Stathmopodinae

Stathmopoda melanochra, copyright Donald Hobern.

Belongs within: Gelechioidea.

The Stathmopodinae are a group of usually very small moths that commonly rest with the hind wings raised (Nielsen & Common 1991).

Characters (from Nielsen & Common 1991): Usually very small; head smooth-scaled; wings very narrow; fore wing lacking pterostigma, R₂ well before upper angle of discal cell, female with subcubital retinaculum only; hind tibiae and tarsi usually bearing whorls of stiff bristles.

<==Stathmopodinae [Stathmopodidae, Tinaegeriidae] NC91
    |--Snellenia lineata NC91
    |--Pseudaegeria phlogina NC91
    |--Coracistis erythrocosma NC91
    |--Hieromantis NC91
    |--Calicotis NC91
    |--Vanacela C70
    `--Stathmopoda NC91
         |--S. arachnophthora NC91
         |--S. callichrysa NC91
         |--S. cephalaea NC91
         |--S. chalcotypa NC91
         |--S. coracodes P27
         |--S. crocophanes NC91
         |--S. melanochra NC91
         |--S. phlegyra L27
         `--S. skelloni L27

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C70] Common, I. F. B. 1970. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 765–866. Melbourne University Press.

[L27] Lindsay, S. 1927. A list of the Lepidoptera of Deans Bush, Riccarton, Canterbury. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 693–696.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721–746.

Xyloryctinae

Cryptophasa rubescens, copyright Donald Hobern.

Belongs within: Gelechioidea.

The Xyloryctinae are a group of small to medium-sized moths in which the hind wings have veins Rs and M₁ stalked or arising from the same point and divergent, and Sc+R₁ diverging from Rs well before the end of the cell. The gnathos in the male is not spinose (Nielsen & Common 1991).

<==Xyloryctinae [Xyloryctidae] NC91
    |--Telecrates laetiorella NC91
    |--Odites pudica P27
    |--Chalarotona intabescens NC91
    |--Eschatura lemurias P27
    |--Uzucha humeralis NC91
    |--Catoryctis eugramma NC91, P27
    |--Neodrepta luteotactella G84
    |--Oegocniites borisjaki RJ93
    |--Lichenaula NC91
    |    |--L. choriodes NC91
    |    `--L. lichenea NC91
    |--Scieropepla NC91
    |    |--S. reversella P27
    |    `--S. typhicola NC91
    |--Maroga NC91
    |    |--M. melanostigma NC91
    |    `--M. unipunctana P27
    |--Xylorycta NC91
    |    |--X. luteotactella NC91
    |    |--X. melaleuca P27
    |    `--X. strigata NC91
    `--Cryptophasa NC91
         |--C. ecclesiastis Meyrick 1887 M87
         |--C. irrorata M87
         |--C. leucadelpha Meyrick 1887 M87
         |--C. melanostigma C70
         |--C. nubila P27
         `--C. rubescens NC91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C70] Common, I. F. B. 1970. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 765–866. Melbourne University Press.

[M87] Meyrick, E. 1887. Descriptions of new Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1037–1048.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721–746.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

Gracillariidae

Cocoa pod borer Acrocercops cramerella, from the Papua Insects Foundation.

Belongs within: Ditrysia.

The Gracillariidae are very small moths with long antennae and long fringes on the hind wings (Nielsen & Common 1991).

Characters (from Nielsen & Common 1991): Very small, slender; head usually smooth scaled; ocelli and chaetosemata absent; antennae nearly as long as, or longer than, fore wing, filiform, scape slender, usually without pecten, sometimes with small eye-cap; proboscis present, unsealed; maxillary palps slender, porrect or ascending, four-segmented, or reduced; labial palps slender, porrect or ascending; epiphysis present, spurs 0-2-4, hind tibiae smooth or with dorsal row of stiff bristles, never hairy, fore and mid tibiae sometimes thickened with scales; fore wing lanceolate or linear-lanceolate with long fringing piliform scales, R₅ to costa or apex, some veins often lost, 1A+2A without basal fork; hind wing lanceolate or linear, venation often reduced; male abdomen often with coremata on segments 7 and 8. Larva leaf- or gall-mining, at least in early stages, with heteromorphosis; early instars flattened, with large blade-like mandibles, sap-feeding, thoracic legs and prolegs absent; after second or third ecdysis larvae often feed on parenchyma, body cylindrical, thoracic legs present, prolegs on abdominal segments 3–5, crochets usually in lateral penellipse. Pupa with antennae and proboscis often extending beyond wing tips; abdomen with fine scattered dorsal spines, segments 5–7 movable in male, 5–6 in female; usually in flattened cocoon.

