Elphidiidae

Elphidium clavatum, from US Geological Survey.

Belongs within: Rotaliida.

The Elphidiidae are a group of Foraminifera known from the Palaeocene to the present, characterised by a canal system opening to rows of sutural pores. In members of the subfamily Elphidiinae, the single or multiple aperture is interiomarginal or areal in location; in members of the Faujasininae, the aperture comprises one or two rows or a cluster of pores, located near the base of the apertural face (Loeblich & Tappan 1964b).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964b): Test planispiral, trochospiral, or uncoiling; sutural canal system opening into single or double row of sutural pores; wall calcareous, perforate, radial in structure; aperture interiomarginal, single or multiple, or areal.

<==Elphidiidae
    |--Faujasininae S-VC91
    |    |--Faujasina d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 [=Faujassina Terquem 1882] LT64b
    |    |    `--*F. carinata d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839 C40
    |    |--Parrellina Thalmann 1951 [=Elphidioides Parr 1950 non Cushman 1945] LT64b
    |    |    |--*P. imperatrix (Brady 1881) [=Polystomella imperatrix, *Elphidioides imperatrix] LT64b
    |    |    `--P. craticulatiformis LT64b
    |    |--Porosorotalia Voloshinova 1958 [incl. Cribrorotalia Hornibrook 1961] LT64b
    |    |    |--*P. clarki (Voloshinova in Voloshinova & Dain 1952) [=Notorotalia clarki] LT64b
    |    |    `--P. tainuia (Dorreen 1948) [=Notorotalia tainuia, *Cribrorotalia tainuia] LT64b
    |    `--Polystomellina Yabe & Hanzawa 1923 [incl. Notorotalia Finlay 1939] LT64b
    |         |--*P. discorbinoides (Yabe & Hanzawa 1923) [=Polystomella (*Polystomellina) discorbinoides] LT64b
    |         |--‘Notorotalia’ clathrata C40
    |         |--‘Notorotalia’ howchini Q72
    |         |--‘Notorotalia’ stachei B49
    |         `--P. zelandica (Finlay 1939) [=*Notorotalia zelandica] LT64b
    `--Elphidiinae S-VC91
         |--Elphidiella Cushman 1936 LT64b
         |    `--*E. arctica (Parker & Jones in Brady 1864) [=Polystomella arctica] LT64b
         |--Laffitteina Marie 1946 LT64b
         |    `--*L. bibensis Marie 1946 LT64b
         |--Pellatispirella Hanzawa 1937 LT64b
         |    `--*P. matleyi (Vaughan 1929) [=Camerina matleyi] LT64b
         |--Cellanthus de Montfort 1808 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
         |    |--*C. craticulatus (Fichtel & Moll 1798) (se below for synonymy) LT64b
         |    `--C. gunterii (Cole 1931) S-VC91
         |--Ozawaia Cushman 1931 LT64b
         |    |--*O. tongaensis Cushman 1931 C40
         |    `--O. pacifica C40
         |--Protelphidium Haynes 1956 [incl. Porosononion Putrya in Voloshinova 1958] LT64b
         |    |--*P. hofkeri Haynes 1956 LT64b
         |    `--P. tuberculatum (d’Orbigny 1846) [=Nonionina tuberculata; incl. N. subgranosa Egger 1857] LT64b
         |--Cribroelphidium Cushman & Brönnimann 1948 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
         |    |--*C. vadescens Cushman & Brönnimann 1948 LT64b
         |    |--C. kugleri LT64b
         |    |--C. poeyanum (d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839) [=Polystomella poeyana, *Elphidiononion poeyanum] LT64b
         |    |--C. translucens (Natland 1938) [=C. spinatum var. translucens] S-VC91
         |    `--C. vulgare (Voloshinova in Voloshinova & Dain 1952) (see below for synonymy) LT64b
         |--Cribrononion Thalmann 1947 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
         |    |--*C. heteroporum (Egger 1857) [=Nonionina heteropora, Nonion (*Cribrononion) heteroporum] LT64b
         |    |--C. clarum (Krasheninnikov 1960) [=Canalifera (*Criptocanalifera) clara] LT64b
         |    |--C. eichwaldi (Bogdanovich in Serova 1955) [=Elphidium eichwaldi, *Canalifera eichwaldi] LT64b
         |    |--C. incertum LT64b
         |    |--C. kerguelense S05
         |    `--C. sandiegoensis Lankford 1973 S-VC91
         `--Elphidium de Montfort 1808 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
              |--*E. macellum (Fichtel & Moll 1798) (see below for synonymy) LT64b
              |--E. aculeatum S05 [=Polystomella aculeata H04]
              |--E. adventum S05
              |--‘Nautilus’ ambiguus Fichtel & Moll 1798 [=*Pelorus ambiguus] LT64b
              |--E. arcticum C40
              |--E. clavatum LT64a
              |--E. craticulatum S05
              |--E. crespinae Q72
              |--E. crispum (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy) LT64b
              |--E. depressulum S05
              |--E. discoidale LT64a
              |--E. fimbriatulum LT64a
              |--E. gibsoni H90
              |--E. gunteri LT64a
              |--E. incertum LT64a
              |    |--E. i. incertum LT64a
              |    `--E. i. mexicanum LT64a
              |--E. jenseni S05
              |--E. laminatum (Terquem 1878) [=Polystomella laminata, *Planoelphidium laminatum] LT64b
              |--E. lessonii C40
              |--E. macelliforme LJ98
              |--E. orbiculare LT64a
              |--E. oregonense BC79
              |--E. poeyanum LT64a
              |--E. repandus S05
              |--E. saginatum H90
              |--E. semiinvolutum Myatlyuk in Dabagyan, Myatlyuk & Pishvanova 1956 [=*Faujasinella semiinvoluta] LT64b
              |--E. strigillatum (Fichtel & Moll 1798) (see below for synonymy) LT64b
              |--E. subevolutum LT64b
              |--E. tenuissimum (Karrer 1865) [=Polystomella tenuissima, *Discorotalia tenuissima] LT64b
              |--E. terquemianum Le Calvez 1950 LT64b
              `--‘Polystomella’ venusta H04

