Dichocrinidae

Dichocrinus cinctus, from Fossilcrinoids.com.

Belongs within: Compsocrinina.

The Dichocrinidae are a group of crinoids known from the Carboniferous and Permian periods that commonly bore hypertrophied wing plates on the tegmen (Ubaghs 1978b).

Characters (from Ubaghs 1978b): Calyx small; basals two, equal, with A-CD interbasal suture; radials five, separated on posterior side by primanal. Tegmen variable in height and prominence, with hypertrophied wing plates, or secondarily simplified to five orals. Free arms primitively uniserial and two to each ray, becoming biserial and four to six in each ray in advanced forms. Stem round transversely and straight, or coiled and bilateral.

Dichocrinidae [Dichocrininae, Talarocrininae]
    |--Strimplecrinus Broadhead 1981 WM03
    |    `--S. dyerensis WM03
    |--Neodichocrinus Wanner 1937 U78b
    |    `--*N. nanus Wanner 1937 U78b
    |--Paradichocrinus Springer 1926 U78b
    |    `--*P. polydactylus (Casseday & Lyon 1862) [=Dichocrinus polydactylus] U78b
    |--Stomiocrinus Wanner 1937 U78b
    |    `--*S. subglobosus Wanner 1937 U78b
    |--Talarocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer 1881 U78b (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--*T. cornigerus (Shumard 1857) [=Dichocrinus cornigerus] U78b
    |    `--T. patei U78b
    |--Camptocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer 1897 U78b
    |    |--*C. myelodactylus Wachsmuth & Springer 1897 U78b
    |    |--C. compressus U78a
    |    |--C. crawfordvillensis U78a
    |    `--C. multicirrus U78a
    |--Pterotocrinus Lyon & Casseday 1859 (see below for synonymy) U78b
    |    |--*P. capitalis (Lyon 1857) [=Asterocrinus capitalis] U78b
    |    |--P. bifurcatus U78b
    |    |--P. coronarius U78b
    |    |--P. pyramidalis U78a
    |    `--P. spatulus BL78
    `--Dichocrinus Münster 1839 WM03 (see below for synonymy)
         |--*D. radiatus Münster 1839 [=*Dichocrinites radiatus] U78b
         |--D. angustus U78a
         |--D. cinctus (Miller & Gurley 1896) WM03
         |--D. crassitestus U78b
         |--D. douglassi (Miller & Gurley 1890) WM03
         |--D. labyrinthus Webster, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
         |--‘Platycrinus’ ornatus M’Coy 1844 [=*Edwardsocrinus ornatus, Edwarsocrinus ornatus] U78b
         |--‘*Cotyledonocrinus’ pentalobus Casseday & Lyon 1862 U78b
         |--D. recurvibrachiatus U78a
         `--D. shamsensis Webster, Maples et al. 2003 WM03

Dichocrinus Münster 1839 WM03 [=Dichocrinites Geinitz 1846 U78b; incl. Cotyledonocrinus Casseday & Lyon 1862 U78b, Edwardsocrinus d’Orbigny 1850 U78b, Edwarsocrinus U78b]

Pterotocrinus Lyon & Casseday 1859 [incl. Asterocrinus Lyon 1857 non Münster 1839, Codonocrinites Troost 1850 (n. n.), Codonocrinus Shumard 1868] U78b

Talarocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer 1881 U78b [incl. Daemenocrinites Troost 1850 (n. n.) U78b, Daemenocrinus Bather in Lankester 1900 (n. n.) U78b, Doliolocrinites Troost in Hall 1858 (n. n.) U78b, Doliocrinites Shumard 1866 A78, Doliolocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer 1881 (n. n.) U78b]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A78] Anon. 1978. Unassigned taxa. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 3 p. T928. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[BL78] Breimer, A., & N. G. Lane. 1978. Ecology and paleoecology. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 1 pp. T316–T347. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[U78a] Ubaghs, G. 1978a. Skeletal morphology of fossil crinoids. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 1 pp. T58–T216. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[U78b] Ubaghs, G. 1978b. Camerata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T408–T519. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[WM03] Webster, G. D., C. G. Maples, R. Mawson & M. Dastanpour. 2003. A cladid-dominated Early Mississippian crinoid and conodont fauna from Kerman Province, Iran and revision of the glossocrinids and rhenocrinids. Journal of Paleontology 77 (Suppl. 3): 1–35.

