Petalidium

Petalidium rautanenii, copyright Erin Tripp.

Belongs within: Acanthoideae.

Petalidium, petal-bushes, is a genus of shrubs found in drier regions of Africa and India.

Characters (from Flora of Tropical Africa): Small, shrubby. Leaves entire. Pedicels to flowers very short; inflorescence of contracted monopodial cymes, often reduced to single flowers, of which many branches are often sterile and carrying linear (often long ciliate) bracts. Bract small, narrow, or absent; bracteoles large, ovate or elliptic, concave, enclosing calyx, ultimately more or less scarious and reticulately veined. Calyx small; segments lanceolate or linear, 2 anticous connate 1/4 their length or nearly to the tip. Corolla usually small; tube straight or curved, dilated in upper half or only funnel-shaped at very top; segments 5, contorted in bud, usually nearly equal, two-lipped or not. Stamens 4, subsimilar; filaments nearly glabrous except at the base; anther-cells parallel, subequal, base short-tailed apiculate or muticous; pollen ellipsoid, longitudinally few ribbed, stopples 3, with (nearly always) 1 tubercle above and below each stopple. Style thinly hairy; stigmatic arms linear-oblong, subequal or unequal, rarely one obsolete. Ovary with 2 ovules in each cell, glabrous. Capsule small, commonly 1/4 inch long, sessile, ovate or ellipsoid, compressed, hard, brown, shining, woody throughout, placentæ with seeds rising elastically from the base of the capsule. Seeds 4 or more often 2, with numerous hygroscopic hairs.

<==Petalidium [incl. Pseudobarleria] SV00
    |--P. canescens CV06
    |--P. cymbiforme CV06
    |--P. giessii CV06
    |--P. glandulosum SV00
    |--P. lanatum CV06
    |--P. linifolium CV06
    |--P. luteo-album CV06
    |--P. ohopohense CV06
    |--P. pilosi-bracteolatum CV06
    |--P. ramulosum CV06
    |--P. rautanenii CV06
    `--P. subcrispum CV06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[SV00] Scotland, R. W., & K. Vollesen. 2000. Classification of Acanthaceae. Kew Bulletin 55 (3): 513–589.

Justicia

Justicia goudotii, copyright Instituto Darwinion.

Belongs within: Justiciinae.

Justicia, shrimp plants, is a pantropical genus of herbs and shrubs with tubular flowers commonly borne in dense inflorescences.

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annual, perennial or shrub. Inflorescence generally a spike or raceme. Flower with corolla two-lipped, tube longer than lips, wider upward, upper lip notched or two-lobed, lower lip three-lobed; stamens 2, generally appressed to upper lip, anther sacs unequally placed on filament, opening toward lower lip, generally at least lower sac spurred. Fruit club-shaped, stalk flattened. Seeds 4, outlined on fruit surface.

Justicia (see below for synonymy) SV00
    `--J. sect. Chaetothylax [incl. Pelecostemon Leonard 1958] W09
         |--J. albicans Wood 2009 [=Chaetothylax leucanthus Leonard 1958 non J. leucantha Schrank 1824] W09
         |--J. goudotii Graham 1988 [=Chaetothylax umbrosus non J. umbrosa] W09
         |--J. haughtii (Leonard) Wood 2009 [=Chaetothylax haughtii Leonard 1958] W09
         |--J. huilensis (Leonard) Wood 2009 [=Chaetothylax huilensis Leonard 1958] W09
         `--J. trianae (Leonard) Wood 2009 [=*Pelecostemon trianae Leonard 1958] W09

