Karnyothrips

Karnyothrips flavipes, from CSIRO.

Belongs within: Phlaeothripidae.

Karnyothrips is a genus of thrips (poorly distinguished from the closely related Apterygothrips) commonly found on dead twigs (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Antennal segments VII and VIII distinct, segment IV with two to four sense cones; maxillary stylets one third to one quarter of head width apart; prosternal basantra well developed; anal setae often 1.5 times as long as tube or longer; often micropterous or apterous, forewings if present weakly constricted medially with few or no duplicated cilia.

<==Karnyothrips Watson 1924 [=Karnyia Watson 1922 (preoc.), Karynia (l. c.)] MM96
    |--K. flavipes (Jones 1912) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |--K. americanus (Hood 1912) [=Zygothrips americanus; incl. Cephalothrips elegans Moulton 1929] MM96
    |--K. analis (De Santis 1959) [=Adraneothrips analis, Apterygothrips analis] MM96
    |--K. antennatus Hood 1938 MM96
    |--K. anthracinus (Hood 1939) [=Watsoniella anthracina] MM96
    |--K. arizona Hood 1939 MM96
    |--K. brimleyi Hood 1938 MM96
    |--K. bromelianus Johansen 1982 [=Apterygothrips bromelianus] MM96
    |--K. caliginosus Hood 1938 MM96
    |--K. caxamarca Hood 1938 MM96
    |--K. dodgei (Hood 1925) [=Hindsiana dodgei] MM96
    |--K. festivus (Hood 1939) [=Watsoniella festiva] MM96
    |--K. franciscanus (Hood 1949) [=Watsoniella franciscana] MM96
    |--K. harti (Hood 1913) [=Zygothrips harti; incl. Z. femoralis Morgan 1913, Haplothrips gracilis Watson 1920] MM96
    |--K. longiceps (Hood 1908) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |--K. medialis Hood 1957 MM96
    |--K. melaleucus (Bagnall 1911) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |--K. merrilli (Watson 1920) [=Haplothrips merrilli; incl. H. panamaensis Watson 1931, K. tenuis Moulton 1938] MM96
    |--K. minimus Johansen 1974 MM96
    |--K. noveboracensis (Hood 1940) [=Watsoniella noveboracensis] MM96
    |--K. ochropezus Hood 1934 MM96
    |--K. piceus Hood 1957 MM96
    |--K. politus Johansen 1983 MM96
    |--K. prolatus Hood 1957 MM96
    |--K. rhopalocerus (Hood 1925) [=Hindsiana rhopalocera] MM96
    |--K. sonorensis Stannard 1956 [=Haplothrips (Xylaplothrips) sonorensis] MM96
    |--K. sympathicus Johansen 1982 MM96
    |--K. tepoztlanensis Johansen & Mojica 1993 MM96
    |--K. texensis (Hood 1940) [=Watsoniella texensis] MM96
    `--K. venustus (Moulton 1941) [=Cryptothrips venustus] MM96

Karnyothrips flavipes (Jones 1912) [=Anthothrips flavipes; incl. Hindsiana catchingsi Watson 1924, Cryptothrips citri Watson 1918, Haplothrips cubensis Watson 1924, Ha. funki Watson 1920, Ha. harnedi Watson 1922, Watsoniella jonesiana Cott 1950, Ha. longisetis Bagnall 1913, Ha. oneco Watson 1924, Zygothrips pullus Hood & Williams 1915, Cryptothrips salicis Jones 1912, *Karynia (l. c.) weigeli Watson 1922] MM96

Karnyothrips longiceps (Hood 1908) [=Zygothrips longiceps, Apterygothrips longiceps; incl. Cephalothrips errans Moulton 1911] MM96

Karnyothrips melaleucus (Bagnall 1911) [=Hindsiana melaleuca; incl. Zygothrips bicolor Hood & Williams 1915, H. cocois Watson 1922, Cephalothrips elongatus Watson 1919, H. pini Watson 1922] MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

Hyidiothripini

Head and pronotum of Preeriella minutus, from Stannard (1957).

