Puncturella

Puncturella noachina, copyright Natural History Museum Rotterdam.

Belongs within: Fissurellidae.

Puncturella is a genus of keyhole limpets with the shell perforated anterior to the apex (Knight et al. 1960).

Characters (from Knight et al. 1960): Conical, with perforation on anterior slope or near apex entering conduit or curved shelly plate within; internal groove and selenizone weak or absent.

<==Puncturella Lowe 1827 P61 [incl. Cemoria Leach 1852 non Risso 1826 KC60, Sipho Brown 1827 non Fabricius 1823 KC60]
    |--*P. (Puncturella) noachina (Linné 1758) KC60 (see below for synonymy)
    |--P. (Altrix Palmer 1942) [incl. Folia Palmer 1937 non Lohman 1892] KC60
    |    `--P. (*A.) altior (Meyer & Aldrich 1886) [=Fissurella altior] KC60
    |--P. (Cranopsis Adams 1860) [incl. Rimulanax Iredale 1924] KC60
    |    |--P. (*C.) pelex (Adams 1860) [=*Cranopsis pelex] KC60
    |    `--‘Cranopsis’ corolla (Verco 1908) MG-H11
    |--P. (Fissurisepta Seguenza 1863) KC60
    |    `--P. (*F.) papillosa (Seguenza 1863) [=*Fissurisepta papillosa] KC60
    `--P. (Rixa Iredale 1924) KC60
         `--P. (*R.) watsoni (Brazier 1894) [=Glyphis watsoni] KC60

Puncturella incertae sedis:
  P. analoga Martens 1903 P61
  P. caryophylla Dall 1914 O27
  P. conica (d’Orbigny 1841) RH96
  P. cooperi Carpenter 1864 O27
  P. cucullata (Gould 1846) O27 [=Rimula cucullata O27; incl. Diadora crucibuliformis Conrad 1855 C64]
  P. galeata (Gould 1846) [=Rimula galeata] O27
  P. galerita Hedley 1902 H09
  P. longifissa Dall 1914 O27
  P. major Dall 1891 O27
  P. manawatawhia Powell 1937 P61
  P. multistriata Dall 1914 O27
  P. pseudanaloga Powell 1957 P61

*Puncturella (Puncturella) noachina (Linné 1758) KC60 [=Patella noachina P61, Rimula noachina O27; incl. Pa. fissurella J64, Cemoria flemingii J64, Fissurella graeca J64, Sipho striata J64]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[J64] Jeffreys, J. G. 1864. The Upper Tertiary fossils at Uddevalla, in Sweden. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33 (Notices and Abstracts): 73–79.

[KC60] Knight, J. B., L. R. Cox, A. M. Keen, R. L. Batten, E. L. Yochelson & R. Robertson. 1960. Gastropoda: systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I169–I331. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 3. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[RH96] Reindl, S., & G. Haszprunar. 1996. Shell pores (caeca, aesthetes) of Mollusca: a case of polyphyly. In: Taylor, J. D. (ed.) Origin and Evolutionary Radiation of the Mollusca pp. 115–118. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

Anatomidae

Anatoma crispata, copyright Natural History Museum Rotterdam.

Belongs within: Vetigastropoda.

The Anatomidae are a group of marine gastropods with a trochoid biconical shell that usually bears an open slit at the periphery (Zelaya & Geiger 2007).

Characters (from Zelaya & Geiger 2007): Shell 1–11 mm, trochoid biconical, protoconch with smooth, flocculant or reticulate sculpture, slit at periphery, usually open (exceptionally closed); radula with lateral tooth 5 enlarged by elongation.