Justicia incertae sedis:
  J. adhatoda BB07
  ‘Rostellularia’ adscendens LK14
    |--R. a. var. adscendens LK14
    |--R. a. var. clementii LK14
    `--R. a. var. largiflorens LK14
  J. americana SV00
  J. amphibola (Leonard) Wood 2009 [=Jacobinia amphibola Leonard 1958] W09
  J. asystasioides SV00
  J. aurea SV00
  J. axiologa (Leonard) Wood 2009 [=Jacobinia axiologa Leonard 1958] W09
  J. bentii SV00
  J. brasiliana SV00
  J. californica [=Beloperone californica] H93
  J. caudata SV00
  J. cuneata CV06
    |--J. c. ssp. cuneata CV06
    `--J. c. ssp. hoerleiniana CV06
  J. diffusa P03
  J. gendarussa BB07
  J. guerkeana CV06
  ‘Adhatoda’ hyssopifolia C55
  J. kempeana BR65
  J. littoralis Wood 2009 [=Jacobinia lindaviana Rusby 1920 non Justicia lindaviana Leonard 1953] W09
  J. longii SV00
  J. magdalenensis Wood 2009 [=J. disparifolia Wood 1988 non Urb. & Ekman 1929] W09
  J. mirabiloides SV00
  J. odora E09
  J. origanoides G01
  J. pilosella SV00
  J. platysepala CV06
  J. procumbens BR65
  J. quinquangularis VB02
  J. simplex PP07
  J. spicigera SV00
  J. vahlii PP07
  ‘Adhatoda’ vasica SDK05

Justicia [incl. Acelica, Adhatoda, Amphiscopia, Anisostachya, Aulojusticia, Beloperone, Bentia, Calliaspidia, Calophanoides, Calymmostachya, Chaetochlamys, Chaetothylopsis, Chiloglossa, Corymbostachys, Cyphisia, Cyrtanthera, Cyrtantherella, Dianthera, Dimanisa, Drejera, Drejerella, Duvernoia, Dyspemptemorion, Emularia, Ethesia, Gendarussa, Glosarithys, Harnieria, Heinzelia, Hemichoriste, Heteraspidia, Ixtlania, Jacobinia, Kuestera, Libonia, Linocalyx, Leptostachya, Lophothecium, Lustrinia, Mananthes, Neohallia, Nicoteba, Orthotactus, Parajusticia, Petalanthera, Plagiacanthus, Plegmatolemma, Porphyrocoma, Psacadocalymma, Rhacodiscus, Rhaphidospora, Rhipidosperma, Rhyticalymma, Rhytiglossa, Rodatia, Rostellularia, Saglorithys, Salviacanthus, Sarojusticia, Sarotheca, Sericographis, Simonisia, Siphonoglossa, Solenochasma, Stethoma, Tabascina, Thamnojusticia, Tyloglossa] SV00

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BB07] Baishya, A. K., & P. J. Bora. 2007. Cross community ethno-medico botany of Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve, Assam. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 121–154.

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[E09] Ensermu K. 2009. Three new species of Acanthaceae from Ethiopia. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 57–65.

[G01] Gorham, H. S. 1901. Descriptions of genera and species of Coleoptera from South Africa (continued). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 401–415.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[SV00] Scotland, R. W., & K. Vollesen. 2000. Classification of Acanthaceae. Kew Bulletin 55 (3): 513–589.

[SDK05] Sharma, L. K., N. K. Dadhich & A. Kumar. 2005. Plant based veterinary medicine from traditional knowledge of India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 43–52.

[VB02] Vijay, S. K., & T. N. Bhardwaja. 2002. Vegetation and phenodynamics of wetlands of central Rajasthan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 573–581.

[W09] Wood, J. R. I. 2009. New names, combinations and synonyms in Justicia and Stenostephanus (Acanthaceae). Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 49–55.

Stenostephanus

Stenostephanus, possibly S. sanguineus, copyright Andreas Kay.

Belongs within: Justiciinae.

Stenostephanus is a genus of perennial herbs and shrubs found in tropical regions of the Americas.