Belongs within: Phlaeothripidae.

The Hyidiothripini is a group of exceptionally small, laterally compressed thrips found in leaf litter. The third and fourth segments of the antennae are more or less fused in the genus Hyidiothrips, while in Smicrothrips and Preeriella they are broadly joined but the dividing suture remains distinct (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996; Priesner 1960): Minute pale, frail species. Antenna with seven segments, segments III and IV fused or broadly joined. Pronotal setae long. Wings weak and narrow, sparsely fringed. Tarsi one-segmented. Abdominal pelta with one median slender sclerite and two lateral transverse sclerites; median abdominal segments with pleural sutures visible dorsally; larger lateral abdominal setae often obliquely truncate.

<==Hyidiothripini MM96
    |--Crinitothrips MM96
    |--Machadonia MM96
    |--Adamantothrips P60
    |--Smicrothrips Hood 1952 MM96
    |    `--*S. particula MM96
    |--Hyidiothrips Hood 1938 MM96
    |    |--*H. atomarius Hood 1938 MM96
    |    |--H. japonicus MM96
    |    |--H. nanellus Hood 1957 MM96
    |    `--H. tesselatus Hood 1952 MM96
    `--Preeriella Hood 1939 MM96
         |--*P. minutus (Watson 1937) [=Chirothripoides minutus] MM96
         |--P. fumosa Hood 1957 MM96
         |--P. macilenta Hood 1957 MM96
         |--P. marginata Hood 1957 MM96
         |--P. microsoma Johansen 1982 MM96
         `--P. totonaca Johansen 1986 MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

[P60] Priesner, H. 1960. Das System der Tubulifera (Thysanoptera). Anzeiger der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 13: 283-296.

Stannard, L. J., Jr. 1957. The phylogeny and classification of the North American genera of the suborder Tubulifera (Thysanoptera). Illinois Biological Monographs 25: 1-200.

Glyptothripini

Head and pronotum of Eurythrips peccans from Mound (1976).

Belongs within: Phlaeothripidae.
Contains: Tylothrips.

The Glyptothripini are a group of thrips that generally have the head reticulately sculptured. The genus Terthrothrips was placed in a separate tribe by Priesner (1960), perhaps in part because of its possession of wing-retaining setae (claimed to be absent in Glyptothripini by Priesner 1960), but was placed with Glyptothripini by Mound & Marullo (1996). The development of wing-retaining setae in Phlaeothripidae is directly related to the possession of wings, which may be present or absent even within individuals of a single species, and is not generally indicative of higher relations.

Characters (from Priesner 1960): Head and legs more less reticulately sculpted, rough. Eyes almost always relatively small. Head with a short extension in front of eyes. Cheeks converging behind the eyes. Maxillary styles not approximated. Many body setae shaped like a fan, frayed or buttoned. Anal tube not reticulately sculpted.

