Microbotryales

Flower infected by campion anther smut Microbotryum violaceum, photographed by David Fenwick.

Belongs within: Microbotryomycetidae.

The Microbotryales are a group of smut fungi, previously classified with the other smuts in the Ustilaginomycetes but now recognised as a convergent subgroup of the Urediniomycetes.

Characters (from Bauer et al. 2001): Intercellular parasitic hyphae or haustoria only; cellular interactions without primary interactive vesicles; type A 5S rRNA secondary structure; mannose as the major cell wall carbohydrate. Yeast cells ellipsoidal, showing yeast growth only.

<==Microbotryales [Ustilentylomataceae]
    |  i. s.: Bauerago V02
    |--Fulvisporium restifaciens SG03
    `--+--Aurantiosporium subnitens SG03
       `--+--+--Ustilentyloma fluitans SG03
          |  `--anam. ‘Rhodotorula’ hordea SG03
          `--Microbotryaceae V02
               |  i. s.: Zundeliomyces V02
               |--Liroa emodensis SG03
               `--+--Sphacelotheca polygoni-persicariae SG03
                  `--Microbotryum SG03
                       |--+--M. cordae SG03
                       |  `--M. reticulatum SG03
                       `--+--M. violaceum SG03
                          `--+--M. silenes-inflatae SG03
                             `--M. violaceo-irregulare SG03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

Bauer, R., D. Begerow, F. Oberwinkler, M. Piepenbring & M. L. Berbee. 2001. Ustilaginomycetes. In: McLaughlin, D. J., E. G. McLaughlin & P. A. Lemke (eds) The Mycota vol. 7. Systematics and Evolution. Part B pp. 57-84. Springer.

[SG03] Sampaio, J. P., M. Gadanho, R. Bauer & M. Weiss. 2003. Taxonomic studies in the Microbotryomycetidae: Leucosporidium golubevii sp. nov., Leucosporidiella gen. nov. and the new orders Leucosporidiales and Sporidiobolales. Mycological Progress 2 (1): 53-68.

[V02] Vánky, K. 2002. The smut fungi of the world. A survey. Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica 49 (2-3): 163-175.

Thripidae

Limothrips angulicornis, from OzThrips.

Belongs within: Thripida.
Contains: Wegenerithrips, Plesiothrips, Aptinothripina, Dendrothripinae, Frankliniella, Sericothripinae, Scirtothrips, Anaphothrips, Taeniothrips, Thrips, Panchaetothripinae, Chirothrips.

The Thripidae are a diverse and cosmopolitan family of thrips including, amongst others, the great majority of the pest thrips species. Recent authors have recognised four subfamilies within the Thripidae though the largest of these, the Thripinae, is defined only by the absence of derived characters and is undoubtedly paraphyletic. Molecular phylogenetic analysis has suggested division of the family between two major lineages, one including the subfamilies Dendrothripinae and Sericothripinae and thripine genera related to Frankliniella, and the other including the subfamily Panchaetothripinae and genera related to Thrips (Buckman et al. 2013). The latter of these clades also includes the distinctive genus Scolothrips, species of which are predators on leaf-feeding mites. The Chirothripini have been recognised as a tribe of grass-living 'Thripinae' but, again, the characters defining this assemblage are probably related to their habitat and the tribe is probably not monophyletic (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Small to medium in body size (0.5–2.5 mm in length). Antenna with six to eight (rarely nine) segments, terminal segments forming short style at apex of segment VI if present; segments III and IV each with one (occasionally two) emergent, forked or simple, sensory trichomes, each of which is more than twice as long as wide. Tentorium not developed. Wings, if present, slender and usually more or less pointed, with two longitudinal veins each usually bearing a row of setae. Females with serrated ovipositor (rarely reduced) that is downturned at apex. Males commonly smaller and paler than females with a more slender body, often bearing one or more glandular areas on median sternites.