Stenostephanus (see below for synonymy) W09
    |--S. aglaus (Leonard) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus aglaus Leonard 1958] W09
    |--S. ampelinus (Leonard) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus ampelinus Leonard 1958; incl. H. xantholeucas Leonard 1958] W09
    |--S. atropurpureus (Lindau) Wood 2009 (see below for synonymy) W09
    |--S. charien (Leonard) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus charien Leonard 1958] W09
    |--S. charitopes (Leonard) Wood 2009 (see below for synonymy) W09
    |--S. cleefii (Wassh.) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus cleefii Wassh. 1977] W09
    |--S. crenulatus SV00
    |--S. cuatrecasasii (Leonard) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus cuatrecasasii Leonard 1958] W09
    |--S. cyaneus (Lindau) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus cyaneus Lindau 1897] W09
    |--S. davidsonii Wassh. 1999 W09
    |--S. diversicolor (Lindau) Wood 2009 (see below for synonymy) W09
    |--S. enarthrocomus (Leonard) Wood 2009 (see below for synonymy) W09
    |--S. floriferus (Leonard) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus floriferus Leonard 1958] W09
    |--S. hispidulus (Leonard) Wood 2009 (see below for synonymy) W09
    |--S. kirkbridei (Wassh.) Wood 2009 (see below for synonymy) W09
    |--S. lamprus (Leonard) Wood 2009 (see below for synonymy) W09
    |--S. lasiostachys Nees in DC. 1847 [incl. Gastranthus schlechtendalii Moritz ex Benth. 1873] W09
    |--S. latifolius (Wassh.) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus latifolius Wassh. 1984] W09
    |--S. leonardianus (Wood) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus leonardianus Wood 1988] W09
    |--S. macrochilus (Lindau) Wood 2009 (see below for synonymy) W09
    |--S. macrolobus (Lindau) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus macrolobus Lindau 1922] W09
    |--S. magdalenensis (Wassh.) Wood 2009 (see below for synonymy) W09
    |--S. maximus (Wood) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus maximus Wood 1988] W09
    |--S. pilosus (Leonard) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus pilosus Leonard 1958] W09
    |--S. puberulus Lindau 1897 [=Habracanthus puberulus (Lindau) Wood 1988; incl. H. smithii Leonard 1958] W09
    |--S. putumayensis (Leonard) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus putumayensis Leonard 1958] W09
    |--S. pycnostachys (Leonard) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus pycnostachys Leonard 1958] W09
    |--S. racemosus (Wood) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus racemosus Wood 1988] W09
    |--S. reflexiflorus (Leonard) Wood 2009 [=Glockeria reflexiflora Leonard 1941] W09
    |--S. sanguineus (Nees) Wassh. 1999 (see below for synonymy) W09
    |--S. scolnikae (Leonard) Wood 2009 (see below for synonymy) W09
    |--S. syscius (Leonard) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus syscius Leonard 1958; incl. H. trichotus Leonard 1958] W09
    |--S. tachirensis (Wassh.) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus tachirensis Wassh. 1987] W09
    |--S. thyrsoides SV00
    |--S. xanthothrix (Leonard) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus xanthothrix Leonard 1958] W09
    `--S. zuliensis (Wassh.) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus zuliensis Wassh. 1987] W09

Stenostephanus [incl. Cylindrosolenium, Galeottia, Gastranthus, Habracanthus, Hansteinia, Kalbreyeracanthus, Syringidium] W09

Stenostephanus atropurpureus (Lindau) Wood 2009 [=Syringidium purpureum Lindau 1922, Habracanthus atropurpureus (Lindau) Wood 1988, Kalbreyeracanthus atropurpureus (Lindau) Wassh. 1981] W09

Stenostephanus charitopes (Leonard) Wood 2009 [=Hansteinia charitopes Leonard 1958, Habracanthus charitopes (Leonard) Wood 1988] W09

Stenostephanus diversicolor (Lindau) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus diversicolor Lindau 1897; incl. H. antipharmacus Leonard 1958, H. malacus Wassh. 1984] W09

Stenostephanus enarthrocomus (Leonard) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus enarthrocoma Leonard 1953; incl. H. killipii Leonard 1958] W09

Stenostephanus hispidulus (Leonard) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus hispidulus Leonard 1958; incl. H. erythranthus Leonard 1958, H. heliophilus Leonard 1958] W09

Stenostephanus kirkbridei (Wassh.) Wood 2009 [=Kalbreyeracanthus kirkbridei Wassh. 1985, Habracanthus kirkbridei (Wassh.) Wood 1988] W09

Stenostephanus lamprus (Leonard) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus lamprus Leonard 1958; incl. H. congestus Leonard 1958, H. corei Leonard 1958] W09

Stenostephanus macrochilus (Lindau) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus macrochilus Lindau 1897; incl. H. puniceus Wassh. 1987, H. sanctae-martae Wassh. 1977] W09