<==Glyptothripini MM96
    |--Iniothrips P60
    |--Margaritothrips P60
    |--Tylothrips P60
    |--Zuluiella P60
    |--Pedoeothrips Hood 1954 MM96
    |    `--*P. nigritus Hood 1954 MM96
    |--Schazothrips Hood 1957 MM96
    |    `--*S. anadenus Hood 1957 MM96
    |--Aesthetothrips Hood 1954 P60, MM96
    |    `--*A. tucuche Hood 1954 MM96
    |--Chamaeothrips Hood 1954 MM96
    |    |--*C. jucundus Hood 1954 MM96
    |    `--C. decoratus Stannard 1955 MM96
    |--Chorithrips Hood 1957 MM96
    |    |--*C. heptatoma Hood 1957 MM96
    |    `--C. octatoma Hood 1957 MM96
    |--Mystrothrips Priesner 1949 MM96
    |    |--*M. dammermanni [=Sagenothrips dammermanni] MM96
    |    `--M. clavatoris Hood 1954 MM96
    |--Metriothrips Hood 1936 [incl. Darwiniothrips Johansen 183] MM96
    |    |--*M. midas Hood 1936 MM96
    |    |--M. angusticapitis (Johansen 1984) [=Darwiniothrips angusticapitis] MM96
    |    |--M. bournieri (Johansen 1984) [=Darwiniothrips bournieri] MM96
    |    |--M. mayri (Johansen 1983) [=*Darwiniothrips mayri] MM96
    |    |--M. secundus Crawford 1947 MM96
    |    `--M. tzararacuaensis (Johansen 1984) [=Darwiniothrips tzararacuaensis] MM96
    |--Eschatothrips Stannard 1955 MM96
    |    |--*E. reticulotubus (Stannard 1953) [=Eurythrips reticulotubus] MM96
    |    |--E. barythripoides (Watson 1935) [=Glyptothrips barythripoides] MM96
    |    |--E. cerinus Hood 1957 MM96
    |    |--E. decoratus Hood 1957 MM96
    |    |--E. pachyurus (Hood 1954) [=Orthothrips pachyurus] MM96
    |    |--E. variegatus (Hood 1954) [=Orthothrips variegatus] MM96
    |    `--E. whitcombi Stannard 1955 MM96
    |--Orthothrips Priesner 1925 MM96 [incl. Apoxythrips Hood 1957] MM96
    |    |--*O. caudatus Priesner 1925 MM96
    |    |--O. angustus Hood 1954 MM96
    |    |--O. bilineatus Stannard 1955 MM96
    |    |--O. boneti Stannard 1955 MM96
    |    |--O. dubius Stannard 1955 MM96
    |    |--O. exilis Hood 1954 MM96
    |    |--O. leptura Hood 1952 MM96
    |    |--O. stylifer (Hood 1957) [=*Apoxythrips stylifer] MM96
    |    |--O. tepoztlanensis Johansen 1984 MM96
    |    `--O. woytkowski Hood 1938 MM96
    |--Glyptothrips Hood 1912 [incl. Erkosothrips Stannard 155] MM96
    |    |--*G. flavescens Hood 1912 MM96
    |    |--G. arkansus Hood 1957 MM96
    |    |--G. bucca (Hood 1957) [=Erkosothrips bucca] MM96
    |    |--G. claviger (Hood 1941) [=Eurythrips claviger] MM96
    |    |--G. divergens (Hood 1957) [=Orthothrips divergens] MM96
    |    |--G. floridensis (Stannard 1955) [=Erkosothrips floridensis] MM96
    |    |--G. fuscipes (Hood 1954) [=Orthothrips fuscipes] MM96
    |    |--G. hylaeus (Hood 1950) [=Sagenothrips hylaeus] MM96
    |    |--G. interior (Stannard 1955) [=*Erkosothrips interior] MM96
    |    |--G. longiceps (Hood 1954) [=Orthothrips longiceps] MM96
    |    |--G. perniger Girault 1929 G29
    |    |--G. reticulatus Watson 1934 [incl. Eurythrips sculpturus Hood 1936, E. silvarum Hood 1941] MM96
    |    |--G. saltuarius (Hood 1957) [=Orthothrips saltuarius] MM96
    |    |--G. silvaticus (Hood 1957) [=Erkosothrips silvaticus] MM96