Thripidae [Thripinae, Thripini]
    |--+--Ayyaria chaetophora BMW13
    |  |--+--Aptinothripina BMW13
    |  |  `--Dendrothripinae BMW13
    |  |--+--Frankliniella BMW13
    |  |  `--Pseudanaphothrips Karny 1921 BMW13, GM79
    |  |       |--P. achaetus BMW13
    |  |       `--P. araucariae BMW13
    |  `--+--Sericothripinae BMW13
    |     `--+--+--Anascirtothrips arorai BMW13
    |        |  `--Scirtothrips BMW13
    |        `--+--Parabaliothrips newmani BMW13, M04
    |           `--Echinothrips Moulton 1911 BMW13, MM96
    |                |--*E. mexicanus Moulton 1911 MM96
    |                |--E. americanus Morgan 1913 [incl. Dictyothrips floridensis Watson 1919] MM96
    |                |--E. asperatus Hood 1957 MM96
    |                |--E. caribbeanus Hood 1955 MM96
    |                |--E. pinnatus Hood 1960 MM96
    |                |--E. selaginellae Mound 1994 MM96
    |                `--E. subflavus Hood 1927 MM96
    `--+--+--Anaphothrips BMW13
       |  `--+--Taeniothrips BMW13
       |     `--Thrips BMW13
       `--+--+--Panchaetothripinae BMW13
          |  `--Scolothrips Hinds 1902 BMW13, MM96
          |       |--*S. sexmaculatus (Pergande 1894) [=Thrips sexmaculata] MM96
          |       |--S. indicus HC01
          |       |--S. longicornis HC01
          |       `--S. rhagebianus BMW13
          `--+--Caprithrips Faure 1933 BMW13, MM96
             |    |--*C. analis Faure 1933 MM96
             |    |--C. insularis Beshear 1975 MM96
             |    `--C. moundi BMW13
             `--+--Pezothrips Karny 1907 BMW13, JR-SM-G05
                |    |--P. aureus Girault 1929 G29
                |    `--P. kellyanus BMW13
                `--+--Tenothrips Bhatti 1967 BMW13, JR-SM-G05
                   |    |--*T. alis [=Taeniothrips (*Tenothrips) alis] MM96
                   |    `--T. frici (Uzel 1895) [=Physopus frici] MM96
                   `--+--Chirothripini MM96
                      |    |--Chirothrips BMW13
                      |    `--Limothrips Haliday 1836 MM96
                      |         |--*L. cerealium (Haliday 1836) [=Thrips (*Limothrips) cerealium] MM96
                      |         |--L. angulicornis MM96
                      |         |--L. australiensis Girault 1928 G28b
                      |         `--L. formosus Girault 1929 G29
                      `--Arorathrips Bhatti 1990 BMW13, MM96
                           |--*A. mexicanus (Crawford 1909) [=Chirothrips mexicanus] MM96
                           |--A. crassiscelis (Zur Strassen 1967) [=Chirothrips crassiscelis] MM96
                           |--A. fulvus (Moulton 1936) [=Chirothrips fulvus; incl. C. dolosus De Santis 1967] MM96
                           |--A. nigriceps (Hood 1952) [=Chirothrips nigriceps] MM96
                           |--A. spiniceps (Hood 1915) [=Chirothrips spiniceps] MM96
                           `--A. xanthius (Hood 1934) [=Chirothrips xanthius; incl. C. oryzae De Santis 1967] MM96

