Eurytomidae

Buresium naso, photographed by Mike Gates.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.
Contains: Eurytominae.

The Eurytomidae are a family of chalcidoid wasps including both parasitic and phytophagous species. The pronotum in eurytomids is large and subrectangular, and the majority of species are non-metallic in coloration and bear strong piliferous puncturation (Bouček 1988).

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Body usually non-metallic, black or marked with yellow or reddish; thorax mostly with coarse piliferous puncturation; pronotum subrectangular, large; notauli complete though posteriorly sometimes shallow; lower mesepimeron not separated; forewing without linea calva; tarsi five-segmented; gaster convex, non-collapsing, ovipositor hardly exserted (if apex narrowed in a cauda then covered by extended epipygium).

<==Eurytomidae HB13
    |--Buresiinae HB13
    |    |--Buresium HB13
    |    |    |--B. naso HB13
    |    |    `--B. rufum HB13
    |    `--Macrorileya HB13
    `--+--Rileyinae [Rileyini] B88
       |    |  i. s.: Archirileya B88
       |    |         Heimbrella Subba Rao 1978 B88
       |    |         Calorileya Crawford 1910 B88
       |    |         Dougiola Bouček 1988 B88
       |    |           `--*D. koebelei (Ashmead 1900) [=Systole koebelei] B88
       |    |         Matna Bouček 1988 B88
       |    |           `--*M. fallax Bouček 1988 B88
       |    |--+--Heimbra [Heimbrinae, Heimbrini] HB13
       |    |  |    `--H. opaca HB13
       |    |  `--Neorileya flavipes HB13
       |    `--Rileya Ashmead 1888 (see below for synonymy) B88
       |         |  i. s.: *R. cecidomyiae B88
       |         |         R. asiatica B88
       |         |         R. spadix (Girault 1915) [=*Pararileya spadix] B88
       |         |         R. vardyi B88
       |         |--+--R. atopogaster MH11
       |         |  `--R. grisselli MH11
       |         `--+--R. longitergum HB13
       |            `--+--R. pallidipes HB13
       |               `--Austrophotismus Girault 1938 HB13, B88
       |                    `--A. daicles (Walker 1839) [=Miscogaster daicles; incl. *A. ater Girault 1938] B88
       `--Eurytominae HB13

Rileya Ashmead 1888 [incl. Ashmeadia Howard 1889, Pararileya Girault 1915, Tragiicola Brethes 1918, Xenopelte Cameron 1913] B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466-542.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS One 6 (11): e27023.

Sycophila

Sycophila biguttata, photographed by Miroslav Fiala.

Belongs within: Eurytominae.

Sycophila is a cosmopolitan genus of wasps with species found in both softer parts of plant galls and figs (Bouček 1988).

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Body slender; gena posteriorly without conspicuous straight carina; notauli rather shallow; marginal vein longer than stigmal, moderately to very strongly widened, stigmal and postmarginal veins short and not widened; propodeum with wavy cross-carina which medially adheres to anterior margin; petiole narrow, often dorsally concealed by convex base of gaster (in female); second tergite always much shorter than the large third (male) or fourth (female) tergite, gaster often compressed from side-to-side.

<==Sycophila Walker 1871 (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--*S. decatomoides Walker 1871 B88
    |--‘Decatoma’ batatoides [=*Eudecatoma batatoides] B88
    |--‘Eudecatoma’ biguttata A71
    |--S. decatoma Bouček 1988 (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--S. feralis (Girault 1915) [=Eudecatoma feralis] B88
    |--S. justitia (Girault 1915) [=Eudecatoma justitia] B88
    |--S. paucipunctata (Girault 1915) [=Eudecatoma paucipunctata] B88
    |--S. persephone (Girault 1927) B88 [=Decatoma persephone B88, Eudecatoma persephone G26]
    |--S. sidnica (Girault 1927) [=Decatoma sidnica] B88
    |--S. siphonodoni (Girault 1926) [=Eudecatoma siphonodoni] B88
    `--S. texana MH11

Sycophila Walker 1871 [incl. Decatomidea Ashmead 1888, Eudecatoma Ashmead 1888, Isanisa Walker 1875, Pseudisa Walker 1875, Tineomyza Rondani 1872] B88

Sycophila decatoma Bouček 1988 [=Eudecatoma decatomoides Girault 1915 non Sycophila decatomoides Walker 1871] B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[G26] Girault, A. A. 1926. New pests from Australia. II. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 200-202).