Carpocrinidae

Carpocrinus simplex, from Akiyasu Shimizu.

Belongs within: Compsocrinina.

The Carpocrinidae are a group of crinoids with simple arms known from the Middle Silurian to the Middle Devonian (Ubaghs 1978).

Characters (from Ubaghs 1978): Fixed secundibrachs one to three in each half-ray, exceptionally more; interprimibrachs one to many, connecting with or separated from tegmen; CD interray primitively and typically with median series of anal plates. Tegmen solid, with orals and ambulacrals ordinarily distinct. Free arms simple, usually two in each ray, uniserial or biserial; brachials simple or compound. Column cylindrical.

Carpocrinidae [Barrandeocrinidae, Carpocrinidées, Carpocriniens, Desmidocrinidae, Habrocrinidae, Methabocrinidae]
    |--Acacocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer 1897 U78
    |    `--*A. elrodi Wachsmuth & Springer 1897 U78
    |--Barrandeocrinus Angelin 1878 U78
    |    `--*B. sceptrum Angelin 1878 U78
    |--Methabocrinus Jaekel 1918 U78
    |    `--*M. erraticus Jaekel 1918 U78
    |--Bohemicocrinus Waagen & Jahn 1899 [=Bohemiocrinus (l. c.); incl. Vletavicrinus Waagen & Jahn 1899] U78
    |    `--*B. pulverens Waagen & Jahn 1899 [incl. *Vletavicrinus haueri Waagen & Jahn 1899] U78
    |--Cyclicocrinus Miller 1892 U78
    |    `--*C. canaliculatus Miller 1892 U78
    |--Desmidocrinus Angelin 1878 U78
    |    `--*D. pentadactylus Angelin 1878 U78
    `--Carpocrinus Müller 1840 (see below for synonymy) U78
         |--*C. simplex (Phillips in Murchison 1839) (see below for synonymy) U78
         |--C. ornatus U78
         |--‘*Pionocrinus’ pulchellus Angelin 1878 U78
         `--‘*Leptocrinus’ raridigitatus Angelin 1878 U78

Carpocrinus Müller 1840 [=Abracrinus d’Orbigny 1850, Habrocrinus Angelin 1878, Carpiocrinus (l. c.), Carpocrinites Geinitz 1846, Phoenicocrinites Austin & Austin 1843, Phoenicocrinus Springer 1913; incl. Leptocrinus Angelin 1878, Pionocrinus Angelin 1878] U78

*Carpocrinus simplex (Phillips in Murchison 1839) [=Actinocrinites simplex, *Abracrinus simplex, *Carpocrinites simplex, *Habrocrinus simplex, *Phoenicocrinites simplex, *Phoenicocrinus simplex] U78

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[U78] Ubaghs, G. 1978. Camerata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T408–T519. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Batocrinidae

Eretmocrinus, copyright Hectonichus.

Belongs within: Compsocrinina.

The Batocrinidae are a group of crinoids bearing a crown of numerous unbranched arms, known from the Early Carboniferous (Ubaghs 1978b).

Characters (from Ubaghs 1978b): Theca variable in shape; basals three, equal; one to fifteen interprimibrachs in each interray may or may not be in contact with tegmen; primanal in line with radials and succeeded by three anal plates in next range, three to nineteen anal plates may or may not be in contact with tegmen; first fixed brachial externally quadrangular or axillary; second fixed brachial typically axillary; one to five fixed secundibrachs and none to five fixed tertibrachs in each half-ray, latter commonly present in C and D rays, rarely in A ray. Free arms biserial, unbranched, single or paired from each ambulacral opening into theca, 10 to 40 and typically unequal in number in different rays of same individual. Anal opening at end of long, slender central or subcentral anal tube; oral and radial dome plates distinct.