Thripidae incertae sedis:
  Ceratothrips Reuter 1899 M83, GM79
    |--C. frici M83
    `--C. quadratus (Hood 1918) G28a, GM79 [=Pterothrips quadratus G28a]
  Sorgothrips Priesner 1936 JR-SM-G05
  Anomothrips Bhatti 1978 JR-SM-G05
  Odontothripiella Bagnall 1929 JR-SM-G05
    `--O. biloba TM13
  Odontothrips Amyot & Serville 1843 JR-SM-G05
  Projectothrips Moulton 1929 JR-SM-G05
  Dichromothrips MM09
  Trichromothrips MM09
  Tethysthrips PL12
    |--T. hispanicus PL12
    `--T. libanicus PL12
  Adelphithrips cassiniae Mound & Palmer 1981 MM04
  Dikrothrips diphyes Mound & Walker 1981 MM04
  Lomatothrips paryphis Mound & Walker 1982 MM04
  Lefroyothrips Priesner 1938 MM96, JR-SM-G05
  Megalurothrips Bagnall 1915 MM96, JR-SM-G05
  Cricothrips MM96
  Moundiella MM96
  Bournierothrips Bhatti 1979 MM96
  Wegenerithrips MM96
  Plesiothrips MM96
  Graphidothrips stuardoi MM96
  Exothrips MM96
  Organothrips bianchii MM96
  Muscithrips Bournier 1990 MM96, JR-SM-G05
  Xenothrips MM09
  Monothrips flavus MM09
  Gabanithrips Bhatti & Mound 1992 MM96
    `--*G. bantus Bhatti & Mound 1992 MM96
  Craspedothrips zur Strassen 1966 MM96, JR-SM-G05
    `--C. inconstantis (Johansen & Mojica 1986) (see below for synonymy) JR-SM-G05
  Scirtidothrips Hood 1954 MM96
    `--*S. torquatus Hood 1954 MM96
  Rhabdothrips Hood 1933 MM96
    `--*R. albus Hood 1933 MM96
  Fulmekiola Karny 1925 MM96
    `--F. serrata (Kobus 1893) [=Thrips serrata; incl. *F. interrupta Karny 1925] MM96
  Paraleucothrips Johansen 1983 MM96
    `--*P. minusculus Johansen 1983 MM96
  Plesiopsothrips Hood 1956 MM96
    `--*P. trinidadensis Hood 1956 MM96
  Prionotothrips Hood 1954 MM96
    `--*P. procerus Hood 1954 MM96
  Sciothrips Bhatti 1970 MM96
    `--*S. cardamomi (Ramakrishna 1935) [=Taeniothrips cardamomi] MM96
  Systenothrips Hood 1956 MM96
    `--*S. latens Hood 1956 MM96
  Aneristothrips De Santis 1957 MM96
    |--*A. rostratus De Santis 1957 MM96
    `--A. claripennis (Moulton 1933) [=Mycertothrips claripennis] MM96
  Arpediothrips Hood 1927 MM96
    |--*A. mojave Hood 1927 MM96
    `--A. mexicanus Watson 1939 MM96
  Bradinothrips Hood 1954 [incl. Palleucothrips Hood 1956] MM96
    |--*B. williamsi Hood 1954 MM96
    `--B. musae (Hood 1956) [=*Palleucothrips musae] MM96
  Cercyothrips Morgan 1925 MM96
    |--*C. striatus Morgan 1925 MM96
    `--C. galbinus Hood 1957 MM96
  Coremothrips Hood 1925 MM96
    |--*C. pallidus Hood 1925 MM96
    `--C. nubilicus Hood 1954 MM96
  Danothrips Bhatti 1971 MM96
    |--*D. setifer Bhatti 1971 MM96
    |--D. theivorus A78
    `--D. trifasciatus Sakimura 1975 MM96
  Dendrothripoides Bagnall 1923 MM96
    |--D. innoxius (Karny 1914) [=Euthrips innoxius; incl. *D. ipomeae Bagnall 1923] MM96
    `--D. microchaetus MM96
  Rhamphothrips Karny 1913 MM96
    |--*R. tenuirostris [=Rhynchothrips tenuirostris] MM96
    `--R. pandens Sakimura 1983 MM96
  Salpingothrips Hood 1935 MM96
    |--*S. minimus Hood 1935 MM96
    `--S. aimotofus MM96
  Bregmatothrips Hood 1912 MM96
    |--*B. venustus Hood 1912 MM96
    |--B. difficilis Johansen 1977 MM96
    `--B. gracilis Hood & Williams 1915 MM96
  Chaetanaphothrips Priesner 1925 MM96
    |--*C. orchidii (Moulton 1907) [=Euthrips orchidii] MM96
    |--C. bilongilineatus R70
    |--C. deformans A78
    |--C. leeuweni (Karny 1914) [=Euthrips leeuweni; incl. Scirtothrips clarus Moulton 1942] MM96
    `--C. signipennis (Bagnall 1914) [=Scirtothrips signipennis, Anaphothrips signipennis] MM96
  Corynothrips Williams 1913 MM96
    |--*C. stenopterus Williams 1913 MM96
    |--C. cruentatus Hood 1934 MM96
    `--C. flavus Moulton 1941 MM96
  Dorcadothrips Priesner 1932 MM96
    |--*D. caespitis Priesner 1932 MM96
    |--D. cyperaceae MM96
    `--D. xanthius MM96
  Kurtomathrips Moulton 1927 MM96
    |--*K. morrilli Moulton 1927 MM96
    |--K. anahuacensis Johansen 1976 MM96
    `--K. brunneus (Watson 1931) [=Prosopothrips brunneus; incl. K. unicolor Bailey 1961] MM96
  Leucothrips Reuter 1904 MM96
    |--*L. nigripennis Reuter 1904 MM96
    |--L. furcatus MM96
    |--L. pictus MM96
    `--L. theobromae MM96
  Bravothrips Johansen 1986 MM96, JR-SM-G05
    |--*B. daturae Johansen 1986 MM96
    |--B. halffteri Johansen 1986 MM96
    |--B. kraussi (Crawford 1948) [=Taeniothrips kraussi] MM96
    |--B. mexicanus (Priesner 1933) [=Taeniothrips mexicanus] MM96
    `--B. tibialis (Crawford 1948) JR-SM-G05 [=Taeniothrips tibialis MM96]
  Ceratothripoides Bagnall 1918 MM96, JR-SM-G05
    |--*C. brunneus Bagnall 1918 MM96
    |--C. chilticus Johansen 1986 MM96
    |--C. claratris WJM13
    |--C. funestus (Hood 1915) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |--C. lagoenacollus (Moulton 1933) [=Taeniothrips lagoenacollus] MM96
    `--C. silvestris (Hood 1935) [=Taeniothrips silvestris] MM96
  Halmathrips Hood 1936 MM96
    |--*H. citricinctus Hood 1936 MM96
    |--H. beckeri Stannard 1953 [=H. (Phaosothrips) beckeri] MM96
    |--H. debilis Stannard 1953 MM96
    |--H. ferruginus Johansen 1974 [=H. (Demetriothrips) ferruginus] MM96
    `--H. tricinctus Stannard 1953 MM96
  Chaetisothrips Priesner 1957 MM96
    |--*C. striatus (Hood 1935) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |--C. chavesi Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |--C. garciamirandai Johansen 1982 MM96
    |--C. gardeniae (Crawford 1945) [=Isochaetothrips gardeniae] MM96
    |--C. mecocephalus Sakimura 1969 [incl. Isochaetothrips garciaamarae Johansen 1978] MM96
    |--C. medinai Sakimura 1969 MM96
    `--C. reticulatus (Crawford 1910) (see below for synonymy) MM96
  Psectrothrips Hood 1937 [incl. Lacandonithrips Johansen 1981] MM96
    |--*P. delostomae Hood 1937 MM96
    |--P. beckeri Stannard 1951 MM96
    |--P. elegantis (Johansen 1981) [=*Lacandonithrips elegantis] MM96
    |--P. interruptus (Hood 1957) [=Pseudothrips interruptus] MM96
    |--P. longiceps (Hood 1954) [=Pseudothrips longiceps] MM96
    |--P. palmerae Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    `--P. spadix (Hood 1916) [=Pseudothrips spadix] MM96
  Xerothrips Nakahara 1996 N96
    `--*X. dissimilis Nakahara 1996 N96
  Diarthrothrips RD77
    |--D. coffeae RD77
    `--D. obscuriceps Girault 1931 G31
  Kakothrips robustus RD77
  Amphithrips argutus A78
  Pteridothrips pteridicola A78
  Smeringothrips salaciae A78
  Tmetothrips subapterus A78