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS One 6 (11): e27023.

Sycophaginae

Ovipositing Apocryptophagus, photographed by Simon van Noort.

Belongs within: Agaonidae.

The Sycophaginae is a pantropical group of fig wasps, with females usually ovipositing from the outside and larvae feeding on ovarium tissue (Bouček 1988).

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Females always winged, with a long ovipositor protected only by its sheaths, the third valvulae. Head transverse, with broad ocellar triangle, broad frons, and antennal toruli rather wide apart. Scapes rather short; 2 anelli (sometimes reduced to 1 in Idarnes) and rest of flagellum (funicle plus clava) 9-segmentcd, apex of flagellum sometimes with loose segments. Clypeus and supraclypeal area delimited, often united. Thorax often depressed (except Pseudidarnes), with distinct notauli; scutellum conspicuously quadrangular due to the subparallel or even slightly concave lateral grooves and a transverse preapical (frenal) groove. Propodeum subhorizontal, usually almost smooth, without keels, grooves or depressions (except finely indicated median carina in some Idarnes), rather long. Forewing usually with fairly long, always diagonal stigmal vein (except some Pseudidarnes) which is sometimes even longer than the marginal vein. Gaster sessile, usually flat and broad; hind margins or tergites not excised; ovipositor frequently longer than the body (except Dynatogmus, Pseudidarnes). Males are winged and similar in body to the females only in Pseudidarnes. Otherwise they are wingless, blind, yellowish, mostly flattened, almost without sculpture, except for frequent microscopic strigosity on the gaster. Antennae wide apart, very short, adpressed to anterior end or head, often confined to shallow depressions; all tibiae shortened, subtriangular and beset by peg-like spines on outer side; terminal spiracles on gaster usually with large peritremal areas which often form long tail-like appendages.

Sycophaginae [Idarninae] B88
    |  i. s.: Dynatogmus Mayr 1906 B88
    |--+--Sycophaga HB13
    |  |    |--S. cyclostigma HB13
    |  |    `--S. sycomori MH11
    |  `--Apocryptophagus Ashmead 1904 HB13, B88 (see below for synonymy)
    |       |--*A. explorator [=Chalcis explorator] B88
    |       |--‘*Sycophagella’ agraensis B88
    |       |--A. concisiventris (Girault 1915) [=Koebelea concisiventris] B88
    |       |--A. flavus (Girault 1927) [=Koebelea fusca var. flava, Eukoebelea flava] B88
    |       |--A. fuscus (Girault 1915) [=*Koebelea fusca, Eukoebela fusca] B88
    |       |--A. gigas HB13
    |       `--‘*Parakoebelea’ stratheni B88
    `--+--Eukoebelea Ashmead 1904 HB13, B88 (see below for synonymy)
       |    `--*E. australiensis [=*Koebelea australiensis; incl. *Philotrypesopsis hallami Girault 1919] B88
       `--+--Anidarnes bicolor HB13
          `--Pseudidarnes Girault 1927 HB13, B88
               |--*P. minerva Girault 1927 B88
               `--P. flavicollis Bouček 1988 B88

Apocryptophagus Ashmead 1904 HB13, B88 [incl. Koebelea Girault 1915 nec Baker 1897 nec Ashmead 1904 B88, Parakoebelea Joseph 1957 B88, Sycophagella Joseph 1953 B88]

Eukoebelea Ashmead 1904 HB13, B88 [=Koebelea Ashmead 1904 non Baker 1897 B88; incl. Philotrypesopsis Girault 1919 B88]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466-542.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS One 6 (11): e27023.