    |    `--G. subcalvus (Hood 1954) [=Porcothrips subcalvus] MM96
    |--Terthrothrips Karny 1925 MM96 [Terthrothripini]
    |    |--*T. sanguinolentus (Bergroth 1896) [=Phloeothrips sanguinolentus] MM96
    |    |--T. balteatus Hood 1957 MM96
    |    |--T. bicinctus Hood 1954 MM96
    |    |--T. bruesi (Hood 1955) [=Tylothrips bruesi] MM96
    |    |--T. brunneus Hood 1957 MM96
    |    |--T. bucculentus Hood 1957 MM96
    |    |--T. bullifer Hood 1957 MM96
    |    |--T. carens Hood 1957 MM96
    |    |--T. fuscatus Hood 1954 MM96
    |    |--T. gracilicornis (Hood 1925) [=Eurythrips gracilicornis] MM96
    |    |--T. hebes Hood 1957 MM96
    |    |--T. impolitus Hood 1957 MM96
    |    |--T. irretitus Hood 1957 MM96
    |    |--T. luteolus Hood 1957 MM96
    |    |--T. magnicauda Stannard 1955 MM96
    |    |--T. marginatus Gerdes 1984 MM96
    |    |--T. peltatus Hood 1957 MM96
    |    |--T. percultus Hood 1957 MM96
    |    |--T. serratus Hood 1954 MM96
    |    |--T. sordidus Johansen 1983 MM96
    |    |--T. unicinctus Hood 1954 MM96
    |    `--T. viduus Hood 1957 MM96
    `--Eurythrips Hinds 1902 [incl. Plemmelothrips Hood 1957] MM96
         |--*E. ampliventralis Hinds 1902 (see below for synonymy) MM96
         |--E. alarius Hood 1957 MM96
         |--E. batesi (Watson 1935) [=Glyptothrips batesi] MM96
         |--E. bifasciatus (Hood 1954) [=Porcothrips bifasciatus] MM96
         |--E. bisetosus (Hood 1954) [=Porcothrips bisetosus] MM96
         |--E. citricollis Hood 1941 MM96
         |--E. citricornis (Hood 1954) [=Porcothrips citricornis; incl. E. occipitalis Hood 1957] MM96
         |--E. conformis Hood 1957 MM96
         |--E. costalimai Hood 1950 MM96
         |--E. cruralis Hood 1957 MM96
         |--E. defectus (Hood 1957) [=*Plemmelothrips defectus] MM96
         |--E. dissimilis Hood 1938 MM96
         |--E. elongatus Hood 1957 MM96
         |--E. forticornis Hood 1939 MM96
         |--E. fuscipennis Moulton 1929 MM96
         |--E. genarum Hood 1957 [=E. constrictus Stannard 1958] MM96
         |--E. hemimeres Hood 1957 MM96
         |--E. hindsi Morgan 1913 [incl. Glyptothrips eddeyi Watson 1935] MM96
         |--E. hookae Hood 1933 MM96
         |--E. longilabris Watson 1921 [incl. E. harti Hood 1925] MM96
         |--E. modestus (Bagnall 1917) (see below for synonymy) MM96
         |--E. musivi Hood 1957 MM96
         |--E. nigriceps Hood 1957 MM96
         |--E. nigricornis Hood 1960 MM96
         |--E. peccans Hood 1957 MM96
         |--E. pettiti Hood 1941 MM96
         |--E. pusillus Hood 1957 MM96
         |--E. setosus Hood 1950 MM96
         |--E. simplex (Hood 1954) [=Porcothrips simplex] MM96
         |--E. striolatus Hood 1957 MM96
         |--E. subflavus Hood 1950 MM96
         |--E. tarsalis Hood 1925 [incl. Plectrothrips montanus Watson 1933, E. morulops Hood 1950] MM96
         |--E. trifasciatus (Hood 1954) [=Porcothrips trifasciatus] MM96
         |--E. tristis Hood 1941 MM96
         |--E. umbrisetis Hood 1933 MM96
         |--E. virginianus Hood 1952 MM96
         `--E. watsoni Hood 1941 MM96