Ceratothripoides funestus (Hood 1915) [=Physothrips funestus; incl. Taeniothrips martorellorum Medina Gaud 1961] MM96

Chaetisothrips reticulatus (Crawford 1910) [=Dictyothrips reticulatus; incl. Isochaetothrips dampfi Priesner 1933] MM96

*Chaetisothrips striatus (Hood 1935) [=Isochaetothrips striatus; incl. C. striatus caribbeanus Sakimura 1969] MM96

Craspedothrips inconstantis (Johansen & Mojica 1986) [=Wegenerithrips inconstantis, Ceratothripoides inconstantis] JR-SM-G05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A78] Ananthakrishnan, T. N. 1978. Thrips galls and gall thrips. Zoological Survey of India, Technical Monograph 1: 1–69, 26 pls.

[BMW13] Buckman, R. S., L. A. Mound & M. F. Whiting. 2013. Phylogeny of thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) based on five molecular loci. Systematic Entomology 38: 123–133.

[G28a] Girault, A. A. 1928a. A prodigeous discourse on wild animals. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 218–220).

[G28b] Girault, A. A. 1928b. Some Insecta and a new All Highness. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 225–228).

[G29] Girault, A. A. 1929. Description of a case of lunacy in Homo and of six-legged articulates. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 262–265).

[G31] Girault, A. A. 1931. Hymenoptera, Thysanoptera nova Australiensis. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 284–285).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[HC01] Ho, C.-C., & W.-H. Chen. 2001. Life cycle, food consumption, and seasonal occurrence of Scolothrips indicus (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae) on eggplant. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 409–412. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[JR-SM-G05] Johansen, R. M., A. P. Retana-Salazar & A. Mojica-Guzmán. 2005. A review of the New World bryophyte-feeding genus Wegenerithrips Johansen 1983 (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (1): 61–83.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[MM04] Martin, N. A., & L. A. Mound. 2004. Host plants for some New Zealand thrips (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia). New Zealand Entomologist 27: 119–123.

[M04] Mound, L. A. 2004. Australian Thysanoptera—biological diversity and a diversity of studies. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 248–257.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[MM09] Mound, L. A., & M. Masumoto. 2009. Australian Thripinae of the Anaphothrips genus-group (Thysanoptera), with three new genera and thirty-three new species. Zootaxa 2042: 1–76.

[N96] Nakahara, S. 1996. Xerothrips dissimilis new genus and species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from California and Nevada. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (2): 208–214.

[PL12] Peñalver, E., C. C. Labandeira, E. Barrón, X. Delclòs, P. Nel, A. Nel, P. Tafforeau & C. Soriano. 2012. Thrips pollination of Mesozoic gymnosperms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (22): 8623–8628.

[R70] Reed, E. M. 1970. Thysanoptera (thrips). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 458–464. Melbourne University Press.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[TM13] Tree, D. J., & L. A. Mound. 2013. Leichhardt's vanishing thrips: a remarkable new genus and species of Insecta, Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum—Nature 58: 375–379.

[WJM13] Whittle, P., F. Jarrad & K. Mengersen. 2013. Design of the quarantine surveillance for non-indigenous species of invertebrates on Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 113–130.

Last updated: 26 April 2022.

Heterothripidae

Female Heterothrips pectinifer, from Thrips of California.

Belongs within: Thysanoptera.