Bruchophagus

Lucerne seed wasp Bruchophagus roddi, photographed by V. V. Neymorovets.

Belongs within: Eurytominae.

Bruchophagus is a cosmopolitan genus of wasps, the larvae of which are (so far as is known) phytophagous, with some being notable seed pests.

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Antenna in male with elongate funicular segments which bear long erect setae arranged mostly in whorls, male funicle 4-segmented; first funicular segment in female always with linear sensilla, at least in distal two-thirds; frons narrower than height of head; gena posteriorly without conspicuous straight carina; sculpture often with many (sometimes dense) piliferous punctures.

<==Bruchophagus Ashmead 1888 (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--*B. borealis B88
    |--B. acaciae (Cameron 1910) [=Eurytoma acaciae] B88
    |--B. albivena (Girault 1925) [=Eurytoma albivena] B88
    |--B. binotatus (Ashmead 1900) [=Eurytoma binotata] B88
    |--B. brachyscelidis (Cameron 1912) [=Eurytoma brachyscelidis] B88
    |--‘*Systolodes’ brevicornis B88
    |--B. brevipetiolatus (Girault 1915) [=Eurytoma brevipetiolata] B88
    |--B. bruchophagoides (Girault 1925) (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--B. capitaticornis (Girault 1924) [=Eurytoma capitaticornis] B88
    |--B. cecili (Girault 1929) [=Eurytoma cecili] B88
    |--B. chauceri (Girault 1935) [=Eurytoma chauceri] B88
    |--B. clelandi (Cameron 1912) [=Eurytoma clelandi] B88
    |--B. davidi (Girault 1927) [=Eurytoma davidi] B88
    |--B. eleuther (Walker 1839) [=Eurytoma eleuther] B88
    |--B. fellis (Girault 1928) [=Eurytoma fellis] B88
    |--B. filisilvae (Girault 1927) [=Eurytoma filisilvae] B88
    |--B. gibbus (Boheman 1836) [=Eurytoma gibba; incl. E. funebris Howard 1880 B88, GM79, Bruchophagus funebris B88]
    |--B. haydni (Girault 1933) [=Eurytoma haydni] B88
    |--B. justitia (Girault 1915) [=Xanthosoma justitia] B88
    |--B. luteobasis (Girault 1931) [=Eurytoma luteobasis] B88
    |--B. maeterlincki (Girault 1915) [=Eurytoma maeterlincki] B88
    |--B. muli Bouček & Brough 1985 B88
    |--B. murrayi (Girault 1929) [=Eurytoma murrayi] B88
    |--B. niger (Girault 1913) (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--B. ‘niger’ (Girault 1915) nec Girault 1913 nec Phylloxeroxenoides niger Girault 1913 [=Eurysystole niger] B88
    |--B. nigrinotatus (Girault 1915) [=Eurytoma nigrinotata] B88
    |--B. noctua Girault 1917 G17
    |--B. opus (Girault 1915) [=Systole opus] B88
    |--B. pidytes (Walker 1839) [=Eurytoma pidytes; incl. Isosoma oritias Walker 1839] B88
    |--B. quadriguttatus (Girault 1915) [=Eurytoma quadriguttata] B88
    |--B. queenslandensis (Girault 1914) (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--B. ravola (Walker 1839) [=Isosoma ravola] B88
    |--B. roddi (Gussakovsky in Rodd, Gussakovsky & Antova 1933) [=Eurytoma roddi] B88
    |--B. rostandi (Girault 1915) [=Eurytoma rostandi] B88
    |--B. rubriventris (Girault & Dodd in Girault 1915) [=Eurytoma rubriventris] B88
    |--B. secundus (Girault 1915) (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--B. silvensis (Girault 1915) [=Eurytoma silvensis] B88
    |--B. soror (Girault 1915) [=Eurytoma soror] B88
    |--B. striatifemur (Girault 1929) [=Eurytoma striatifemur] B88
    |--B. tasmanicus (Cameron 1912) [=Eurytoma tasmanica, Xanthosoma tasmanicum] B88
    |--B. tasmaniensis (Girault 1926) [=Eurytoma tasmaniensis] B88
    |--B. terrae (Girault 1929) [=Eurytoma terrae] B88
    |--B. virginicus (Girault 1915) [=Eurytomocharis viriginica] B88
    |--B. volux (Walker 1839) [=Eurytoma volux] B88
    `--B. vulgaris (Girault 1913) [=*Eurysystole vulgaris] B88