Batocrinidae [Batocrininae, Batocrinites]
    |--Batocrinus Casseday 1854 U78b
    |    `--*B. icosidactylus Casseday 1854 U78b
    |--Alloprosallocrinus Casseday & Lyon 1862 (see below for synonymy) U78b
    |    `--*A. conicus Casseday & Lyon 1862 U78b
    |--Azygocrinus Lane 1963 U78b
    |    `--*A. dodecadactylus (Meek & Worthen 1861) [=Actinocrinus dodecadactylus] U78b
    |--Eutrochocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer 1897 U78b
    |    `--*E. christyi (Shumard 1855) [=Actinocrinus christyi] U78b
    |--Globocrinus Weller 1920 U78b
    |    `--*G. unionensis (Worthen 1890) [=Batocrinus unionensis] U78b
    |--Dizygocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer 1897 U78b
    |    |--*D. indianaensis (Lyon & Casseday 1860) [=Actinocrinus indianaensis] U78b
    |    `--D. cantonensis U78a
    |--Abatocrinus Lane 1963 U78b
    |    |--*A. turbinatus (Hall 1858) [=Actinocrinus turbinatus] U78b
    |    |--A. clypeatus U78a
    |    `--A. grandis U78a
    |--Macrocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer 1897 U78b
    |    |--*M. konincki (Shumard 1855) [=Actinocrinus konincki] U78b
    |    |--M. jucundus U78b
    |    `--M. verneuilianus U78a
    |--Uperocrinus Meek & Worthen 1865 [=Hyperocrinus Bather 1897; incl. Lobocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer 1897] U78b
    |    |--*U. pyriformis (Shumard 1855) [=Actinocrinus pyriformis, *Hyperocrinus pyriformis] U78b
    |    |--U. longirostris U78a
    |    `--U. nashvillae (Troost 1850) [=Actinocrinus nashvillae, *Lobocrinus nashvillae] U78b
    `--Eretmocrinus Lyon & Casseday 1859 U78b
         |--*E. magnificus Lyon & Casseday 1859 U78b
         `--E. remibrachiatus U78b
              |--E. r. remibrachiatus U78b
              `--E. r. expansus U78b

Alloprosallocrinus Casseday & Lyon 1862 [incl. Conocrinites Troost 1850 (n. n.), Conocrinus Shumard 1868 non d’Orbigny 1850] U78b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[U78a] Ubaghs, G. 1978a. Skeletal morphology of fossil crinoids. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 1 pp. T58–T216. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[U78b] Ubaghs, G. 1978b. Camerata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T408–T519. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Patelliocrinidae

Macrostylocrinus pristinus, from the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.

Belongs within: Glyptocrinina.

The Patelliocrinidae are a group of crinoids with large radial plates known from the Upper Ordovician to the Middle Devonian (Ubaghs 1978b).

Characters (from Ubaghs 1978b): Calyx conical or subglobose to subcylindrical; basals usually three, unequal, azygous one in AE or ED interrays, occasionally all basals fused together; CD interray usually little or not at all differentiated in calyx; tegmen rarely preserved, probably incompetent, consisting of numerous plates differentiated into ambulacrals and interambulacrals when known. Free arms uniserial, biserial, or made of compound brachials. Column typically cylindrical.