*Eurythrips ampliventralis Hinds 1902 [incl. E. amplus Hood 1934, E. conjunctus Hood 1934, E. connatus Hood 1938, E. cornutus Moulton 1929, E. disjunctus Hood 1941] MM96

Eurythrips modestus (Bagnall 1917) [=Malacothrips modestus; incl. E. cinctus Hood 1928, E. varius Moulton 1929, E. xanthozonus Hood 1957] MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G29] Girault, A. A. 1929. Description of a case of lunacy in Homo and of six-legged articulates. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 262-265).

Mound, L. A. 1976. American leaf-litter Thysanoptera of the genera Erkosothrips, Eurythrips and Terthrothrips (Phlaeothripidae: Phlaeothripinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Entomology 35 (2): 25-64.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

[P60] Priesner, H. 1960. Das System der Tubulifera (Thysanoptera). Anzeiger der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 13: 283-296.

Urothripini

Female specimen of Trachythrips astutus, from Thrips of California.

Belongs within: Phlaeothripidae.

The Urothripini are a distinctive group of often wingless thrips found in leaf litter, probably feeding on fungal hyphae. They are characterised by their particularly long anal tubes bearing long terminal setae. The species Habrothips curiosus and Octurothrips pulcher have two-segmented mid- and hind-tarsi and well-developed compound eyes with more than thirty facets, but in all other genera the tarsi are one-segmented and the eyes are simplified with fifteen or fewer facets (Mound 1972).

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Tergite IX more than 2.0 times as long as tergite VIII medially; anal tube often longer than head, with long terminal setae; hind coxae more widely separated than mid coxae; usually apterous, and with antennal segments III to V closely joined.

<==Urothripini [Urothripinae] MM96
    |--Amphibolothrips Buffa 1909 M72
    |    |--*A. grassii Buffa 1909 M72
    |    |--A. knechteli [=Bebelothrips knechteli] M72
    |    `--A. marginatus [=Bebelothrips marginatus, Trachythrips marginatus] M72
    |--Bebelothrips Buffa 1909 M72
    |    |--*B. latus Buffa 1909 M72
    |    `--B. flavicinctus M72
    |--Conocephalothrips Bianchi 1946 M72
    |    `--*C. tricolor Bianchi 1946 M72
    |--Octurothrips Priesner 1931 M72
    |    `--*O. pulcher Priesner 1931 M72
    |--Urothrips Bagnall 1909 M72
    |    |--*U. paradoxus Bagnall 1909 M72
    |    |--U. bagnalli M72
    |    `--U. minor M72
    |--Bradythrips Hood & Williams in Hood 1925 MM96
    |    `--*B. hesperus Hood & Williams in Hood 1925 MM96
    |--Baenothrips Crawford 1948 MM96 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--*B. guatemalensis Crawford 1948 MM96
    |    |--B. asper (Bournier 1963) [=*Transithrips asper] M72
    |    |--B. caenosus (Stannard 1952) [=Amphibolothrips (*Verrucothrips) caenosa] M72
    |    |--B. chiliensis Stannard 1970 MM96
    |    |--B. erythrinus (Pelikan 1964) [=Stephanothrips erythrinus] MM96
    |    |--B. indicus (Ananthakrishnan 1966) [=*Bournieria indica] M72
    |    |--B. minutus (Ananthakrishnan 1964) [=*Ramachandraiella minuta] M72
    |    |--B. moundi (Stannard 1970) [=Transithrips moundi] M72
    |    `--B. murphyi M72
    |--Stephanothrips Trybom 1912 MM96
    |    |--*S. buffai Trybom 1912 [incl. S. graminis] M72
    |    |--S. barretti Mound 1972 M72
    |    |--S. bradleyi Hood 1927 MM96
    |    |--S. carolina Hood 1938 MM96
    |    |--S. corticinus Watts 1935 MM96
    |    |--S. ferrari Mound 1972 M72
    |    |--S. fusiantennatus Watts 1935 MM96
    |    |--S. occidentalis Hood & Williams 1925 MM96
    |    |--S. uvarovi M72
    |    `--S. whitcombi Watson 1942 MM96
    |--Trachythrips Hood 1930 MM96
    |    |--*T. watsoni Hood 1929 M72
    |    |--T. albipes Hood 1933 MM96
    |    |--T. astutus M72
    |    |--T. brevis M72
    |    |--T. brevitubus Stannard 1957 MM96
    |    |--T. deleoni Hood 1933 MM96
    |    |--T. epimeralis Hood 1941 MM96
    |    |--T. frontalis Hood 1933 MM96
    |    |--T. gracilis M72
    |    |--T. seminole Hood 1939 MM96
    |    |--T. watsoni M72
    |    `--T. wirshinghi Medina Gaud 1961 MM96
    |--Biconothrips Stannard 1970 M72
    |    `--*B. reedi Stannard 1970 M72
    |--Habrothrips Ananthakrishnan 1967 M72
    |    `--*H. curiosus Ananthakrishnan 1967 M72
    |--Coxothrips Bournier 1963 M72
    |    `--*C. reticulatus Bournier 1963 M72
    `--Ananthakrishnaniella Stannard 1970 M72
         `--*A. tarai Stannard 1970 M72