Bruchophagus Ashmead 1888 [incl. Eurysystole Girault 1913, Phylloxeroxenoides Girault 1913, Systolodes Ashmead 1888] B88

Bruchophagus bruchophagoides (Girault 1925) [=Eurytoma bruchophagoides, Bruchophagus inconspicuus Girault 1915 non Eurytoma inconspicua Girault 1915] B88

Bruchophagus niger (Girault 1913) [=*Phylloxeroxenoides niger non Bruchophagus niger Girault 1913 (not preoc. if in dif. gen.)] B88

Bruchophagus queenslandensis (Girault 1914) [=Eurytoma queenslandensis; incl. E. queenslandensis var. nigra Girault 1914 non Bruchophagus niger Girault 1913, E. nigrella Girault 1915, E. patruelis Girault 1915] B88

Bruchophagus secundus (Girault 1915) [=Eurytoma secunda; incl. E. acaciae Girault 1915 non Cameron 1910, E. australia Girault 1917] B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[G17] Girault, A. A. 1917. New chalcid flies. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 72-77).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1-400.

Epichrysomallinae

Meselatus sp., from Biodiversity Institute of Ontario.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.

The Epichrysomallinae is a Palaeotropical group of wasps that oviposit into figs, with the larvae feeding on ovary tissues within the fig and transforming them into a gall (Bouček 1988).

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Body non-metallic. frequently yellowish, reddish or brown to blackish; usually without dense and deep sculpture (except for Asycobia), without regular dense pilosity but generally with only spaced paired setae on head and thorax, very rarely with some more hairs in deeper parts and on sides. Occiput primarily with occipital carina but in several genera this is obliterated or absent. C1ypeus delimited at least on sides, often also supraclypeal area well defined; lower clypeal margin produced, usually bilobed. Antennae mostly near to centre of face, usually close together. Antennae rarely 13-segmented, often reduced in number of segments when first flagellar segment, reduced to anellus, fuses with the second, or the second is reduced in size and then fuses with the next segment. In extreme case (males of Camarothorax) the whole flagellum is reduced to 2 or 3 segments (and wings also reduced). Antennal formula often different in the two sexes, half-fused segments in one antenna commonly occur. Thorax in lateral view often convex, sometimes elongate, especially in males of some species. Pronotal collar almost never defined. Scutum with notauli primarily complete but in some species not so. Scutellum without frenal groove, without distinct axillar grooves, convex, with admarginal groove along apex. Propodeum fairly large, usually without median carina and without plicae but sometimes with coarser sculpture medially, widening along anterior margin and in sulcus behind spiracle. Metapleuron broad, tapering to base of hindwing. Mesepimeron separated by irregular groove; mesopleuron with sculptured femoral depression. Prepectus large, triangular. Legs of medium length; apex of fore and hind tibiae oblique at spurs, hence these moved slighty away from apex; two hind spurs; hind basitarsus at least as long as following two segments combined, in some species fourth segment fused with the fifth, hence tarsi 4-segmented. Hind coxa attached very high. Wing pilosity more or less reduced; postmarginal vem almost always shorter than the stigmal, sometimes quite rudimentary; stigmal vein fairly long, arising at very nearly a right angle, often curved; not distinctly knobbed. Gaster high, often compressed from side to side, hind margins of basal 2 or 3 tergites usually excised as an adaptation to help coiling in (and out) of the relatively long ovipositor. However, sheaths not distinctly exserted. Hypopygium large, ending usually in posterior third of gaster. Petiole in some males conspicuous, rarely also in females. Cerci usually slightly elongate, placed inside of epipygium, this as one sclerite (fused tergites 7 and 8).