Cellanthus de Montfort 1808 [=Carpenterella Krasheninnikov 1953 nec Collenette 1933 nec Bermúdez 1949, Cellulia Agassiz 1844, Helicoza Möbius 1880, Vorticialis Lamarck 1812] LT64b

*Cellanthus craticulatus (Fichtel & Moll 1798) [=Nautilus craticulatus, *Carpenterella craticulata, *Cellulia craticulata, Elphidiella craticulata, *Helicoza craticulata, Polystomella craticulata, *Vorticialis craticulatus] LT64b

Cribroelphidium Cushman & Brönnimann 1948 [=Cribroelphydium Tinoco 1955; incl. Elphidiononion Hofker 1951, Rimelphidium Voloshinova 1958] LT64b

Cribroelphidium vulgare (Voloshinova in Voloshinova & Dain 1952) [=Elphidium vulgare, C. (*Rimelphidium) vulgare] LT64b

Cribrononion Thalmann 1947 [incl. Canalifera Krasheninnikov 1960, Criptocanalifera Krasheninnikov 1960] LT64b

Elphidium de Montfort 1808 [=Geophonus de Montfort 1808, Ceophonus (l. c.), Geoponus Ehrenberg 1839; incl. Andromedes de Montfort 1808, Discorotalia Hornibrook 1961, Faujasinella Voloshinova 1958, Pelorus de Montfort 1808, Planoelphidium Voloshinova 1958, Polystomatium Ehrenberg 1839, Polystomella Lamarck 1822, Sporilus de Montfort 1808, Themeon de Montfort 1808, Themeone Berthold in Latreille 1827] LT64b

Elphidium crispum (Linnaeus 1758) [=Nautilus crispus, Polystomella crispa, *Themeon crispum; incl. T. rigatus de Montfort 1808] LT64b

*Elphidium macellum (Fichtel & Moll 1798) [=Nautilus macellus, *Geophonus macellus, Polystomella macella] LT64b

Elphidium strigillatum (Fichtel & Moll 1798) [=Nautilus strigillatus, *Andromedes strigillatus, *Polystomatium strigillatum, Polystomella strigillata, *Sporilus strigillatus] LT64b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B49] Battey, M. H. 1949. The geology of the Tuakau-Mercer area, Auckland. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 429–455.