<==Anatomidae
    |--Sasakiconcha elegantissima Geiger 2006 ZG07
    |--Thieleella Bandel 1998 ZG07
    |    |--*T. amoena (Thiele 1912) [=Scissurella amoena, Anatoma amoena, Schizotrochus amoena, Sch. amoenus] ZG07
    |    |--T. argentinae Zelaya & Geiger 2007 ZG07
    |    |--T. baxteri (McLean 1984) ZG07
    |    |--T. flemingi Marshall 2002 ZG07
    |    |--T. gunteri (Cotton & Godfrey 1933) ZG07
    |    |--T. reticulata Bandel 1998 ZG07
    |    `--T. weddelliana Zelaya & Geiger 2007 ZG07
    `--Anatoma Woodward 1859 ZG07 [=Schizotrochus Monterosato 1884 KC60, P61; Anatominae, Schizotrochidae]
         |--*A. crispata (Fleming 1828) ZG07 [=Scissurella crispata ZG07, *Schizotrochus crispata P61]
         |--‘Schizotrochus’ aupouria Powell 1937 P61
         |--A. baxteri McLean 1984 ZG07
         |--A. conica (d’Orbigny 1841) [=Scissurella conica, Anatomus conicus, Schizotrochus conica] ZG07
         |--A. disciformis (Golikov & Sirenko 1980) ZG07
         |--A. euglypta (Pelseneer 1903) (see below for synonymy) ZG07
         |--‘Schizotrochus’ finlayi Powell 1937 P61
         |--A. janetae Geiger 2006 ZG07
         |--A. josephinae Odhner 1960 ZG07
         |--‘Scissurella’ mantelli Woodward 1859 F27 [=Schizotrochus mantelli P61]
         |--A. obtusata (Golikov & Gublin 1978) ZG07
         |--A. proxima F12
         |--‘Scissurella’ regia Mestayer 1916 F27 [=Schizotrochus regius P61]
         |--A. shiraseae Numanami & Okutani 1990 ZG07
         `--A. yaroni Herbert 1986 ZG07

Anatoma euglypta (Pelseneer 1903) [=Scissurella euglypta, A. euglyptus, Hainella euglypta, Schizotrochus euglyptus] ZG07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[F12] Frýda, J. 2012. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic gastropods inferred from their ontogeny. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 395–435. Springer.

[KC60] Knight, J. B., L. R. Cox, A. M. Keen, R. L. Batten, E. L. Yochelson & R. Robertson. 1960. Gastropoda: systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I169–I331. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[ZG07] Zelaya, D. G., & D. L. Geiger. 2007. Species of Scissurellidae and Anatomidae from sub-Antarctic and Antarctic waters (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda). Malacologia 49 (2): 393–443.

Scissurellidae

Scissurella laevigata, from Vayssière 1894.

Belongs within: Vetigastropoda.

The Scissurellidae are a group of marine gastropods bearing a trochoid shell that usually has a slit present above the periphery (Zelaya & Geiger 2007).

Characters (from Zelaya & Geiger 2007): Shell 0.6–3 mm, trochoid, more or less depressed; protoconch sculpture variable; slit above periphery, open, closed or absent; radula with lateral tooth 5 enlarged by broadening.