Patelliocrinidae
    |--Bolicrinus Witzke & Strimple 1981 EB01
    |--Boliviacrinus McIntosh 1988 EB01
    |--Krinocrinus Witzke & Strimple 1981 EB01
    |--Kylixocrinus Eckert 1984 EB01
    |--Thomasocrinus Witzke & Strimple 1981 EB01
    |--Patinocrinus Jaekel 1918 J18, U78b
    |--Patelliocrinus Angelin 1878 EB01
    |    `--P. pachydactylus Angelin 1878 U78b
    |--Centriocrinus Bather 1899 EB01 [=Centrocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer 1881 non Austin & Austin 1843 U78b]
    |    `--*C. pentaspinus (Lyon 1869) [=Actinocrinus pentaspinus, *Centrocrinus pentaspinus] U78b
    |--Laurelocrinus Springer 1926 EB01
    |    `--*L. paulensis Springer 1926 U78b
    |--Eopatelliocrinus Brower 1973 EB01
    |    |--*E. scyphogracilis Brower 1973 U78b
    |    `--E. latibrachiatus BLWR78
    |--Allocrinus Wachsmuth & Springer in Miller 1889 EB01
    |    |--*A. typus Wachsmuth & Springer in Miller 1889 U78b
    |    `--A. longidactylus U78b
    |--Briarocrinus Angelin 1878 EB01 [incl. Angelinocrinus Jaekel 1918 U78b; Briarocrinidae]
    |    |--*B. inflatus Angelin 1878 U78b
    |    `--B. angustus Angelin 1878 [=*Angelinocrinus angustus] U78b
    `--Macrostylocrinus Hall 1852 EB01 [incl. Loveniocrinus Jaekel 1918 U78b]
         |--*M. ornatus Hall 1852 EB01
         |--M. anglicus Jaekel 1918 J18
         |--‘*Loveniocrinus’ gotlandicus Jaekel 1918 U78b
         |--M. granulosus U78b
         |--M. pristinus BLWR78
         `--M. recumbens U78a

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BLWR78] Brower, J. C., N. G. Lane & H. Wienberg Rasmussen. 1978. Postlarval ontogeny of fossil crinoids. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 1 pp. T244–T274. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[EB01] Eckert, J. D., & C. E. Brett. 2001. Early Silurian (Llandovery) crinoids from the Lower Clinton Group, western New York State. Bulletins of American Paleontology 360: 1–88.

[J18] Jaekel, O. 1918. Phylogenie und System der Pelmatozoen. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 3: 1–128.

[U78a] Ubaghs, G. 1978a. Skeletal morphology of fossil crinoids. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 1 pp. T58–T216. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[U78b] Ubaghs, G. 1978b. Camerata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T408–T519. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Eucalyptocrinitidae

Eucalyptocrinites, copyright Wilson44691.

Belongs within: Glyptocrinina.

The Eucalyptocrinitidae are a group of crinoids known from the Middle Silurian to the Middle Devonian (Ubaghs 1978b).

Characters (from Ubaghs 1978b): Calyx typically with narrow, moderately deep basal concavity having sides composed of four basals and proximal parts of radials; fixed primibrachs one or two, fixed secundibrachs two, and fixed tertibrachs one in each ray, followed by free arms; each interray with single large interprimibrach followed by two smaller ones, each ray with single interbrachial between secundibrachs of branched fixed brachs; CD interray undifferentiated from others. Tegmen elevated, stoutly built of relatively large plates in circlets or alternating, disposed around central hollow cylinder, produced laterally to form vertical partitions between arm alcoves or lacking these. Transversely circular colum with small pentastellate axial canal and radicular holdfast.

Eucalyptocrinitidae [Calyptocrinidae, Calyptocrinidées, Eucalyptocrinidae, Polycrinidae, Polycrinides]
    |--Chicagocrinus Weller 1900 EB01
    |    `--*C. ornatus Weller 1900 [=Calliocrinus ornatus] U78b
    |--Aclistocrinus Eckert & Brett 2001 EB01
    |    `--*A. capistratus Eckert & Brett 2001 EB01
    |--Calliocrinus d’Orbigny 1849 EB01 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--*C. costatus (Hisinger 1837) (see below for synonymy) U78b
    |    `--‘*Cryptodiscus’ bilobus Weller 1897 U78b
    |--Archaeocalyptocrinus Witzke & Strimple 1981 EB01
    |    |--*A. nodosus EB01
    |    |--‘Eucalyptocrinites’ obconicus (Hall 1865) EB01
    |    `--‘Eucalyptocrinites’ slocomi Foerste 1920 EB01
    `--Eucalyptocrinites Goldfuss 1831 EB01 (see below for synonymy)
         |--*E. rosaceus Goldfuss 1831 EB01 [=*Eucalyptocrinus rosaceus U78b]
         |--‘*Crinocystites’ chrysalis Hall 1864 [=*Crinocystis chrysalis] U78b
         |--E. crassus U78b
         |--‘*Hypanthocrinites’ decorus Phillips in Murchison 1839 [=*Hypanthocrinus decorus] U78b
         |--E. ovalis U78a
         |--E. proboscidalis U78b
         `--E. tuberculatus U78a

