Horný 1962 [Paleuphemitinae] BR05
         |    `--Euphemitinae BR05
         |         |--Euphemites Warthin 1930 BR05
         |         `--Warthia Waagen 1880 W63
         |              |--*W. brevisinuata Waagen 1880 W63
         |              |--W. americana Girty 1909 W63
         |              |--W. micromphala (Morris 1845) (see below for synonymy) W63
         |              |--W. perspecta Fletcher 1958 W63
         |              `--W. stricta (Dana 1847) (see below for synonymy) W63
         `--Bucaniidae BR05
              |--Salpingostoma Roemer 1876 (see below for synonymy) BR05
              |--Undulabucania Wahlman 1992 [Undulabucaniinae] BR05
              |--Plectonotinae BR05
              |    |--Plectonotus Clarke 1899 [Plectonotini] BR05
              |    `--Boucotonotus Frýda & Manda 1997 [Boucotonotini] BR05
              `--Bucaniinae [Bucaniides] BR05
                   |--Grandostoma Horný 1962 [Grandostomatidae, Grandostomatinae] BR05
                   `--Bucania Hall 1847 BR05
                        |--B. angustafasciata Waagen 1880 W63
                        `--B. kattaensis Waagen 1880 [incl. B. k. var. carinata Wanner 1942] W63

Salpingostoma Roemer 1876 [Salpingostomatidae, Salpingostomatides, Salpingostomatinae, Salpingostominae] BR05

Vallatotheca elegantula (Chapman 1916) [=Helcionopsis elegantulum; incl. Tryblidium (Metoptoma) nycteis Cresswell 1893 non Metoptoma nycteis Billings 1862, Capulus nycteis, Helcionopsis nycteis] T59

Warthia micromphala (Morris 1845) [=Bellerophon micromphalus, B. (Warthia) micromphala, Goniatites (Agathiceras) micromphalus, G. (Prolecanites) micromphalus; incl. B. undulatus Dana 1847] W63

Warthia stricta (Dana 1847) [=Bellerophon strictus, Goniatites strictus; incl. B. contractus Sowerby in Jukes 1847 (n. n.)] W63

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, J. Frýda, B. Hausdorf, W. Ponder, Á. Valdés & A. Warén. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1-397.

Landing, E., G. Geyer & K. E. Bartowski. 2002. Latest Early Cambrian small shelly fossils, trilobites, and Hatch Hill dysaerobic interval on the Québec continental slope. Journal of Paleontology 76 (2): 287-305.

[P02] Parkhaev, P. Yu. 2002. Phylogenesis and the system of the Cambrian univalved mollusks. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 2002 (1): 27-39 (transl. Paleontological Journal 36 (1): 25-36).

Peel, J. S. 1972. Observations on some Lower Palaeozoic tremanotiform Bellerophontacea (Gastropoda) from North America. Palaeontology 15 (3): 412-422.

[T59] Talent, J. A. 1958-1959. Vallatotheca (Monoplacophora) in the Lower Devonian of Victoria. Mining and Geological Journal 6 (3): 3-4.

[W63] Waterhouse, J. B. 1963. Permian gastropods of New Zealand. Part 1 – Bellerophontacea and Euomphalacea. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 6 (1): 88-112.

Bellerophontidae

Various views of Bellerophon yochelsoni, from Pan & Erwin (2002).

Belongs within: Amphigastropoda.

The Bellerophontidae were an Ordovician to Triassic family of coiled molluscs. They were superficially similar to small nautiloids with a deep sinus or slit at the aperture on the outer side of the coil. The umbilicus was narrow or absent, and the shell was ornamented by prominent growth lines (Knight et al. 1960). Most authors have considered the bellerophontids as basal (probably stem-)gastropods, though there is some debate on whether they underwent torsion like modern gastropods.

<==Bellerophontidae
    |  i. s.: Stachella PE94
    |--Bucanopsis Ulrich 1897 [Bucanopsinae] BR05
    |--Cymbularia Koken 1896 [Cymbulariidae, Cymbulariinae] BR05
    |--Bellerophontinae BR05
    |    |--Liljevallospira Knight 1945 [Liljevallospiridae] BR05
    |    `--Bellerophon Montfort 1808 BR05
    |         |--B. heterocanalicutus Pan & Yu 1996 PE02
    |         |--B. (Bellerophon) yochelsoni Pan & Erwin 2002 PE02
    |         `--B. zhesiensis DX84
    `--Knightitinae [Knightitidae] BR05
         |--Knightites Moore 1941 BR05
         `--Retispira Knight 1945 W63, PE02
              |--*R. bellireticulata Knight 1945 PE02 [=Knightites (*Retispira) bellireticulata W63]
              |--R. matanensis Pan & Yu 1993 PE02
              |--R. multicancellata Yu in Wang & Xi 1980 PE02
              |--R. sinensis Pan & Erwin 2002 PE02
              |--R. strictocanaliculata Yu in Wang & Xi 1980 PE02
              |--R. strictura Yu in Wang & Xi 1980 PE02
              `--R. texana Yochelson 1960 PE02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, J. Frýda, B. Hausdorf, W. Ponder, Á. Valdés & A. Warén. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1-2): 1-397.