The Heterothripidae are a smallish family of New World thrips species. The biology of the family is poorly known, though many species appear to be flower-living (Mound & Marullo 1996). The great majority of species are placed in the genus Heterothrips, which lacks the long expanded setae on the head and pronotum of Aulacothrips, and the triangle of strong reticulate sculpture on the metanotum of Scutothrips. Lenkothrips has been treated as a subgenus of Heterothrips, but has the sensoria on antennal segments III and IV curved towards the base of segment laterally, whereas they are restricted to the apex in Heterothrips (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Antenna with nine segments; segments III and IV with continuous, circum-polar sensory areas, usually transverse around apex but sometimes curved basally on each side of these segments.

<==Heterothripidae [Heterothripoidea]
    |--Protothrips Z02
    |--Archaeothrips Z02
    |--Lenkothrips De Santis & Sureda 1970 MM96
    |    `--*L. sensitivus (De Santis & Sureda 1970) [=Heterothrips (*Lenkothrips) sensitivus] MM96
    |--Aulacothrips Hood 1952 MM96
    |    `--*A. dictyotus Hood 1952 MM96
    |--Scutothrips Stannard 1972 MM96
    |    |--*S. incaensis Stannard 1972 MM96
    |    |--S. byrsonimae Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
    |    |--S. nudus [incl. S. moreirai Moulton 1932] MM96
    |    `--S. peruvianus MM96
    `--Heterothrips Hood 1908 [incl. Protemnothrips Hood 1937] MM96
         |--*H. arisaemae Hood 1908 MM96
         |--H. aesculi Watson 1915 MM96
         |--H. alvarezi Johansen 1991 MM96
         |--H. analis Hood 1915 MM96
         |--H. angusticeps Hood 1954 MM96
         |--H. animosus Johansen 1986 MM96
         |--H. anodae Johansen 1989 MM96
         |--H. auranticornis Watson 1922 MM96
         |--H. azaleae Hood 1916 MM96
         |--H. bicolor Hood 1954 MM96
         |--H. bolivianus Stannard 1972 MM96
         |--H. brasiliensis Moulton 1932 MM96
         |--H. cacti Hood 1955 [incl. H. sensibilis De Santis 1980] MM96
         |--H. californiensis Johansen 1989 MM96
         |--H. castaneus Johansen 1981 MM96
         |--H. clusiae Hood 1955 MM96
         |--H. condei Moulton 1932 MM96
         |--H. cuernavacae Watson 1939 MM96
         |--H. decacornis Crawford 1909 [incl. H. bonampakus Johansen 1981, H. borinquen Hood 1915] MM96
         |--H. decoratus Hood 1954 MM96
         |--H. eversi Stannard 1958 MM96
         |--H. fimbriatus Hood 1934 MM96
         |--H. flavicornis Hood 1915 MM96
         |--H. flavicruris Hood 1934 MM96
         |--H. flavidus Hood 1954 MM96
         |--H. flavitibia Moulton 1932 MM96
         |--H. gillettei Moulton 1929 MM96
         |--H. julius Stannard 1972 MM96
         |--H. lasquerellae Hood 1939 MM96
         |--H. lewisi Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
         |--H. limbatus Hood 1925 MM96
         |--H. lyoniae Hood 1916 MM96
         |--H. marginatus Hood 1954 MM96
         |--H. mexicanus Watson 1924 MM96
         |--H. miconiae Hood 1937 [=H. (*Protemnothrips) miconiae] MM96
         |--H. mimosae Mound & Marullo 1996 MM96
         |--H. minor Hood 1915 MM96
         |--H. moestus De Santis 1966 MM96
         |--H. myrceugenellae Gallego de Sureda 1973 MM96
         |--H. oneillae Medina Gaud 1963 MM96
         |--H. ornatus Hood 1938 MM96
         |--H. pastraniae Tapia 1952 (n. d.) MM96
         |--H. pectinifer Hood 1915 MM96
         |--H. pilosus Buffa 1908 (n. d.) MM96
         |--H. pithecolobiumaffinis Johansen 1989 MM96
         |--H. prosopidis Crawford 1943 MM96
         |--H. pubescens Hood 1934 MM96
         |--H. quercicola Crawford 1942 MM96
         |--H. salicis Shull 1909 MM96
         |--H. semiflavus De Santis 1972 MM96
         |--H. sericatus Hood 1913 MM96
         |--H. spinosus Moulton 1932 MM96
         |--H. striatus Moulton 1932 MM96
         |--H. trinidadensis Hood 1955 MM96
         |--H. varitibia Moulton 1932 MM96
         |--H. vernus Hood 1939 MM96
         |--H. vitifloridus Bailey & Cott 1955 MM96
         |--H. vitis Hood 1916 [incl. H. tiliae Watson 1920] MM96
         |--H. watsoni Bailey & Cott 1955 MM96
         `--H. xolismae Hood 1936 MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

[Z02] Zherikhin, V. V. 2002. Order Thripida Fallen, 1914. (=Thysanoptera Haliday, 1836) The thrips. In History of Insects (A. P. Rasnitsyn & D. L. J. Quicke, eds) pp. 133-143. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

Wegenerithrips

Right forewing of Wegenerithrips admirabilis, from Johansen et al. (2005).