<==Scissurellidae [Scissurellina, Scissurellinae]
    |--Sukashitrochus BR05
    |--Satondella tabulata Watson 1886 ZG07
    |--Temnozaga parilis McLean 1989 ZG07
    |--Scissurona Iredale 1924 P61
    |    `--*S. rosea (Hedley 1904) P61 [=Scissurella rosea P61, Incisura (*Scissurona) rosea KC60]
    |--Depressizona Geiger 2003 [Depressizonidae, Depressizoninae] BR05
    |    `--*D. exorum Geiger 2003 BR17
    |--Ariella Bandel 1998 non Gilbert 1941 (ICBN) ZG07
    |    |--*A. haliotimorpha Bandel 1998 ZG07
    |    `--A. subantarctica (Hedley 1916) [=Schismope subantarctica, Sinezona subantarctica] ZG07
    |--Sinezona Finlay 1926 ZG07
    |    |--*S. brevis (Hedley 1904) ZG07 [=Schismope brevis ZG07, Scissurella brevis P61]
    |    |--S. cingulata Costa 1861 ZG07
    |    |--S. confusa Rolán & Luque 1994 ZG07
    |    |--S. laevigata (Iredale 1908) P61 [=Schismope brevis laevigata F27]
    |    |--S. mouchezi (Vélain 1876) [=Schismope mouchezi] ZG07
    |    |--S. pauperata Powell 1933 P61
    |    |--S. plicata ZG07
    |    |--S. redferni Rolán 1996 BC01
    |    `--S. rimuloides Carpenter 1865 ZG07
    |--Schismope Jeffreys 1856 P61
    |    |--*S. cingulata [=Scissurella cingulata] P61
    |    |--S. atkinsoni (Ten.-Woods 1877) [=Scissurella atkinsoni] H09
    |    |--S. beddomei F27
    |    |--S. caliana Dall 1919 O27
    |    |--S. carinata F27
    |    |--S. iota Finlay 1927 P61
    |    |--S. lacuniformis F27
    |    |--S. laqueus Finlay 1927 P61
    |    |--S. lyallensis Finlay 1927 P61
    |    |--S. rimuloides Carpenter 1865 O27
    |    `--S. tasmanica Petterd 1879 P79
    `--Scissurella d’Orbigny 1824 ZG07 [incl. Woodwardia Crosse & Fischer 1861 KC60]
         |--*S. laevigata d’Orbigny 1824 BR17
         |--S. annulata Ravn 1933 TTE93
         |--S. bountyensis Powell 1933 P61
         |--S. chiricova Dall 1919 O27
         |--S. clathrata Strebel 1908 (see below for synonymy) ZG07
         |--S. costata d’Orbigny 1824 ZG07
         |--S. dalli Bartsch 1903 (n. d.) [=Schizotrochus dalli] ZG07
         |--S. fairchildi Powell 1933 P61
         |--S. georgica Davolos & Moolenbeek 2005 ZG07
         |--S. kaiserae Geiger 2006 ZG07
         |--S. kelseyi Dall 1905 O27
         |--S. malvinarum Zelaya & Geiger 2007 ZG07
         |--S. manawatawhia Powell 1937 P61
         |--S. obliqua Watson 1886 [=Incisura obliqua, Scissurona obliqua] ZG07
         |--S. petermannensis Lamy 1910 (see below for synonymy) ZG07
         |--S. prendrevillei Powell 1933 P61
         |--S. rimuloides C64
         |--S. staminea (Adams 1862) ZG07
         |--S. stellae Flenming 1948 P61
         `--S. supraplicata Smith 1875 [=Schizotrochus supraplicata, Sch. supraplicatus] ZG07

Scissurella clathrata Strebel 1908 [=Anatoma clathrata, Schizotrochus clathrata; incl. Sci. eucharista Melvill & Standen 1912, Sch. eucharista] ZG07

Scissurella petermannensis Lamy 1910 [=Schizotrochus petermanensis; incl. Sci. medioplicata Thiele 1925, Sci. timora Melvill & Standen 1912, Schizotrochus timora] ZG07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[BC01] Boyko, C. B., & J. R. Cordeiro. 2001. Catalog of Recent type specimens in the Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History. V. Mollusca, part 2 (class Gastropoda [exclusive of Opisthobranchia and Pulmonata], with supplements to Gastropoda [Opisthobranchia], and Bivalvia). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 262: 1–170.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[KC60] Knight, J. B., L. R. Cox, A. M. Keen, R. L. Batten, E. L. Yochelson & R. Robertson. 1960. Gastropoda: systematic descriptions. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt I. Mollusca 1: Mollusca—General Features, Scaphopoda, Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda—General Features, Archaeogastropoda and some (mainly Paleozoic) Caenogastropoda and Opisthobranchia pp. I169–I331. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[O27] Oldroyd, I. S. 1927. The Marine Shells of the West Coast of North America vol. 2 pt 3. Stanford University Press: Stanford University (California).

[P79] Petterd, W. F. 1879. New species of Tasmanian marine shells. Journal of Conchology 2: 102–105.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

[TTE93] Tracey, S., J. A. Todd & D. H. Erwin. 1993. Mollusca: Gastropoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 131–167. Chapman & Hall: London.

[ZG07] Zelaya, D. G., & D. L. Geiger. 2007. Species of Scissurellidae and Anatomidae from sub-Antarctic and Antarctic waters (Gastropoda: Vetigastropoda). Malacologia 49 (2): 393–443.