<==Epichrysomallinae B88
    |  i. s.: Asycobia Bouček 1988 B88
    |           `--*A. punctulata Bouček 1988 B88
    |         Odontofroggatia Ishii 1934 B88
    |           |--*O. gajimaru B88
    |           |--O. corneri Wiebes 1980 B88
    |           |--O. galili Wiebes 1980 B88
    |           `--O. ishii Wiebes 1980 B88
    |--Neosycophila Grandi 1923 MH11, B88
    |    `--*N. omeomorpha B88
    |--Acophila Ishii 1934 MH11, B88
    |    `--*A. mikii B88
    `--+--+--Eufroggattisca Ghesquière 1946 MH11, B88 (see below for synonymy)
       |  |    `--*E. polita (Ashmead 1904) [=*Froggattia polita, *Eufroggattia polita, *Eufroggattiana polita] B88
       |  `--+--Epichrysomalla Girault 1915 MH11, B88
       |     |    `--*E. atricorpus Girault 1915 B88
       |     `--Camarothorax Mayr 1906 MH11, B88 (see below for synonymy)
       |          |--*C. obscurus B88
       |          `--C. bimasculinus [=*Sycobiomorpha bimasculina; incl. *Pilkhanivora trimorpha] B88
       `--+--Sycophilomorpha MH11
          `--+--Sycobia MH11
             `--+--Herodotia Girault 1931 MH11, B88
                |    |--*H. procopii Girault 1931 B88
                |    |--‘Eufroggattia’ okinawensis Ishii 1934 B88
                |    `--H. subatriventris (Girault 1923) [=Meselatus subatriventris] B88
                `--+--Sycotetra MH11
                   `--+--Lachalsea MH11
                      `--Meselatus Girault 1922 MH11, B88 (see below for synonymy)
                           |--*M. ficus Girault 1922 B88
                           |--M. fasciatipennis Girault 1929 B88
                           `--M. leai (Dodd 1924) (see below for synonymy) B88

Camarothorax Mayr 1906 MH11, B88 [incl. Pilkhanivora Farooqi & Ramdas Menon 1973 B88, Sycobiomorpha Joseph 1961 B88]

Eufroggattisca Ghesquière 1946 MH11, B88 [=Eufroggattia Ashmead 1904 non Goding 1903 B88, Eufroggattiana Gahan in Gahan & Ferrière 1947 B88, Froggattia Ashmead 1904 non Horvarth 1902 B88]

Meselatus Girault 1922 MH11, B88 [incl. Austroperilampus Dodd 1924 B88, Pembertonia Gahan in Gahan & Ferriére 1947 B88]

Meselatus leai (Dodd 1924) [=*Austroperilampus leai; incl. *Pembertonia ficicola Gahan in Gahan & Ferriére 1947] B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS One 6 (11): e27023.

Sycoryctinae

Female Apocrypta, photographed by Simon van Noort.

Belongs within: Chalcidoidea.
Contains: Philotrypesis, Sycoscapter.

The Sycoryctinae are a group of fig-wasps in which the females have a long, extruded ovipositor (at least partially covered by the extended last gastral tergite[s] in some Sycoryctini) and an undivided scutellum (Bouček 1988).