<==Gracillariidae [Lithocolletidae]
    |  i. s.: Parectopa formosa P27
    |         Epicephala P27
    |           |--E. chalybacma VHK02
    |           `--E. frugicola B88
    |         Geometridites larentiiformis RJ93
    |         Ornativalva plutelliformis SKR96
    |         Gracillariites P92
    |--Gracillariinae NC91
    |    |--Macarostola formosa NC91
    |    |--Caloptilia KP19
    |    |    |--C. alchimiella [=Gracilaria alchimiella] V09
    |    |    |--C. azaleella NC91
    |    |    |--C. elaeas M83
    |    |    `--C. triadicae KP19
    |    `--Gracilaria GE05
    |         |--G. chrysitis L27
    |         |--G. elaeas L27
    |         |--G. linearis P27
    |         |--G. ononidis R13
    |         |--G. selenitis P27
    |         `--G. xylophanes P27
    `--+--+--Philodoria [Ornixolinae] KP19
       |  `--Lithocolletinae KP19
       |       |--Cameraria ohridella KP19
       |       |--Lithocolletis B88
       |       |    |--L. aglaozona C70
       |       |    |--L. hamadryadella G17c
       |       |    `--L. populifolia [=Gracilaria populifolia] H04
       |       `--Phyllonorycter NC91
       |            |--P. aglaozona NC91
       |            |--P. blancardella MC02
       |            |--P. crataegella G17b
       |            |--P. hamadryadella RD77
       |            `--P. messaniella NC91
       `--+--Phyllocnistis [Phyllocnistidae, Phyllocnistinae] KP19
          |    |--P. citrella NC91
          |    |--P. diaugella NC91
          |    `--P. suffusella B88
          `--Acrocercops KP19
               |--A. antimima NC91
               |--A. calicella NC91
               |--A. chionosoma B88
               |--A. cramerella G17a
               |--A. diffluella B88
               |--A. ordinatella P27
               |--A. plebeia NC91
               |--A. transecta KP19
               `--A. tricuneatella NC91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[C70] Common, I. F. B. 1970. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 765–866. Melbourne University Press.

[G17a] Girault, A. A. 1917a. New Javanese Hymenoptera. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 59–71).

[G17b] Girault, A. A. 1917b. New chalcid flies. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 72–77).

[G17c] Girault, A. A. 1917c. Descriptiones hymenopterorum chalcidoidicarum variorum cum observationibus. V. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 116–131).

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[KP19] Kawahara, A. Y., D. Plotkin, M. Espeland, K. Meusemann, E. F. A. Toussaint, A. Donath, F. Gimnich, P. B. Frandsen, A. Zwick, M. dos Reis, J. R. Barber, R. S. Peters, S. Liu, X. Zhou, C. Mayer, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Storer, J. E. Yack, B. Misof & J. W. Breinholt. 2019. Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116 (45): 22657–22663.

[L27] Lindsay, S. 1927. A list of the Lepidoptera of Deans Bush, Riccarton, Canterbury. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 693–696.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: An annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[MC02] Miliczky, E. R., & C. O. Calkins. 2002. Spiders (Araneae) as potential predators of leafroller larvae and egg masses (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in central Washington apple and pear orchards. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 78 (2): 140–150.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721–746.

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[SKR96] Sobhian, R., L. Knutson & J. S. Rodier. 1996. Biology and host specificity notes on Styphlus penicillus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), examined as a biological control agent for Crupina vulgaris in the United States with remarks on its host plant. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 317–323.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the Wild Fauna and Flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

[VHK02] Verma, M., M. Hayat & S. I. Kazmi. 2002. The species of Elasmus from India (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae). Oriental Insects 36: 245–306.

Eucosmini

Macadamia nut-borer Cryptophlebia ombrodelta, copyright Victor Fazio.

Belongs within: Tortricidae.

The Eucosmini are a group of tortricid moths characterised by male genitalia with a one‐branched protuberance on the valve, and reduced gnathos and uncus.