Liareinae

Cytora lignaria, copyright Andrew Townsend.

Belongs within: Cyclophoroidea.

The Liareinae are a New Zealand group of small operculate land snails with a high-spired or trochiform shell.

<==Liareinae [Liareidae] BR05
    |--Realia Gray 1850 BR17 [=Liarea Pfeiffer 1853 BR05; Realiana, Realieae, Realiidae, Realiinae]
    |    |--*R. egea Gray 1850 BR17 [=*Liarea egea P61]
    |    |    |--L. e. egea P61
    |    |    `--‘Liarea’ e. tessellata Powell 1954 P61
    |    |--‘Liarea’ aupouria Powell 1954 P61
    |    |    |--L. a. aupouria P61
    |    |    `--L. a. tara Powell 1954 P61
    |    |--‘Liarea’ hochstetteri (Pfeiffer 1861) P61
    |    |    |--L. h. hochstetteri P61
    |    |    |--L. h. alta Powell 1954 P61
    |    |    `--L. h. carinella (Pfeiffer 1861) P61
    |    |--‘Liarea’ lepida (Suter 1904) P61
    |    |--‘Liarea’ ornata Powell 1954 P61
    |    `--‘Liarea’ turriculata (Pfeiffer 1855) P61
    |         |--L. t. turriculata P61
    |         |--L. t. partula Powell 1954 P61
    |         `--L. t. waipoua Powell 1954 P61
    `--Cytora Kobelt & Möllendorff 1897 BR05 [incl. Murdochia P61; Cytoridae]
         |--*C. cytora (Gray 1850) [=Cyclophorus cytora] BR17
         |--C. ampla (Powell 1941) P61
         |--C. annectens (Powell 1948) P61
         |--C. aranea (Powell 1928) P61
         |--C. bicarinata (Suter 1907) P61
         |--C. calva (Hutton 1883) P61
         |--C. chiltoni (Suter 1896) P61
         |--C. fasciata (Suter 1894) P61
         |--C. filicosta (Powell 1948) P61
         |--C. hedleyi (Suter 1894) P61
         |--C. hirsutissima (Powell 1951) P61
         |--C. lignaria (Pfeiffer 1857) P61
         |--C. pallida (Hutton 1883) P61
         |--C. pannosa (Hutton 1833) P61
         |--C. septentrionale (Suter 1907) P61
         |--C. solitaria (Powell 1935) P61
         |--C. studeri (Suter 1896) P61
         `--C. torquilla (Suter 1894) P61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.

[BR17] Bouchet, P., J.-P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl & E. E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia 61 (1–2): 1–526.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

Estea

Estea subfusca, copyright Te Papa Tongarewa.

Belongs within: Rissooidea.

Estea is a New Zealand genus of rissooid gastropods with a solid shell bearing an almost circular aperture and thin peristome (Powell 1927).

Characters (from Powell 1927): Shell solid, opaque; aperture almost circular with a thin peristome, reflexed all round and joined to parietal wall only for a short space. Adult whorls may be smooth, ornamented with axial growth-lines, folds, or riblets, or spirally lirate sometimes with combined axial and spiral sculpture.

<==Estea Iredale 1915 P61
    |--*E. zosterophila (Webster 1905) [=Rissoa zosterophila] P61
    |--E. angustata Powell 1927 P61
    |--E. crassicarinata Powell 1937 P61
    |--E. crassicordata Powell 1937 P61
    |--E. gracilispira Powell 1933 P61
    |--E. guesti Powell 1933 P61
    |--E. impressa (Hutton 1885) P61 [incl. Haurakia mixta F27]
    |--E. incidata P27
    |--E. insulata Marwick 1928 P61
    |--E. manawatawhia Powell 1937 P61
    |--E. micronema (Suter 1898) P61
    |--E. minor (Suter 1898) P61
    |--E. minutula Powell 1933 P61
    |--E. morioria Powell 1933 P61
    |--E. porrecta Powell 1933 P61
    |--E. porrectoides Powell 1937 P61
    |--E. rekohuana Powell 1933 P61
    |--E. rufoapicata (Suter 1908) P61
    |    |--E. r. rufoapicata P61
    |    `--E. r. latior Dell 1956 P61
    |--E. sculpturata Dell 1956 P61
    |--E. semiplicata Powell 1927 P61
    |--E. semisulcata (Hutton 1885) P61
    |--E. subfusca (Hutton 1873) P61
    `--E. subrufa Powell 1937 P61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. A further commentary on New Zealand molluscan systematics. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 320–485.