Belongs within: Thripidae.

Wegenerithrips is a New World genus of thrips with sabre-shaped forewings, the upper vein of which bears sparse and interrupted setae.

Characters (from Johansen et al. 2005): Very small thrips known only from females (0.738–1.16 mm in length). Body predominantly clear yellow, or bicolored: yellow with brownish abdomen, or head and thorax brown with yellow abdomen. Subhypodermal pigment yellow to orange. Antennal segments I–II yello, III–VIII dark brown. Fore wings dark greyish-brown; hind wings whitish with a dark brown median longitudinal vitta. Ocellar crescents orange to red. Body setae dark brown. Head in dorsal view broader than long, slightly produced in front (including bases of antennae) or only between bases of antennae; cheeks slightly convex to almost straight and subparallel; occiput sculptured with transverse and confluent striae. Chaetotaxy of head with anteocellars (pair I) commonly present (rarely absent); lateral setae (pair II) present; interocellars (pair III) commonly very long, between hind ocelli, sometimes posterior displaced to near basal margin of ocellar triangle; postoculars i–ii present. Compound eyes ellipsoidal, protruding, regularly faceted and pilose; ocellar triangle at centre between both eyes, anterior ocellus inclined or directed forwards. Antennae 8-segmented; II with two setae surrounding dorsoapical chordotonal sensilla; segment III with subbasal hyaline and membranose ring, pedicel cylindric to slightly fungiform, segments III–VI globose and pedicellate, each with annulae and microtrichia; segments III–IV each with a bifurcate trichome (dorsal and ventral respectively). Mouth-cone commonly long (nearly to completely reaching posterior margin of prosternum), narrow to broadly round, longer or shorter than head's dorsal length. Maxillary palps three-segmented; labial palpi two-segmented. Pronotum broader than long, smooth or with some faint transverse striae in anterior margin that become stronger in posterior margin. Chaetotaxy of pronotum with two major anteroangulars commonly short, two major anteromarginals commonly long but sometimes reduced; four minor posteromarginals; two posteroangulars, the inner one very long, the outer reduced; basantra membranous, ferna entire but constricted at middle. Mesonotum transverse, oblong, pentagonal to hexagonal, with transverse parallel to confluent striae; with two pairs of posteromarginal setae, and one lateral on each side. Metanotum scutum transverse, smooth at centre, concentrically striated, or with polygonal reticulation; pair of median setae on anterior margin or posterior displaced. Pterosternum: mesosternal furca with spinula, absent in metasternal furca. Legs slender and moderately long; all tarsi two-segmented. Fore wings sabre-like, commonly with apex curved forwards, upper vein with sparse and interrupted chaetotaxy, second vein with regularly placed setae; posterior fringe cilia wavy. Abdomen with suture separating laterotergites and pleurites. Tergite I with two setae at middle (also present on tergites II–VIII). Tergite VIII with ctenidium anterolateral to spiracle; with craspedum (sometimes not apparent) in posterior margin. Tergite X with short to long longitudinal suture. Sternites II–VII each with accessory transverse setae row plus posteromarginals.

<==Wegenerithrips Johansen 1983 JR-SM-G05
    |  i. s.: W. trinidadensis (Hood 1956) JR-SM-G05
    |         W. virginianus (Johansen & Mojica 1986) [=Plesiopsothrips virginianus] JR-SM-G05
    |--W. exiguamirabilis Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05
    `--+--*W. admirabilis Johansen 1983 JR-SM-G05
       `--+--W. teoceloensis Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05
          `--+--+--W. longistilus Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05
             |  `--+--W. centraliamericanus Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05
             |     `--W. grandemirabilis Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05
             `--+--W. godmansalvinorum Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05
                `--+--W. bicolor Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05
                   `--W. minor Johansen, Retana-Salazar & Mojica-Guzmán 2005 JR-SM-G05

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[JR-SM-G05] Johansen, R. M., A. P. Retana-Salazar & A. Mojica-Guzmán. 2005. A review of the New World bryophyte-feeding genus Wegenerithrips Johansen 1983 (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (1): 61-83.

Thrips

Onion thrips Thrips tabaci, photographed by Nigel Cattlin.

Belongs within: Thripidae.

Thrips is a large genus of thrips, most diverse in the Holarctic and Old World tropics, though some species have become cosmopolitan pest species. These include the onion thrips Thrips tabaci and the melon thrips T. palmi, both of which feed on a wide range of crops and can transmit viruses between them. Members of Thrips are characterised by the absence of ocellar setae I, and the presence of paired tergal ctenidia posteromesad of the spiracles on tergite VIII (Mound & Marullo 1996). Phylogenetic analysis by Buckman et al. (2013) indicated that Thrips is paraphyletic to Microcephalothrips abdominalis, which has a particularly small head relative to the pronotum and seven-segmented antennae, and the genus Stenchaetothrips which has elongate ocellar setae pair II (Mound & Marullo 1996).