Calliocrinus d’Orbigny 1849 EB01 [=Callicrinus Angelin 1878 U78b, Calliocrinites Chapman 1857 U78b, Cryptodiscus Hall 1867 non Corda 1838 (ICBN) U78b]

*Calliocrinus costatus (Hisinger 1837) [=Eugeniacrinites costatus, *Callicrinus costatus, *Calliocrinites costatus] U78b

Eucalyptocrinites Goldfuss 1831 EB01 [=Eucalyptocrinus Agassiz 1836 U78b, Eucalyptrocrinites (l. c.) U78b; incl. Crinocystites Hall 1864 U78b, Crinocystis Haeckel 1896 U78b, Hypanthocrinites Phillips in Murchison 1839 U78b, Hypanthocrinus Morris 1843 U78b]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[EB01] Eckert, J. D., & C. E. Brett. 2001. Early Silurian (Llandovery) crinoids from the Lower Clinton Group, western New York State. Bulletins of American Paleontology 360: 1–88.

[U78a] Ubaghs, G. 1978a. Skeletal morphology of fossil crinoids. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 1 pp. T58–T216. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[U78b] Ubaghs, G. 1978b. Camerata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T408–T519. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Melocrinitidae

Melocrinites sp., copyright James St. John.

Belongs within: Glyptocrinina.

The Melocrinitidae are a group of crinoids known from the Upper Ordovician to the Upper Devonian (Ubaghs 1978b).

Characters (from Ubaghs 1978b): Secundibrachs two or three in each ray, rarely more; interprimibrachs merging with tegmen; presence of intersecundibrachs and intertertibrachs dependent on degree of brachial incorporation in calyx; primanal generally followed by median row of anal plates; anal tube may be present. Free arms four in each ray, undivided or exotomously branching; inner pair of arms primitively distinct, secondarily fusing into stout biserial ramuli-bearing trunk; outer pair progressively reduced and disappearing in ultimate members. Column with sharply defined nodals and internodals.

Melocrinitidae [Ctenocrinidae, Melocrinidae]
    |--Alisocrinus Kirk 1929 U78b
    |    |--*A. warreni (Ringueberg 1888) [=Mariacrinus warreni] U78b
    |    `--A. tetrarmatus Brower 1973 EB01
    |--Trichotocrinus Olsson 1912 U78b
    |    |--*T. harrisi (Olsson 1912) [=Melocrinus (Trichotocrinus) harrisi] U78b
    |    |--T. lutheri U78b
    |    `--T. terranovicus U78a
    |--Promelocrinus Jaekel 1902 (see below for synonymy) U78b
    |    |--*P. anglicus Jaekel 1902 U78b
    |    |--P. fulminatus U78b
    |    |--‘*Zenkericrinus’ melocrinoides Waagen & Jahn 1899 U78b
    |    `--P. radiatus U78a
    |--Ctenocrinus Bronn 1840 (see below for synonymy) U78b
    |    |--*C. typus Bronn 1840 [=*Ctenocrinites typus] U78b
    |    |--‘*Clonocrinus’ bigsbyi Oehlert 1879 U78b
    |    |--C. gottlandicus (Pander in Helmersen 1858) U78b (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--C. nobilissimus (Hall 1859) U78a, U78b [=*Mariacrinus nobilissimus U78b]
    |    |--‘*Astrocrinites’ pachydactylus Conrad 1841 [=*Astrocrinus pachydactylus] U78b
    |    `--‘Periechocrinus’ radiatus [=Lindstroemiocrinus radiatus] J18
    `--Melocrinites Goldfuss 1831 (see below for synonymy) U78b
         |--*M. hieroglyphicus Goldfuss 1831 [=*Melocrinus hieroglyphicus] U78b
         |--M. aequus U78b
         |--‘*Kuzbassocrinus’ bystrowi Yeltysheva 1957 U78b
         |--M. gibbosus Goldfuss 1831 [=*Castanocrinus gibbosus] U78b
         |--M. gracilis EB01
         |--M. micmac BL78
         |--M. pulcher U78a
         `--M. splendens U78a