[BC79] Berggren, W. A., & J. A. Van Couvering. 1979. Quaternary. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A505–A543. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[H90] Hayward, B. W. 1990. Use of foraminiferal data in analysis of Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 20: 71–83.

[LJ98] Li, Q., N. P. James, B. McGowran, Y. Bone & J. Cann. 1998. Synergetic influence of water masses and Kangaroo Island barrier on foraminiferal distribution, Lincoln and Lacepede shelves, South Australia: a synthesis. Alcheringa 22 (2): 153–176.

[LT64a] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964a. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LT64b] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964b. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[Q72] Quilty, P. G. 1972. The biostratigraphy of the Tasmanian marine Tertiary. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 106: 25–44.

[S-VC91] Segura-Vernis, L. R., & A. L. Carreño. 1991. Foraminíferos y ostrácodos de la Laguna de La Paz, Baja California Sur, México. Inv. Mar. CICIMAR 6 (1): 195–224.

[S05] Semeniuk, T. A. 2005. Fossil foraminiferal assemblages from Pleistocene seagrass-bank deposits of the southern Perth Basin, Western Australia, and their palaeotemperature implications. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 177–190.

Chilostomellidae

Allomorphina pacifica, from Brady (1884).

Belongs within: Rotaliida.

The Chilostomellidae are a group of trochospiral Foraminifera known from the Jurassic to the present day (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964, as Chilostomellinae): Test trochospiral, with few chambers to whorl, planispiral and involute; aperture interiomarginal on umbilical side.

<==Chilostomellidae [Chilostomellinae]
    |  i. s.: Quadrimorphina Finlay 1939 [=Gyromorphina Marie 1941; incl. Pallaimorphina Tappan 1957] LT64
    |           |--*Q. allomorphinoides (Reuss 1860) [=Valvulina allomorphinoides] LT64
    |           `--Q. ruckerae (Tappan 1957) [=*Pallaimorphina ruckerae] LT64
    |--Allomorphina Reuss in Cžjžek 1849 C40, LT64 [Allomorphininae]
    |    |--*A. trigona Reuss 1850 C40
    |    |--A. cretacea M08
    |    |--A. pacifica JW99
    |    `--A. paleocenica QS03
    `--+--Allomorphinella Cushman 1927 C04
       |    `--*A. contraria (Reuss 1851) [=Allomorphina contraria] LT64
       `--+--Chilostomelloides Cushman 1926 C40
          |    `--*C. oviformis (Sherborn & Chapman 1886) [=Lagena (Obliquina) oviformis] C40
          `--Chilostomella Reuss 1850 C40
               |--*C. ovoidea Reuss 1850 C40
               `--C. oolina Schwager 1878 H03

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[H03] Hanagata, S. 2003. Miocene-Pliocene Foraminifera from the Niigata oil-fields region, northeastern Japan. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 293–340.

[JW99] Jian, Z.-M., L.-J. Wang, M. Kienast, M. Sarnthein, W. Kuhnt, H.-L. Lin & P.-X. Wang. 1999. Benthic foraminiferal paleoceanography of the South China Sea over the last 40,000 years. Marine Geology 156: 159–186.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[M08] McMillan, I. K. 2008. Reappraisal of foraminiferal assemblages of the Santonia-Campanian Mzamba Formation type section, and their correlation with the stratigraphic succession of the KwaZulu Basin. African Natural History 4: 25–34.

[QS03] Quattrocchio, M. E., & W. A. S. Sarjeant. 2003. Dinoflagellates from the Chorrillo Chico Formation (Paleocene) of southern Chile. Ameghiniana 40 (2): 129–153.

Nummulitidae

Equatorial section of Nummulites laevigatus, copyright Missourian.

Belongs within: Rotaliida.

The Nummulitidae are a group of mostly planispiral Foraminifera with numerous median chambers known from the Upper Cretaceous to the present day. In members of the subfamily Nummulitinae, the median chambers are simple, whereas the Cycloclypeinae have the median chambers further subdivided into chamberlets (Loeblich & Tappan 1964b).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964b): Test normally planispiral, rarely with annular ephebic chambers; slightly asymmetrical to bilaterally symmetrical; involute or evolute; median chambers numerous, simple, or subdivided into chamberlets; complex canal system consisting of septal, marginal and vertical canals; aperture typically an arched slit at base of septa.