<==Thrips Linnaeus 1758 JR-SM-G05
    |--+--T. knoxi BMW13
    |  `--T. setipennis BMW13
    `--+--+--T. vulgatissimus BMW13
       |  `--Microcephalothrips Bagnall 1926 BMW13, MM96
       |       `--*M. abdominalis (Crawford 1910) [=Thrips abdominalis] MM96
       `--+--+--T. australis (Bagnall 1915) BMW13, MM96 (see below for synonymy)
          |  `--T. imaginis Bagnall 1926 BMW13, GM79
          `--+--T. simplex (Morison 1930) BMW13, MM96 [=Physothrips simplex MM96]
             `--+--T. nigropilosus BMW13
                `--Stenchaetothrips Bagnall 1926 BMW13, MM96 [incl. Anaphidothrips Hood 1954 MM96]
                     |--*S. melanurus Bagnall 1926 MM96
                     |--S. biformis (Bagnall 1913) [=Bagnallia biformis; incl. Chloethrips oryzae] MM96
                     |--S. brasiliensis (Hood 1954) [=*Anaphidothrips brasiliensis] MM96
                     `--S. minutus (Deventer 1906) (see below for synonymy) MM96

Thrips incertae sedis:
  *T. physapus Linnaeus 1758 MM96
  T. addendus (Priesner 1933) [=Taeniothrips addendus] MM96
  T. albopilosum KU07
  T. aligherini Girault 1927 G27b
  T. coprosmae Mound 1978 MM04
  T. darci Girault 1930 G30
  T. exilicornis MM96
  T. fasciata Linnaeus 1758 L58
  T. flavus M04
  T. florum Schmutz 1913 MM96
  T. formosanus Priesner 1934 S76
  T. hawaiiensis (Morgan 1913) [=Euthrips hawaiiensis] MM96
  T. helianthi C38
  T. indigenus Girault 1929 G29
  T. japonicus Bagnall 1914 GM79 [=T. partirufus Girault 1927 G27c]
  T. juniperina Linnaeus 1758 L58
  T. lacteicorpus Girault 1927 GM79
  T. major M04
  T. minutissima Linnaeus 1758 L58
  T. obscuratus (Crawford 1941) MM04
  T. orientalis (Bagnall 1915) [=Isoneurothrips orientalis] MM96
  T. pallicornis C38
  T. pallidulus Bagnall 1924 S76
  T. palmi Karny 1925 MM96
  T. parvispinus MC13
  T. safrus MC13
  T. seminiveus Girault 1926 G26
  T. shakespearei Girault 1927 G27a
  T. tabaci Lindeman 1889 MM96
  T. trehernei B08
  T. unispinus M04
  T. walteri Crawford 1938 C38

Stenchaetothrips minutus (Deventer 1906) [=Thrips minutus; incl. T. minutus var. puttemansi Costa Lima 1926, Stenchaetothrips saccharoni] MM96

Thrips australis (Bagnall 1915) BMW13, MM96 [=Isoneurothrips australis MM96; incl. I. marisabellae Ortiz 1973 MM96]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B08] Bartos, M. 2008. Alternative predatory tactics in a juvenile jumping spider. Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 300–305.

[BMW13] Buckman, R. S., L. A. Mound & M. F. Whiting. 2013. Phylogeny of thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) based on five molecular loci. Systematic Entomology 38: 123–133.

[C38] Crawford, J. C. 1938. Some new or little known Thysanoptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (2): 35–43.

[G26] Girault, A. A. 1926. New pests from Australia. IV. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 205).

[G27a] Girault, A. A. 1927a. Some new wild animals. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 208–210).

[G27b] Girault, A. A. 1927b. New Australian animals so far overlooked by outsiders. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 211–212).

[G27c] Girault, A. A. 1927c. A discourse on wild animals. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 216–217).

[G29] Girault, A. A. 1929. North American Hymenoptera Mymaridae. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 233–261).

[G30] Girault, A. A. 1930. New pests from Australia. VIII. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 273–277).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[JR-SM-G05] Johansen, R. M., A. P. Retana-Salazar & A. Mojica-Guzmán. 2005. A review of the New World bryophyte-feeding genus Wegenerithrips Johansen 1983 (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 85 (1): 61–83.

[KU07] Khanjani, M., & E. A. Ueckermann. 2007. Natural enemies of the walnut pest Aceria tristriatus (Nal.) (Acari: Eriophyidae) in western Iran. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 451–453. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MC13] Majer, J. D., S. K. Callan, K. Edwards, N. R. Gunawardene & C. K. Taylor. 2013. Baseline survey of the terrestrial invertebrate fauna of Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 13–112.