Ctenocrinus Bronn 1840 [=Ctenocrinites Steininger 1849; incl. Astrocrinites Conrad 1841, Astrocrinus Bather 1900 non Morris 1843, Clonocrinus Oehlert 1879 non Quenstedt 1876, Lindstroemiocrinus Jaekel 1918, Mariacrinus Hall 1859] U78b

Ctenocrinus gottlandicus (Pander in Helmersen 1858) U78b [=Trochocrinites gottlandicus U78b, *Lindstroemiocrinus gottlandicus U78b, Periechocrinus gottlandicus J18]

Melocrinites Goldfuss 1831 [=Melocrinus Agassiz 1836; incl. Castanocrinus Roemer 1855, Kuzbassocrinus Yeltysheva 1957] U78b

Promelocrinus Jaekel 1902 [incl. Proctenocrinus Jaekel 1918 (n. n.), Xenocrinus Jahn 1892 non Miller 1881, Zenkericrinus Waagen & Jahn 1899] U78b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BL78] Breimer, A., & N. G. Lane. 1978. Ecology and paleoecology. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 1 pp. T316–T347. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[EB01] Eckert, J. D., & C. E. Brett. 2001. Early Silurian (Llandovery) crinoids from the Lower Clinton Group, western New York State. Bulletins of American Paleontology 360: 1–88.

[J18] Jaekel, O. 1918. Phylogenie und System der Pelmatozoen. Paläontologische Zeitschrift 3: 1–128.

[U78a] Ubaghs, G. 1978a. Skeletal morphology of fossil crinoids. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 1 pp. T58–T216. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[U78b] Ubaghs, G. 1978b. Camerata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T408–T519. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Achilidae

Catonia pumila, copyright Judy Gallagher.

Belongs within: Auchenorrhyncha.

The Achilidae are a group of often flattened planthoppers whose nymphs live under bark or in cavities in dead wood (Carver et al. 1991).

Characters (from Carver et al. 1991): Apical segment of rostrum distinctly longer than wide. Fore wings usually folded flat, partially overlapping at rest, occasionally tectiform; clavus rather short, ending a little beyond half-way along fore wing, making a distinct angle with it; apex of confluent anal veins of fore wing reaching apex of clavus. Apex of second segment of hind tarsus with ventral row of small dark spines.

<==Achilidae
    |--Catanidia YS01
    |--Rhotala YS01
    |--Magadha Distant 1906 [Plectoderini] S04
    |--Achilus flammeus C91
    |--Aneipo CGW91
    |--Acixiites immodesta Hamilton 1990 RJ93
    |--Protepiptera P92
    |--Niryasaburnia Szwedo 2004 [Apatesonites] S04
    |    `--*N. burmitina (Cockerell 1917) [=Liburnia burmitina] S04
    |--Hooleya [Achillini] S04
    |    `--H. indecisa Cockerell 1922 S04
    |--Synecdoche S04
    |    |--S. dimidiata WW96
    |    `--S. impunctata WW96
    |--Epiptera WW96
    |    |--E. brittoni WW96
    |    `--E. variegata WW96
    `--Catonia WW96
         |--C. cinctifrons WW96
         |--C. picta WW96
         `--C. pumila WW96

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CGW91] Carver, M., G. F. Gross & T. E. Woodward. 1991. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, cicadas, aphids, scale insects etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 429–509. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[C91] CSIRO. 1991. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S04] Szwedo, J. 2004. Niryasaburnia gen. nov. for ‘Liburnia’ burmitina Cockerell, 1917, from Cretaceous Myanmar (Burmese) amber (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha: Achilidae). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 2 (2): 105–107.

[WW96] Wheeler, A. G., Jr & S. W. Wilson. 1996. Planthoppers of pitch pine and scrub oak in pine barrens communities (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (1): 100–108.

[YS01] Yoshizawa, K., & T. Saigusa. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of paraneopteran orders (Insecta: Neoptera) based on forewing base structure with comments on monophyly of Auchenorrhycha (Hemiptera). Systematic Entomology 26: 1–13.