<==Nummulitidae [Camerinidae, Camerininae] LT64a
    |--Cycloclypeinae [Cycloclypidae] LT64b
    |    |--Spiroclypeus Douvillé 1905 LT64b
    |    |    |--*S. orbitoideus Douvillé 1905 C40
    |    |    `--S. tidoenganensis LT64b
    |    |--Heterostegina d’Orbigny 1826 [incl. Grzybowskia Bieda 1950, Heterosteginella Silvestri 1937 (n. n.)] LT64b
    |    |    |--*H. depressa d’Orbigny 1826 C40
    |    |    |--H. antillea LT64b
    |    |    `--‘*Grzybowskia’ multifida Bieda 1950 LT64b
    |    `--Cycloclypeus Carpenter 1856 [incl. Heteroclypeus Schubert 1906 non Cotteau 1891] LT64b
    |         |  i. s.: ‘Heterostegina’ cycloclypeus Silvestri 1905 [=*Heteroclypeus cycloclypeus] LT64b
    |         |         C. guembelianus C40
    |         |--C. (Cycloclypeus) LT64b
    |         |    |--*C. (C.) mammilatus Carpenter 1856 LT64b
    |         |    `--C. (C.) carpenteri C40
    |         |--C. (Katacycloclypeus Tan 1932) LT64b
    |         |    `--C. (*K.) annulatus Martin 1880 LT64b
    |         `--C. (Radiocycloclypeus Tan 1932) LT64b
    |              `--C. (*R.) stellatus Tan 1932 LT64b
    `--Nummulitinae LT64b
         |--Biplanispira Umbgrove 1937 [=Heterospira Umbgrove 1936 non Koken 1896] LT64b
         |    `--*B. mirabilis (Umbgrove 1937) [=*Heterospira mirabilis] LT64b
         |--Miscellanea Pfender 1935 LT64b
         |    `--*M. miscella (d’Archiac & Haime 1854) [=Nummulites miscella] LT64b
         |--Sulcoperculina Thalmann 1939 LT64b
         |    `--*S. dickersoni (Palmer 1934) LT64b (see below for synonymy)
         |--Pellatispira Boussac 1906 [incl. Vacuolispira Tan 1936] LT64b
         |    |--P. madaraszi (Hantken 1876) [=Nummulites madaraszi; incl. *P. douvillei Boussac 1906] LT64b
         |    `--P. inflata Umbgrove 1928 [=*Vacuolispira inflata] LT64b
         `--Nummulites Lamarck 1801 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
              |--*N. laevigatus (Bruguière 1792) (see below for synonymy) LT64b
              |--‘Operculina’ ammonea Leymerie 1846 [=*Frilla ammonea] LT64b
              |--‘Nautilus’ ammonoides Gronovius 1781 LT64b (see below for synonymy)
              |--‘Operculina’ bartschi C40
              |--N. beaumonti G92
              |--‘Camerina’ budensis C40
              |--N. chawneri (Palmer 1934) [=Camerina chawneri, *Paraspiroclypeus chawneri] LT64b
              |--N. complanata Lamarck 1804 [=*Discospora complanata, Paronia complanata] LT64b
              |--N. ‘complanatus’ (Defrance 1822) non Lamarck 1804 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
              |--‘Amphistegina’ cumingii Carpenter 1860 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
              |--N. curvispira G92
              |--‘Assilina’ discoidalis d’Orbigny 1826 C40
              |--N. discorbina G92
              |--‘Camerina’ elegans C40
              |--‘*Eoassilina’ elliptica Singh 1957 LT64b
              |--N. exponens (de Sowerby in Sykes 1840) [=Nummularia exponens, *Planocamerinoides exponens] LT64b
              |--N. fichteli G92
              |--‘*Phacites’ fossilis Blumenbach 1799 LT64b
              |--N. gizehensis G92
              |--‘Operculina’ granulosa d’Archiac 1847 C40, RB03 [=Assilina granulosa RB03]
              |--‘Nautilus’ lenticularis Fichtel & Moll 1798 [=*Guembelia lenticularis] LT64b
              |--‘*Lycophris lenticularis’ de Montfort 1808 non Nautilus lenticularis Fichtel & Moll 1798 LT64b
              |--N. nuttalli Daview 1927 [=*Ranikothalia nuttalli] LT64b
              |--N. orbiculatus H04
              |--N. planulatus O75
              |--‘Nummulina’ pristina Brady 1874 [=*Palaeonummulites pristinus] LT64b
              |--N. pulchellus G92
              |--‘Assilina’ spinosa Davies & Pinfold 1937 RB03
              |--N. spira de Roissy 1805 [=*Assilina spira] LT64b
              |--N. striatoreticulata LT64b
              |--N. tchihatcheffi d’Archiac & Haime 1853 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
              |--‘Operculina (*Nummulitoides)’ tessieri Abrard 1956 LT64b
              |--‘Camerina’ tuberculata Bruguière 1792 [=*Laharpia tuberculata] LT64b
              |--‘Assilina’ undata RB03
              |--N. venosus PH03
              |--‘Operculina’ victoriensis Q72
              |--N. wilcoxi Heilprin 1883 LT64b [=Operculina wilcoxi C40, *Operculinoides wilcoxi LT64b]
              `--+--N. crusafonti C-PR70
                 `--+--N. biedai C-PR70
                    `--N. puigsecensis C-PR70