[P27] Powell, A. W. B. 1927. The genetic relationships of Australasian rissoids. Part 1. Descriptions of new Recent genera and species from New Zealand and Kermadec Islands. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 534–548.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

Notosetia

Notosetia antipoda, copyright Auckland War Memorial Museum.

Belongs within: Rissooidea.

Notosetia is a New Zealand genus of rissooid gastropods with a smooth, shining shell.

<==Notosetia Iredale 1915 P61
    |--*N. neozelanica (Suter 1898) [=Barleeia neozelanica] P61
    |--N. antipoda Powell 1955 P61
    |--N. aoteana Powell 1937 P61
    |--N. atomaria Powell 1933 P61
    |--N. aupouria Powell 1937 P61
    |--N. benthicola Powell 1927 P61
    |--N. crassilabrum Powell 1940 P61
    |--N. dilatata Powell 1955 P61
    |--N. exaltata Powell 1933 P61
    |--N. fairchildi Powell 1933 P61
    |--N. gradata (Suter 1908) P61
    |--N. infecta (Suter 1908) P61
    |--N. lampra (Suter 1908) P61
    |--N. lubrica (Suter 1898) P61
    |--N. micans (Webster 1905) P61
    |--N. microstriata (Murdoch 1905) P61
    |--N. multilirata Powell 1940 P61
    |--N. porcellana (Suter 1908) P61
    |--N. porcellanoides Powell 1937 P61
    |--N. pupinella Finlay 1927 P61 [=Rissoa leptalea Murdoch 1905 non Verrill 1885 F27]
    |--N. retusa Powell 1927 P61
    |--N. simplex (Powell 1927) P61
    |--N. sorenseni Powell 1955 P61
    |--N. stewartiana (Suter 1908) P61
    |--N. subcarinata Powell 1940 P61
    |--N. subflavescens Iredale 1915 P61
    |--N. subgradata Powell 1937 P61
    |--N. subtenuis Powell 1937 P61
    |--N. tenuisculpta Powell 1933 P61
    |--N. unicarinata Powell 1930 P61
    `--N. verecunda (Suter 1908) P61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[F27] Finlay, H. J. 1927. New specific names for austral Mollusca. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 488–533.

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.

Subonoba

Subonoba insculpta, copyright Te Papa Tongarewa.

Belongs within: Rissooidea.

Subonoba is a New Zealand genus of rissooid gastropods with a thin shell ornamented with spiral cords but no axial ornament, and with a continuous, usually thin peristome.

<==Subonoba Iredale 1915 P61
    |--*S. fumata (Suter 1898) [=Rissoa fumata] P61
    |--S. alpha Powell 1955 P61
    |--S. aupouria Powell 1940 P61
    |--S. beta Powell 1955 P61
    |--S. delicatula Powell 1933 P61
    |--S. delta Powell 1955 P61
    |--S. edita Powell 1939 P61
    |--S. fallai Powell 1955 P61
    |--S. fouveauxiana (Suter 1898) P61
    |--S. gamma Powell 1955 P61
    |--S. inornata Powell 1933 P61
    |--S. insculpta (Murdoch 1905) P61
    |--S. morioria Powell 1933 P61
    |--S. oliveri Powell 1955 P61
    |--S. parvula Powell 1931 P61
    |--S. paucicostata Powell 1931 P61
    |--S. sorenseni Powell 1955 P61
    `--S. tenuistriata Powell 1933 P61

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[P61] Powell, A. W. B. 1961. Shells of New Zealand: An illustrated handbook 4^th ed. Whitcombe and Tombs Limited: Christchurch.