Baenothrips Crawford 1948 MM96 [incl. Bournieria Ananthakrishnan 1966 M72, Ramachandraiella Ananthakrishnan 1964 M72, Transithrips Bournier 1963 M72, Verrucothrips Stannard 1952 M72]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[M72] Mound, L. A. 1972. Species complexes and the generic classification of leaf-litter thrips of the tribe Urothripini (Phlaeothripidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 20: 83-103.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

Plectrothripini

Male specimen of Plectrothrips crocatus, from Thrips of California.

Belongs within: Phlaeothripidae.

The Plectrothripini is a group of thrips distinguished by having the sensorium on the second antennal segment in the basal rather than the distal section of the segment. The species Lonchothrips linearis is distinctive in having the body sclerotisation much reduced, with the pronotum in particular being largely membranous; in other genera, the pronotal sclerite is well developed, though it is anteriorly eroded in Chirothripoides (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Characters (from Priesner 1960): Whole body strongly flattened. Mouth cone very short, broadly rounded. Antennal segment II with sensorium located between base and center; segments (III or)IV to VII stalked, segment VIII fusiform. Forelegs strongly thickened, flat. Body bristles long, pointed. Pronotal sclerite partially replaced by punctate membrane. Hind tibiae often with spur.

<==Plectrothripini MM96
    |--Chiridothrips P60
    |--Dunatothrips P60
    |--Eurytrichothrips P60
    |--Hammatothrips P60
    |--Mastigothrips P60
    |--Priesnerothrips Hood 1954 [=Myopothrips Hood 1954 (preoc.)] MM96
    |    `--*P. amazonicus (Hood 1954) [=*Myopothrips amazonicus] MM96
    |--Lonchothrips Hood 1957 MM96
    |    `--*L. linearis Hood 1957 MM96
    |--Chirothripoides Bagnall 1915 MM96
    |    |--*C. typicus Bagnall 1915 MM96
    |    `--C. dendropogonus Watts 1934 MM96
    |--Menothrips Hood 1957 MM96
    |    |--*M. ebriosus Hood 1957 MM96
    |    `--M. asiaticus Okajima 1990 MM96
    |--Streptothrips Priesner 1932 MM96
    |    |--*S. mirabilis MM96
    |    |--S. impatiens (Hood 1925) [=Plectrothrips impatiens] MM96
    |    `--S. rostratus Bournier 1992 MM96
    `--Plectrothrips Hood 1908 MM96
         |--*P. antennatus Hood 1908 MM96
         |--P. biscuspis Hood 1957 MM96
         |--P. crocatus Cott 1956 MM96
         |--P. debilis Hood 1954 MM96
         |--P. glaber Hood 1954 MM96
         |--P. hoodi Okajima 1981 MM96
         |--P. latus Hood 1941 MM96
         |--P. longisetis Hood 1941 MM96
         |--P. nigricornis Okajima 1981 MM96
         |--P. pallipes Hood 1916 MM96
         |--P. rotundus Okajima 1981 MM96
         `--P. thoracicus Hood 1954 MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

[P60] Priesner, H. 1960. Das System der Tubulifera (Thysanoptera). Anzeiger der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse 13: 283-296.