<==Eucosmini NC91
    |--Bathrotoma constrictana NC91
    |--Crocidosema plebejana NC91
    |--Epinotia NC91
    |    |--E. aporema J-PWM04
    |    `--E. lantana NC91
    |--Eucosma KN03
    |    |--E. coniogramma Clarke 1976 [incl. E. okubiensis Kawabe 1987] KN03
    |    |--E. critica VHK02
    |    |--E. querula L27
    |    |--E. sordidana F92
    |    `--E. triangulana C70
    `--Cryptophlebia NC91
         |--C. amamiana Komai & Nasu 2003 KN03
         |--C. horii Kawabe 1987 KN03
         |--C. lasiandra KN03
         |--C. leucotreta B88
         |--C. ombrodelta KN03
         |--C. palustris Komai & Nasu 2003 KN03
         `--C. rhizophorae Vári 1981 KN03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[C70] Common, I. F. B. 1970. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 765–866. Melbourne University Press.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[J-PWM04] Jiménez-Pérez, A., Q. Wang & N. Markwick. 2004. Intrinsic rate of increase in ‘Cnephasia’ jactatana Walker (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a pest of kiwifruit. New Zealand Entomologist 27: 109–112.

[KN03] Komai, F., & Y. Nasu. 2003. Four species of Olethreutinae (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) associated with viviparous seedlings of the mangrove Rhizophoraceae in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Invertebrate Systematics 17: 75–87.

[L27] Lindsay, S. 1927. A list of the Lepidoptera of Deans Bush, Riccarton, Canterbury. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 693–696.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[VHK02] Verma, M., M. Hayat & S. I. Kazmi. 2002. The species of Elasmus from India (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae). Oriental Insects 36: 245–306.

Archipini

Tea tortrix Homona coffearia, copyright Challiyil Eswaramangalath Pavithran Vipin.

Belongs within: Tortricidae.

The Archipini are a group of tortricid moths whose larvae feed between joined, living leaves (Nielsen & Common 1991). Many species have wings marked with a distinct basal and median fascia and a dark costal spot.

<==Archipini NC91
    |--Epiphyas postvittana NC91
    |--Archips G05
    |    |--A. argyrospila G05
    |    `--A. eucrora F92
    |--Cryptoptila australana NC91, C70
    |--Arotrophora NC91
    |    |--A. arcuatalis NC91 [=Scopula arcuatalis M86; incl. Crambus submarginellus M86, Eromene transcissella M86]
    |    `--A. siniocosma C70
    |--Merophyas NC91
    |    |--M. divulsana NC91
    |    `--M. leucariana M83
    `--Homona NC91
         |--H. coffearia VHK02
         |--H. similans P27
         `--H. spargotis NC91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C70] Common, I. F. B. 1970. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 765–866. Melbourne University Press.

[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2^nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.

[G05] Grissell, E. E. 2005. A review of North American species of Microdontomerus Crawford (Torymidae: Hymenoptera). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 14 (1): 22–65.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[M86] Meyrick, E. 1886. Notes on synonymy of Australian micro-Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (3): 803–806.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721–746.

[VHK02] Verma, M., M. Hayat & S. I. Kazmi. 2002. The species of Elasmus from India (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae). Oriental Insects 36: 245–306.

Pterophoridae

Triangle plume Platyptilia gonodactyla, copyright Ilia Ustyantsev.

Belongs within: Obtectomera.

The Pterophoridae, plume moths, are a group of small moths in which the hind wings are usually deeply cleft into three plumes.

Characters (from Nielsen & Common 1991): Small; head usually smooth-scaled; ocelli and chaetosemata absent; antennae filiform; proboscis unsealed; maxillary palps minute, one-segmented; labial palps slender or stout, porrect or upturned; legs long, slender; epiphysis present; spurs 0-2-4, prominent; hind tibiae sometimes with specialised scaling; fore wing divided by terminal clefts into two or three plumes, rarely four plumes, or entire; with complex wing-folding mechanism, pterostigma sometimes present, wing-locking microtrichia absent, chorda and M absent in cell, one branch of R often absent, M₁ and M₂ weak or absent, CuP usually present, 1A+2A without fork; hind wing deeply cleft into three plumes, rarely entire, underside with double series of specialised scales along M3 and CuA₂ or CuA₁, CuP absent, female frenulum of one or two bristles; abdomen long and slender, tympanal organs absent. Eggs of flat type, oval, smooth. Larva usually with numerous secondary, often modified setae, sometimes on verrucae, prothorax with 3 L setae, ventral prolegs long, crochets uniordinal in mesoseries or mesal penellipse; larvae usually leaf-mining at first, later exposed, eroding surface of leaves or burrowing in flower buds or in stems. Pupa slender, smooth or spined, often with numerous setae on head, thorax and abdomen, pilifers present; fully exposed, attached by hooked setae on underside of abdominal segments 9 and 10.