[DX84] Ding Y., Xia G., Duan C., Li W., Liu X. & Liang Z. 1984. Study on the early Permian stratigraphy and fauna in Zhesi district, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu (Inner Mongolia). Bulletin Tianjin Institure Geol. Min. Res. 10.

Knight, J. B., L. R. Cox, A. M. Keen, R. L. Batten, E. L. Yochelson & R. Robertson. 1960. Gastropoda—Systematic description. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1. Mollusca—General Features. Scaphopoda. Amphineura. Monoplacophora. Gastropoda—General Features. Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I169-I310. Geological Society of America, Inc. and University of Kansas Press.

[PE94] Pan H.-Z. & D. H. Erwin. 1994. Gastropod diversity patterns in south China during the Chihsia-Ladinian and their mass extinction. Palaeoworld 4: 249-262.

[PE02] Pan, H.-Z., & D. H. Erwin. 2002. Gastropods from the Permian of Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces, south China. Journal of Paleontology 76 (Memoir 56): 1-49.

[W63] Waterhouse, J. B. 1963. Permian gastropods of New Zealand. Part 1 – Bellerophontacea and Euomphalacea. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 6 (1): 88-112.

Plocezyga

The Lower Permian Plocezyga (Hyphantozyga) matanensis, from Pan & Erwin (2002).

Belongs within: Caenogastropoda.

Plocezyga was a Lower Carboniferous to Middle Permian genus of high-spired gastropods. Originally included in the genus Hemizyga, the genera had to be separated after it was established that the type species of Hemizyga was not representative of the majority of species in that genus (Hoare & Sturgeon 1980a, b). Plocezyga is a member of the family Pseudozygopleuridae which is distinguished by the form of the protoconch: smooth on the first 1.5 whorls, followed by collabral ornament on the second to fourth walls, with the ornamented whorls slightly swollen (Knight et al. 1960).

Characters (from Knight et al. 1960): Conch with both collabral and spiral ornament; labral sinus very shallow or absent.

<==Ploceozyga Hoare & Sturgeon 1980 PE02
    |--P. (Hyphantozyga Knight 1930) PE02
    |    |--P. (*H.) gracilis (Knight 1930) [=Hemizyga (Hyphantozyga) gracilis] PE02
    |    |--P. (H.) fenestrata (Hoare & Sturgeon 1980) [=Gamigyza (H.) fenestrata] PE02
    |    `--P. (H.) matanensis (Pan & Yu 1993) [=Hemizyga (Hyphantozyga) matanensis] PE02
    `--P. (Plocezyga Knight 1930) PE02
         |--P. (P.) cancellata (Mark 1912) PE02
         |--P. (P.) delicata Hoare & Sturgeon 1980 PE02
         |--P. (P.) lineata Hoare & Sturgeon 1980 PE02
         |--P. (P.) ornatissima Hoare & Sturgeon 1980 PE02
         |--P. (P.) varica Pan & Erwin 2002 PE02
         `--P. (P.) yunnanensis Pan & Erwin 2002 PE02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Hoare, R. D., & M. T. Sturgeon. 1980a. The Pennsylvanian pseudozygopleurid gastropod genus Gamizyga n.gen. from Ohio and West Virginia. Journal of Paleontology 54 (1): 159-187.

Hoare, R. D., & M. T. Sturgeon. 1980b. Gamizyga: a correction. Journal of Paleontology 54 (5): 1101.

Knight, J. B., R. L. Batten, E. L. Yochelson & L. R. Cox. 1960. Supplement: Paleozoic and some Mesozoic Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1. Mollusca—General Features. Scaphopoda. Amphineura. Monoplacophora. Gastropoda—General Features. Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I310-I331. Geological Society of America, Inc. and University of Kansas Press.

[PE02] Pan, H.-Z., & D. H. Erwin. 2002. Gastropods from the Permian of Guangxi and Yunnan Provinces, south China. Journal of Paleontology 76 (Memoir 56): 1-49.

Siliquariidae

Squamous worm snail Tenagodus anguinus, copyright H. Zell.

Belongs within: Cerithiimorpha.

The Siliquariidae are a family of sessile gastropods, living embedded within sponges with their aperture protruding for filter feeding. The shell is loosely coiled, generally with the first few whorls close but later whorls becoming uncoiled. This part of the shell can easily be confused with that of a tube worm, and indeed the type species Tenagodus anguinus was originally described as such. The mantle (and consequently the shell) bears a slit on the right side in species of Tenagodus but both are entire in Stephopoma.