‘Amphistegina’ cumingii Carpenter 1860 [=*Operculinella cumingii, *Pseudonummulites cumingii, *Verbeekia cumingii] LT64b

‘Nautilus’ ammonoides Gronovius 1781 LT64b [=*Neooperculinoides ammonoides LT64b, Operculina ammonoides LT64a]

Nummulites Lamarck 1801 (nom. cons.) [=Bruguieria Prever 1902, Camerina Brugière 1792, Cumerina (l. c.), Nummularia Sowerby & Sowerby 1826, Nummulina d’Orbigny 1826, Nummulita Fleming 1828; incl. Assilina d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839, Discospira Morris in Mantell 1850, Discospora (l. c.), Egeon Montfort 1808, Eoassilina Singh 1957, Frilla de Gregorio 1894, Guembelia Prever 1902, Hantkenia Prever 1902 non Munier-Chalmas in Fischer 1885, Helicites de Blainville 1824, Laharpia Prever 1902, Lycophris de Montfort 1808, Monetulites Ehrenberg 1855, Neooperculinoides Golev 1961, Nummulitoides Abrard 1956, Operculina d’Orbigny 1826, Operculinella Yabe 1908, Operculinoides Hanzawa 1935, Palaeonummulites Schubert 1908, Paraspiroclypeus Hanzawa 1937, Paronaea Prever 1902, Paronia Prever in Chelussi 1903 non Diamare 1900, Phacites Blumenbach 1799, Planocamerinoides Cole 1957, Pseudonummulites Silvestri 1937, Ranikothalia CAudri 1944, Verbeekia Silvestri 1908 non Fritsch 1877] LT64b

Nummulites ‘complanatus’ (Defrance 1822) non Lamarck 1804 [=Lenticulites complanatus, *Operculina complanata] LT64b

*Nummulites laevigatus (Bruguière 1792) [=*Camerina laevigata, *Nummularia laevigata, *Nummulina laevigata, *Nummulita laevigata] LT64b

Nummulites tchihatcheffi d’Archiac & Haime 1853 [=*Hantkenia tchihatcheffi, *Paronaea tchihatcheffi, *Paronia tchihatcheffi] LT64b

*Sulcoperculina dickersoni (Palmer 1934) LT64b [=Camerina dickersoni C40, Operculina (*Sulcoperculina) dickersoni C40]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C-PR70] Crusafont-Pairó, M., & S. Reguant. 1970. The nomenclature of intermediate forms. Systematic Zoology 19 (3): 254–257.

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G92] Gingerich, P. D. 1992. Marine mammals (Cetacea and Sirenia) from the Eocene of Gebel Mokattam and Fayum, Egypt: Stratigraphy, age, and paleoenvironments. University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 30: i–ix, 1–84.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[LT64a] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964a. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LT64b] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964b. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[O75] Owen, R. 1875. On fossil evidences of a sirenian mammal (Eotherium aegyptiacum, Owen) from the nummulitic Eocene of the Mokattam cliffs, near Cairo. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London 31: 100–105.