<==Sycoryctinae HB13
    |--Apocrypta Coquerel 1855 (see below for synonymy) B88
    |    |--*A. perplexa B88
    |    |--A. acaeta Ulenberg in Ulenberg & Pelt 1985 B88
    |    |--A. caudata (Girault 1915) [=*Goniogastrella caudatus] B88
    |    |--A. centrocampta Ulenberg in Ulenberg & Pelt 1985 B88
    |    |--A. channingi (Girault 1913) [=*Idarnoides channingi] B88
    |    |--A. macroseta Ulenberg in Ulenberg & Pelt 1985 B88
    |    |--A. mega Ulenberg in Ulenberg & Pelt 1985 B88
    |    |--A. megischia Ulenberg in Ulenberg & Pelt 1985 B88
    |    `--A. meromassa Ulenberg in Ulenberg & Pelt 1985 B88
    `--Sycoryctini B88
         |--Critogaster B88
         |--Dobunabaa Bouček 1988 B88
         |    `--*D. flava Bouček 1988 B88
         |--Tenka Bouček 1988 B88
         |    `--*T. percaudata Bouček 1988 B88
         |--Watshamiella Wiebes in Bouček, Watsham & Wiebes 1981 [=Metidarnes Riek 1970 (n. n.)] B88
         |    |--*W. alata B88
         |    `--W. aurea (Girault 1919) [=Philotrypesis aurea] B88
         |--Philotrypesis B88
         `--Sycoscapter B88

Apocrypta Coquerel 1855 [incl. Agaonella Baker 1913, Goniogaster Mayr 1885, Goniogastrella Girault & Dodd in Girault 1915, Idarnoides Girault 1913; Apocryptini] B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

Pleistodontes

Female Pleistodontes imperialis, photographed by S. E. Thorpe.

Belongs within: Agaonidae.

Pleistodontes is an Australasian genus of wasps that pollinate figs of Ficus section Malvanthera (Bouček 1988).

Characters (from Bouček 1988): Females with head slightly to strongly longer than broad, with long subparallel genae; mandibular appendage usually with more than 20 laminae, these sometimes denticulate; amennal scape either slender, fully 3 times as long as broad or shorter but then in dorsal part thin foliaceous; apical spiracles of gaster without long peritremata. Males with reduced wings, all tarsi five-segmented.

Pleistodontes Saunders 1882 (see below for synonymy) B88
    |--+--P. blandus Wiebes 1963 MH11, B88
    |  `--P. froggatti Mayr 1906 MH11, B88 [incl. P. mayri Girault 1939 B88, P. semiruficeps Girault 1929 B88]
    `--+--*P. imperialis Saunders 1883 B88, MH11, B88
       `--+--P. nitens (Girault 1915) MH11, B88 [=*Neoceratosolens nitens B88; incl. P. regalis Grandi 1952 B88]
          `--+--P. rigisamos MH11
             `--+--P. greenwoodi (Grandi 1928) MH11, B88 [=Blastophaga greenwoodi B88]
                `--P. xanthocephalus MH11

Pleistodontes incertae sedis:
  P. addicotti D03
  P. athysanus D03
  P. austrobocheilus D03
  P. cuneatus D03
  P. deuterus D03
  P. galbinus Wiebes 1977 B88
  P. immaturus Wiebes 1963 B88
  P. listzi Girault 1932 G32
  P. longicaudus Wiebes 1977 B88
  P. macrocainus D03
  P. mandibularis Wiebes 1977 B88
  P. medioniger (Girault 1933) [=*Proceratosolens medionigra] B88
  P. nigricaput Girault 1927 B88
  P. nigris Girault 1925 B88
  P. nigriventris (Girault 1915) [=Agaon nigriventris] B88
  P. plebejus Wiebes 1963 B88
  P. proximus D03
  P. rennellensis Wiebes 1968 [=P. blandus rennellensis] B88
  P. rieki Wiebes 1963 B88
  P. schizodontes D03

Pleistodontes Saunders 1882 [=Plistodontes Schulz 1906; incl. Neoceratosolens Girault 1915, Proceratosolens Girault 1933] B88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[D03] Dixon, D. J. 2003. A taxonomic revision of the Australian Ficus species in the section Malvanthera (Ficus subg. Urostigma: Moraceae). Telopea 10 (1): 125-153.

[G32] Girault, A. A. 1932. New lower Hymenoptera from Australia and India. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 293-298).

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS One 6 (11): e27023.