Acanthothrips

Acanthothrips nodicornis, photographed by Walter Pfliegler.

Belongs within: Phlaeothripini.

Acanthothrips is a group of thrips (questionably distinct from Phlaeothrips) found as fungus-feeders on dead twigs, with the highest diversity in the New World (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Antennal segments III and IV each with a distinct apical neck and three long sense cones, segments VII and VIII distinct; maxillary stylets very close medially in head; pronotum usually with complex, delicately reticulate sculpture; fore tibia without distinct tubercles on inner margin; abdominal tergites each with more than two pairs of wing-retaining setae.

<==Acanthothrips Uzel 1895 [incl. Notothrips Hood 1933] MM96
    |--*A. nodicornis (Reuter 1885) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |--A. albivittatus Hood 1908 MM96
    |--A. ‘albovittatus’ (Schille 1912) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |--A. amoenus Hood 1949 MM96
    |--A. argentifer Cott 1956 MM96
    |--A. candidus Hood 1938 MM96
    |--A. folsomi (Hood 1933) [=Notothrips folsomi] MM96
    |--A. grandis (Karny 1912) [=Hoplothrips grandis] MM96
    |--A. itzanus Stannard 1957 MM96
    |--A. palmi Hood 1958 MM96
    |--A. perileucus Hood 1957 MM96
    |--A. priesneri Johansen 1979 MM96
    `--A. vittatus (Hood 1912) [=Phloeothrips vittatus, *Notothrips vittatus] MM96

Acanthothrips ‘albovittatus’ (Schille 1912) non A. albivittatus Hood 1908 [=Phloeothrips albovittatus, Notothrips albovittatus] MM96

*Acanthothrips nodicornis (Reuter 1885) [=Phloeothrips nodicornis; incl. A. americanus Bagnall 1933, A. doanei Moulton 1907, Machatothrips isshikii Ishida 1932] MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

Microbotryales

Flower infected by campion anther smut Microbotryum violaceum, photographed by David Fenwick.

Belongs within: Microbotryomycetidae.

The Microbotryales are a group of smut fungi, previously classified with the other smuts in the Ustilaginomycetes but now recognised as a convergent subgroup of the Urediniomycetes.

Characters (from Bauer et al. 2001): Intercellular parasitic hyphae or haustoria only; cellular interactions without primary interactive vesicles; type A 5S rRNA secondary structure; mannose as the major cell wall carbohydrate. Yeast cells ellipsoidal, showing yeast growth only.

<==Microbotryales [Ustilentylomataceae]
    |  i. s.: Bauerago V02
    |--Fulvisporium restifaciens SG03
    `--+--Aurantiosporium subnitens SG03
       `--+--+--Ustilentyloma fluitans SG03
          |  `--anam. ‘Rhodotorula’ hordea SG03
          `--Microbotryaceae V02
               |  i. s.: Zundeliomyces V02
               |--Liroa emodensis SG03
               `--+--Sphacelotheca polygoni-persicariae SG03
                  `--Microbotryum SG03
                       |--+--M. cordae SG03
                       |  `--M. reticulatum SG03
                       `--+--M. violaceum SG03
                          `--+--M. silenes-inflatae SG03
                             `--M. violaceo-irregulare SG03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Bauer, R., D. Begerow, F. Oberwinkler, M. Piepenbring & M. L. Berbee. 2001. Ustilaginomycetes. In: McLaughlin, D. J., E. G. McLaughlin & P. A. Lemke (eds) The Mycota vol. 7. Systematics and Evolution. Part B pp. 57-84. Springer.

[SG03] Sampaio, J. P., M. Gadanho, R. Bauer & M. Weiss. 2003. Taxonomic studies in the Microbotryomycetidae: Leucosporidium golubevii sp. nov., Leucosporidiella gen. nov. and the new orders Leucosporidiales and Sporidiobolales. Mycological Progress 2 (1): 53-68.

[V02] Vánky, K. 2002. The smut fungi of the world. A survey. Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica 49 (2-3): 163-175.