[PH03] Pawlowski, J., M. Holzmann, J. Fahrni & S. L. Richardson. 2003. Small subunit ribosomal DNA suggests that the xenophyophorean Syringammina corbicula is a foraminiferan. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 50: 483–487.

[Q72] Quilty, P. G. 1972. The biostratigraphy of the Tasmanian marine Tertiary. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 106: 25–44.

[RB03] Rage, J.-C., S. Bajpai, J. G. M. Thewissen & B. N. Tiwari. 2003. Early Eocene snakes from Kutch, western India, with a review of the Palaeophiidae. Geodiversitas 25 (4): 695–716.

Cymbaloporidae

Halkyardia minima, from Cardiff University.

Belongs within: Rotaliida.

The Cymbaloporidae are a group of trochospiral Foraminifera known from the Upper Cretaceous to the present day (Loeblich & Tappan 1964b).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964b): Test trochospiral, later chambers in annular series in single flat or conical layer; apertures numerous, variously arranged circular pores.

<==Cymbaloporidae
    |--Cymbalopora von Hagenow 1851 C40, LT64b
    |    `--*C. radiata von Hagenow 1851 LT64b
    `--+--Cymbaloporetta Cushman 1928 C40
       |    `--*C. squammosa (d’Orbigny in de la Sagra 1839) [=Rosalina squammosa] LT64b
       |--Cymbaloporella Cushman 1927 C40
       |    `--*C. tabellaeformis (Brady 1884) [=Cymbalopora tabellaeformis] LT64b
       `--Halkyardia Heron-Allen & Earland in Halkyard 1918 C40, LT64b
            |--*H. minima (Liebus 1911) [=Cymbalopora radiata var. minima] C40
            `--H. bikiniensis LT64b

Cymbaloporidae incertae sedis:
  Pyropilus Cushman 1934 C40
    `--*P. rotundatus Cushman 1934 C04
  Fabiania Silvestri 1924 [incl. Eodictyoconus Cole & Bermúdez 1944, Tschoppina Keijzer 1945] LT64b
    |--*F. cassis (Oppenheim 1896) [=Patella (Cymbiola) cassis] LT64b
    `--F. cubensis (Cushman & Bermúdez 1936) (see below for synonymy) LT64b
  Gunteria Cushman & Ponton 1933 LT64a, C40
    `--*G. floridana Cushman & Ponton 1933 C40
  Archaecyclus Silvestri 1908 LT64b
    `--*A. cenomaniana (Seguenza 1882) [=Planorbulina cenomaniana] LT64b
  Eofabiania Küpper 1955 LT64b
    `--*E. grahami Küpper 1955 LT64b

Fabiania cubensis (Cushman & Bermúdez 1936) [=Pseudorbitolina cubensis, *Eodictyoconus cubensis, *Tschoppina cubensis] LT64b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[LT64a] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964a. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LT64b] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964b. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

Eponididae

Dorsal (left) and ventral views of Eponides repandus, from here.

Belongs within: Rotaliida.

The Eponididae are a group of free-living Foraminifera known from the Palaeocene to the present day (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Test free, low trochospiral coil or may be uncoiled; aperture basal or areal, single or multiple, may be covered by plate or spongy material.