<==Siliquariidae [Rimosa, Siliquariacea, Siliquariana]
    |--Stephopoma Mörch 1860 BR05 [incl. Lilax Finlay 1927 F27; Stephopomatinae BR05, Stephopominae]
    |    |--*S. roseum (Quoy & Gaimard 1834) [=Vermetus roseus] P61
    |    |--S. nucleogranosum Verco 1904 S11 [=*Lilax nucleogranosum F27]
    |    `--S. pennatum [incl. S. pennatum var. bispinosa] C64
    `--Tenagodus Guettard 1770 [=Siliquaria Bruguière 1789; Siliquariinae, Tenagodidae] BR05
         |  i. s.: T. australis (Quoy & Gaimard 1834) MG-H11
         |         T. bernardi C60
         |         ‘Siliquaria’ maoria Powell 1940 P61
         |         T. occlusus (Tenison Woods 1877) DK08
         |         ‘Siliquaria’ ponderosa Morch 1860 H09
         |         ‘Siliquaria’ scalariformis Morch 1860 H09
         |         ‘Siliquaria’ senex Marwick 1926 F27
         |         ‘Siliquaria’ squamata Blainville 1827 MP65
         |         ‘Siliquaria’ triadica Kittl 1892 TTE93
         |         ‘Siliquaria’ trochlearis Morch 1860 H09
         |--*T. (Tenagodus) anguinus (Linnaeus 1758) BR17 [=Serpula anguina BR17, *Siliquaria anguina P61]
         |--‘Siliquaria’ (Agathirses) lima (Lamarck 1818) TTE93
         `--‘Siliquaria’ (Pyxipoma Moerch 1860) TTE93, P61
              |--S. (*P.) multistriata P61
              |--S. (P.) gracilis (Deshayes 1861) TTE93
              `--S. (P.) weldii (Ten. Woods 1876) F27, P61 [incl. S. cumingi Moerch 1860 F27]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[C60] Cox, L. R. 1960. Gastropoda: general characteristics of Gastropoda. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I84–I169. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[DK08] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2008. Silicified Eocene molluscs from the Lower Murchison district, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (3): 217–246.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[MP65] Merrill, A. S., & R. E. Petit. 1965. Mollusks new to South Carolina. Nautilus 79 (2): 58–66.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 12 September 2021.

Litiopidae

Alaba phasianella, photographed by Leon Altoff.

Belongs within: Cerithiimorpha.

The Litiopidae are a family of small marine gastropods found in shallow waters on algae and sea-grasses. They are characterised by a high-spired, conical translucent shell, and a long, narrow foot with a median slit in the rear part of the underside, and several epipodial tentacles along the side.

See also: The litiopids: small sea-snails among the weeds.

<==Litiopidae [Litiopina, Litiopinae]
    |--Astrolaba Laseron 1956 PS10
    |--Diffalaba Iredale 1936 PS10
    |    |--*D. opiniosa Iredale 1936 PS10
    |    |--D. picta (Adams 1961) [=Astrolaba picta] PS10
    |    `--D. vladivostokensis (Bartsch 1929) [=Alaba vladivostokensis] PS10
    |--Litiopa Rang 1829 O27
    |    |--*L. melanostoma Rang 1829 BR17
    |    |--L. acuminata (Baudon 1856) TTE93
    |    |--L. bombyx Rang 1829 O27
    |    `--L. limnophysa H08
    `--Alaba Adams & Adams 1853 O27, H77
         |--*A. trivericosa O27
         |--A. catalinensis Bartsch 1920 O27
         |--A. flammea (Pease 1867) (see below for synonymy) H09
         |--A. incerta (Orbigny 1842) S11
         |--A. jeanettae Bartsch 1910 O27
         |--A. phasianella Angas 1867 H09
         |--A. semistriata Philippi 1849 H09
         |--A. supralirata C64
         `--A. terebralis C64

Alaba flammea (Pease 1867) [=Rissoa flammea non Sabanaea flammea Frauenfeld 1867 (not preoc. if in dif. gen.)] H09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[H08] Hedley, C. 1908. Studies on Australian Mollusca. Part X. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 456–489, pls 7–10.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[H77] Houbrick, R. S. 1977. Reevaluation and new description of the genus Bittium (Cerithiidae). Veliger 20 (2): 101–106.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt. 3. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[PS10] Prozorova, L. A., & T. Y. Sitnikova. 2010. Morphology and systematic implications of juvenile litiopids (Caenogastropoda: Cerithioidea: Litiopidae) from the southern Russian Far East. In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of "Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean", 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 142–145. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

[S11] Simone, L. R. L. 2011. Phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda (Mollusca), based on comparative morphology. Arquivos de Zoologia 42 (4): 161–323.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 18 May 2021.