<==Pterophoridae
    |  i. s.: Exelastis atomosa B88
    |         Buckleria paludum RD77
    |--Agdistinae NC91
    |    |--Ochyrotica kurandica NC91
    |    |--Agdistopis halieutica NC91
    |    `--Agdistis staticis RD77
    |--Pterophorinae KP19
    |    |--Lantanophaga pusillidactyla KP19
    |    `--+--Emmelina monodactyla KP19
    |       `--Pterophorus KP19
    |            |--P. aptalis NC91
    |            |--P. didactylus L02
    |            |--P. oligocenicus Bigot et al. 1986 RJ93
    |            |--P. pentadactyla KP19 [=Aciptilia pentadactyla H04]
    |            `--P. rhododactylus [=Cnaemidophorus rhododactylus] H04
    `--Platyptilinae NC91
         |--Cosmoclostis aglaodesma NC91, ZS10
         |--Stangeia xerodes NC91
         |--Stenoptilia NC91
         |    |--S. lithoxesta P27
         |    `--S. zophodactyla NC91
         |--Sphenarches C70
         |    |--S. anisodactylus NC91
         |    `--S. caffer P27
         |--Trichoptilus C70
         |    |--T. adelphodes P27
         |    `--T. wahlbergi C70
         `--Platyptilia NC91
              |--P. acanthodactyla M38
              |--P. aeolodes L27
              |--P. falcatalis P27
              |--P. gonodactyla P01
              `--P. omissalis NC91

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[C70] Common, I. F. B. 1970. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 765–866. Melbourne University Press.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[KP19] Kawahara, A. Y., D. Plotkin, M. Espeland, K. Meusemann, E. F. A. Toussaint, A. Donath, F. Gimnich, P. B. Frandsen, A. Zwick, M. dos Reis, J. R. Barber, R. S. Peters, S. Liu, X. Zhou, C. Mayer, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Storer, J. E. Yack, B. Misof & J. W. Breinholt. 2019. Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116 (45): 22657–22663.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[L27] Lindsay, S. 1927. A list of the Lepidoptera of Deans Bush, Riccarton, Canterbury. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 693–696.

[M38] Muesebeck, C. F. W. 1938. Three new reared species of Apanteles from California (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (7): 201–204.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P01] Pável, J. 1901. Lepkék [Lepidopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 171–177. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721–746.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[ZS10] Zborowski, P., & R. Storey. 2010. A Field Guide to Insects in Australia 3^rd ed. Reed New Holland: Sydney.

Alucitoidea

Alucita xanthodes, copyright Alison Pearson.

Belongs within: Obtectomera.

The Alucitoidea are a group of moths in which the hind wing is deeply divided into six or seven plumes.

Characters (from Nielsen & Common 1991): Small, head smooth scaled, ocelli present or absent; chaetosemata absent; scape without pecten; proboscis unsealed; epiphysis present; spurs 0-2-4 or 0-0-2; wings often divided into plumes, CuP absent in fore wing; tympanal organs absent; S2 with V-shaped sclerotisation, T3–6 and sometimes T2–7 with anterior, transverse, sclerotised band set with spines. Larva densely spinulose, without secondary setae, L group on prothorax bisetose on one pinaculum, ventral prolegs with uniordinal crochets. Pupa without dorsal abdominal spines, in cocoon, not protruded at ecdysis.

<==Alucitoidea NC91
    |--Tineodidae [Oxychirotidae] NC91
    |    |--Tineodes adactylalis NC91
    |    |--Tanycnema anomala NC91
    |    |--Cenoloba obliteralis NC91
    |    |--Oxychirota paradoxa NC91
    |    |--Palaeodes samealis NC91
    |    `--Euthrausta NC91
    |         |--E. holophaea C70
    |         `--E. oxyprora NC91
    `--Alucita [Alucitidae] GE05
         |--A. cereella Bosc 1800 B00
         |--A. desmodactyla KP19
         |--A. monospilalis P27
         |--A. phricodes NC91
         |--A. pygmaea NC91
         |--A. vittata G20
         |--A. vitella L02
         |--A. xanthodes C70
         `--A. xylostella L02

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B00] Bosc, C. 1800. Description de trois espèces de lepidoptères de la Caroline. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 2 (39): 114–115.

[C70] Common, I. F. B. 1970. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 765–866. Melbourne University Press.

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[KP19] Kawahara, A. Y., D. Plotkin, M. Espeland, K. Meusemann, E. F. A. Toussaint, A. Donath, F. Gimnich, P. B. Frandsen, A. Zwick, M. dos Reis, J. R. Barber, R. S. Peters, S. Liu, X. Zhou, C. Mayer, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Storer, J. E. Yack, B. Misof & J. W. Breinholt. 2019. Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116 (45): 22657–22663.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. The maxillae in the Lepidoptera. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 721–746.