<==Eponididae
    |--Sestronophora Loeblich & Tappan 1957 [=Sestranophora (l. c.)] LT64
    |    `--*S. arnoldi Loeblich & Tappan 1957 LT64
    |--Cincoriola Haque 1958 [=Punjabia Haque 1956 non Eames 1952] LT64
    |    `--*C. ovoidea (Haque 1956) [=*Punjabia ovoidea] LT64
    |--Cribrogloborotalia Cushman & Bermúdez 1936 LT64
    |    `--*C. marielina Cushman & Bermúdez 1936 LT64
    |--Hofkerina Chapman & Parr 1931 LT64
    |    `--*H. semiornata (Howchin 1889) [=Pulvinulina semiornata] LT64
    |--Neocribrella Cushman 1928 LT64
    |    `--*N. globigerinoides (Parker & Jones 1865) [=Discorbina globigerinoides] LT64
    |--Neoeponides Reiss 1960 [=Cyclospira Eimer & Fickert 1899 non Hall & Clarke 1893] LT64
    |    `--*N. schreibersii 9d’Orbigny 1846) [=Rotalina schreibersii, *Cyclospira schreibersii] LT64
    |--Paumotua Loeblich 1952 LT64
    |    `--*P. terebra (Cushman 1933) [=Eponides terebra] LT64
    |--Planopulvinulina Schubert 1921 LT64
    |    `--*P. dispansa (Brady 1884) [=Pulvinulina dispansa] LT64
    |--Poroeponides Cushman 1944 LT64
    |    `--*P. lateralis (Terquem 1878) [=Rosalina lateralis] LT64
    |--Pseudogloborotalia Haque 1956 LT64
    |    `--*P. ranikotensis Haque 1956 LT64
    |--Rectoeponides Cushman & Bermúdez 1936 LT64
    |    `--*R. cubensis Cushman & Bermúdez 1936 LT64
    |--Cibicorbis Hadley 1934 [incl. Sakhiella Haque 1956] LT64
    |    |--*C. herricki Hadley 1934 LT64
    |    `--C. nammalensis (Haque 1956) [=*Sakhiella nammalensis] LT64
    `--Eponides de Montfort 1808 (see below for synonymy) LT64
         |--*E. repandus (Fichtel & Moll 1798) (see below for synonymy) LT64
         |--E. chalilovi BL79
         |--E. frigidus M62
         |--‘Pulvinulina’ insignis Chapman 1909 F71
         |--E. lornensis (Finlay 1939) [=*Eponidopsis lornensis] LT64
         |--E. morani BL79
         |--E. tenera C40
         `--E. wassoewici BL79

Eponides de Montfort 1808 [=Pulvinulina Parker & Jones in Carpenter, Parker & Jones 1862, Pulvinulus Lamarck 1816; incl. Eponidopsis Reiss 1960, Placentula Lamarck 1822] LT64

*Eponides repandus (Fichtel & Moll 1798) [=Nautilus repandus, *Pulvinulina repanda, *Pulvinulus repandus; incl. *Placentula pulvinata Lamarck 1822] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BL79] Basov, V. A., B. G. Lopatin, I. S. Gramberg, A. I. Danjushevskaya, V. Ya. Kaban’kov, V. M. Lazurkin & D. K. Patrunov. 1979. Lower Cretaceous lithostratigraphy near Galicia Bank. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 47: 683–717.

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.

Homotrematidae

Examples of Carpenteria proteiformis, from Cushman (1921).

Belongs within: Rotaliida.

The Homotrematidae are a group of attached Foraminifera known from the Upper Cretaceous to the present day (Loeblich & Tappan 1964b).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964b): Test attached, early chambers irregularly trochospiral, later variously modified; wall coarsely perforate.

<==Homotrematidae
    |--Homotrematidae LT64b
    |    |--Homotrema Hickson 1911 C40
    |    |    `--*H. rubrum (Lamarck 1816) [=Millepora rubra] C40
    |    |--Sporadotrema Hickson 1911 LT64b
    |    |    `--*S. cylindricum (Carter 1880) [=Polytrema cylindricum] C40
    |    `--Miniacina Galloway 1933 [incl. Pustularia Gray 1848 non Swainson 1840] LT64b
    |         |--*M. miniacea (Pallas 1766) LT64b [=Millepora miniacea C40, Polytrema mineaccum LT64a]
    |         `--‘*Pustularia’ rosea Gray 1858 LT64b
    `--Victoriellinae [Victoriellidae] LT64a
         |--Victoriella Chapman & Crespin 1930 C40
         |    `--V. conoidea (Rutten 1914) (see below for synonymy) LT64b
         |--Maslinella Glaessner & Wade 1959 LT64b
         |    `--*M. chapmani Glaessner & Wade 1959 LT64b
         |--Eorupertia Yabe & Hanzawa 1925 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
         |    |--*E. boninensis (Yabe & Hanzawa 1922) [=*Uhligina boninensis] LT64b
         |    |--E. magna (Le Calvez 1949) [=*Gyroidinella magna] LT64b
         |    `--‘Gyroidina’ protea Cushman & Bermúdez 1937 [=*Neogyroidina protea] LT64b
         `--Carpenteria Gray 1858 LT64b (see below for synonymy)
              |--*C. balaniformis Gray 1858 C40
              |--‘*Rhaphidodendron’ album Möbius 1876 (n. d.) LT64b
              |--C. conica (Belford 1960) [=*Haerella conica] LT64b
              |--C. cubana (Cushman & Bermúdez 1936) [=*Neocarpenteria cubana] LT64b
              |--C. monticularis VV77
              |--C. proteiformis C40
              |--C. rotaliformis Q72
              |--C. truncata (Bermúdez 1949) [=*Carpenterella truncata, *Bermudezella truncata] LT64b
              `--C. utricularis C40