[MM04] Martin, N. A., & L. A. Mound. 2004. Host plants for some New Zealand thrips (Thysanoptera: Terebrantia). New Zealand Entomologist 27: 119–123.

[M04] Mound, L. A. 2004. Australian Thysanoptera—biological diversity and a diversity of studies. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 248–257.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

[S76] Strassen, R. zur. 1976. Hochmontane Arisaema-Arten (Araceae) in Nepal als Wirtspflanzen floricoler Fransenflügler (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Senckenbergiana Biologica 57 (1–3): 55–59.

Last updated: 30 January 2019.

Caliothrips

Bean thrips Caliothrips phaseoli, photographed by Ted MacRae.

Belongs within: Panchaetothripinae.

Caliothrips is a genus of thrips often associated with grasses though some species are minor crop pests. These include the bean thrips Caliothrips phaseoli, a pest of beans and also sometimes of cotton.

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Head and pronotum dark with conspicuous reticulate sculpture; wrinkle- or dot-shaped markings present within reticulate sculpture. Antennae eight-segmented; head with cheeks more or less parallel-sided, not constricted into neck-like region. Forewings usually with dark and light bands, first vein with wide interval in setal row. Metathoracic furca with two long curved arms extending to mesothorax. Tarsi one-segmented. Tergite VIII reticulate; tergite X usually with longitudinal split.

<==Caliothrips Daniel 1904 MM96
    |--C. fasciatus (Pergande 1895) [=Heliothrips fasciatus; incl. *C. woodworthi] MM96
    |--C. cinctipennis MM96
    |--C. fasciapennis (Hinds 1902) [=Heliothrips fasciapennis] MM96
    |--C. flavescentis De Santis 1967 MM96
    |--C. indicus MH91
    |--C. insularis (Hood 1928) [=Hercothrips insularis; incl. Heliothrips bruneri Morgan 1929] MM96
    |--C. marginipennis (Hood 1912) [=Heliothrips marginipennis] MM96
    |--C. masculinus (Hood 1928) [=Hercothrips masculinus] MM96
    |--C. multistriatus MM96
    |--C. nanus (Hood 1928) [=Hercothrips nanus] MM96
    |--C. phaseoli (Hood 1912) (see below for synonymy) MM96
    |--C. punctipennis (Hood 1912) [=Heliothrips punctipennis] MM96
    `--C. striatopterus BMW13

Caliothrips phaseoli (Hood 1912) [=Heliothrips phaseoli; incl. Hel. braziliensis Morgan 1929, Caliothrips flavescentis De Santis 1967, Hercothrips ipomoeae Moulton 1932] MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BMW13] Buckman, R. S., L. A. Mound & M. F. Whiting. 2013. Phylogeny of thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) based on five molecular loci. Systematic Entomology 38: 123–133.

[MH91] Mound, L. A., & B. S. Heming. 1991. Thysanoptera (thrips). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 510–515. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1–487.

Last updated: 26 April 2022.

Chirothrips

Male and female of Chirothrips manicatus, from CSIRO.

Belongs within: Thripidae.

Chirothrips is a cosmopolitan genus of thrips whose members are all found living in grass flowers. Each individual thrips develops within a single floret on the grass's flower-stalk, and individuals within a species may vary in size depending on the nutritional quality of the host floret (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Characters (from Mound & Marullo 1996): Pronotum trapezoidal, posterior margin at least 1.5 times as wide as anterior margin; sense cones on antennal segments III–IV simple, not forked; antennal segment II usually strongly asymmetric, external margin often produced into a point; mesofurca well-developed, T-shaped, invaginated medially and with paired lateral flanges or, if mesofurca reduced, then metanotum and ventral surface of head with numerous short stout setae.

<==Chirothrips Haliday 1836 MM96 [=Chirtothrips (l. c.) G28]
    |--*C. manicatus (Haliday 1836) [=Thrips (*Chirothrips) manicata] MM96
    |--C. ah Girault 1929 G29
    |--C. atricorpus Girault 1927 G27
    |--C. dorsalis MM96
    |--C. falsus Priesner 1925 MM96
    |--C. frontalis MM96
    |--C. orizaba Hood 1938 MM96
    |--C. pallidicornis M83
    |--C. patruelis MM96
    |--C. priesneri Hood 1949 MM96
    |--C. productus MM96
    |--C. pubescens Hood 1949 MM96
    |--C. ruthae MM96
    |--C. sericatus Hood 1949 MM96
    |--C. simplex MM96
    |--C. spinosus Moulton 1946 MM96
    |--C. texanus MM96
    `--C. vestis MM96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G27] Girault, A. A. 1927. Thysanoptera nova Australiensis from Queensland. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 213).

[G28] Girault, A. A. 1928. Some Insecta and a new All Highness. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 225-228).

[G29] Girault, A. A. 1929. New pests from Australia. VI. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 266-269).

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: An annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1-98.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.