Carpenteria Gray 1858 LT64b [incl. Bermudezella Thalmann 1951 LT64b, Carpenterella Bermúdez 1949 non Collenette 1933 LT64b, Haerella Belford 1960 LT64b, Neocarpenteria Cushman & Bermúdez 1936 LT64b, Rhaphidodendron Möbius 1876 C40, LT64b]

Eorupertia Yabe & Hanzawa 1925 [=Uhligina Yabe & Hanzawa 1922 non Schubert 1899; incl. Gyroidinella Le Calvez 1949, Neogyroidina Bermúdez 1949] LT64b

Victoriella conoidea (Rutten 1914) [=Carpenteria conoidea; incl. C. proteiformis var. plecte Chapman 1921, *Victoriella plecte] LT64b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[LT64a] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964a. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LT64b] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964b. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[Q72] Quilty, P. G. 1972. The biostratigraphy of the Tasmanian marine Tertiary. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 106: 25–44.

[VV77] Vervoort, W., & P. Vasseur. 1977. Hydroids from French Polynesia with notes on distribution and ecology. Zoologische Verhandelingen 159: 1–98.

Dicyclinidae

Specimens of Orbitopsella praecursor, from Museo Paleontologico e Preistorico "Piero Leonardi".

Belongs within: Lituolidae.

The Dicyclinidae are a group of discoidal or low conical forams known from the Jurassic (or possibly Upper Triassic) to the Middle Eocene (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Test free, discoidal or depressed conical, chambers cyclical; wall of finely agglutinated calcareous particles, with imperforate epidermis; aperture multiple, peripheral.

Dicyclinidae LT64
    |--Cyclolininae LT64
    |    |--Cyclolina d’Orbigny 1846 LT64
    |    |    `--*C. cretacea d’Orbigny 1846 LT64
    |    |--Ammocycloloculina Maync 1958 LT64
    |    |    `--*A. erratica (Joukowsky & Favre 1913) [=Spirocyclina erratica] LT64
    |    `--Cyclopsinella Galloway 1933 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |         `--*C. steinmanni (Munier-Chalmas 1887) [=*Cyclopsina steinmanni] LT64
    `--Dicyclininae LT64
         |--Dicyclina Munier-Chalmas 1887 LT64
         |    `--*D. schlumbergeri Munier-Chalmas 1887 LT64
         |--Broeckinella Henson 1948 LT64
         |    `--*B. arabica Henson 1948 LT64
         |--Coskinolinella Delmas & Deloffre 1961 LT64
         |    `--*C. daguini Delmas & Deloffre 1961 LT64
         |--Dohaia Henson 1948 LT64
         |    `--*D. planata Henson 1948 LT64
         |--Mangashtia Henson 1948 LT64
         |    `--*M. viennoti Henson 1948 LT64
         |--Orbitolinella Henson 1948 LT64
         |    `--*O. depressa Henson 1948 LT64
         |--Qataria Henson 1948 LT64
         |    `--*Q. dukhani Henson 1948 LT64
         |--Saudia Henson 1948 LT64
         |    `--*S. discoidea Henson 1948 LT64
         |--Zekritia Henson 1948 LT64
         |    `--*Z. langhami Henson 1948 LT64
         `--Orbitopsella Munier-Chalmas 1902 [incl. Coskinolinopsis Henson 1948] LT64
              |--*O. praecursor (Gümbel 1872) (see below for synonymy) LT64
              `--O. primaeva (Henson 1948) [=*Coskinolinopsis primaevus] LT64

Cyclopsinella Galloway 1933 [=Cycloclypsinella (l. c.), Cyclopsina Munier-Chalmas 1887 non Milne-Edwards 1840] LT64

*Orbitopsella praecursor (Gümbel 1872) [=Orbitulites praecursor; incl. Orbitulites circumvulvata Gümbel 1872] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.