Stenostephanus magdalenensis (Wassh.) Wood 2009 [=Hansteinia magdalenensis Wassh. 1985, Habracanthus magdalenensis (Wassh.) Wood 1988; incl. Han. magdalenensis var. pilosa Wassh. 1985] W09

Stenostephanus sanguineus (Nees) Wassh. 1999 [=Habracanthus sanguineus Nees 1847; incl. H. callianthus Leonard 1958, H. hylobius Leonard 1958, H. microcalyx Leonard 1958, H. oresbius Leonard 1958] W09

Stenostephanus scolnikae (Leonard) Wood 2009 [=Habracanthus scolnikae Leonard 1958; incl. H. caucensis Leonard 1958, H. pennellii Leonard 1958] W09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[SV00] Scotland, R. W., & K. Vollesen. 2000. Classification of Acanthaceae. Kew Bulletin 55 (3): 513–589.

[W09] Wood, J. R. I. 2009. New names, combinations and synonyms in Justicia and Stenostephanus (Acanthaceae). Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 49–55.

Strobilanthes

Persian shield Strobilanthes dyerianus, copyright Kristine Paulus.

Belongs within: Acanthoideae.

Strobilanthes is a diverse genus of flowering plants, mostly herbs and shrubs, found in tropical regions of Asia.

Characters (from Flora of China): Herbs, subshrubs, shrubs, or rarely small trees, isophyllous or weakly to strongly anisophyllous, woody species commonly pliestesial (living for several years then dying after flowering and fruiting). Stems and branches usually 4-angled, often sulcate, basally becoming woody and hollow with age. Leaves opposite, petiolate or sessile; leaf blade adaxially usually with prominent linear cystoliths and sometimes also abaxially, margin variously dentate, serrate, crenate, undulate, or entire. Inflorescences axillary and/or terminal, bracteate heads, headlike clusters, spikes (sometimes distinctly secund), or less commonly of pedicellate flowers forming an open panicle; sterile bracts usually resembling reduced leaves and often present in compound inflorescences; floral bracts usually different from leaves, persistent or caducous as flowers open, very variable in size and shape, sometimes of two types with basal sterile bracts (outermost bracts in a capitate inflorescence) differing from inner or apical fertile ones; bracteoles 2 per pedicel, usually small, sometimes absent. Calyx usually 5-lobed to base, commonly accrescent in fruit; lobes equal or with middle one distinctly longer than others, sometimes partially fused to form a bipartite or tripartite calyx. Corolla nearly always bluish, rarely white, yellow, or pink, tubular or funnel-shaped, inside usually glabrous apart from trichomes retaining style; tube either gradually widened from base or narrowly cylindric and then abruptly widened, campanulate or gibbous; limb 5-lobed; lobes usually ovate, equal or subequal, spreading, contorted in bud. Stamens usually 4 and didynamous (rarely 2, 2 fertile with 2 staminodes, or 4 fertile with a central staminode), basally monadelphous; usually 2 filaments distinctly longer than other 2; anthers included or exserted, bithecous; thecae oblong or subspherical, parallel, erect or incurved, glabrous, basally muticous, rarely with connective extended to a mucronate tip; pollen spherical or ellipsoid, echinulate and/or variously ribbed, usually tricolporate. Ovary oblong to obovoid, 2-locular, with 2(-8) ovules per locule; style filiform, long, slender, simple, sometimes persistent after corolla falls, retained in place by trichomes on one side of corolla tube; stigma 2-cleft with one branch longer. Capsule characteristically oblong to narrowly obovoid but sometimes fusiform to narrowly ellipsoid, (2-)4(-16)-seeded; retinacula strong, curved. Seeds usually ovate or orbicular in outline and lenticular by being flattened, usually pubescent with appressed mucilaginous trichomes which become spreading when wetted, trichomes caducous in a very few species with seed glabrescent; areola usually very small but occasionally extending as a glabrous area over much of seed surface.

<==Strobilanthes WS09 (see below for synonymy)
    |--S. accrescens WS09
    |--S. affinis [=Tarphochlamys affinis] WS09
    |--S. apoensis (Elmer) Merr. 1923 (see below for synonymy) WS09
    |--S. assimulata [=Psacadopaepale assimulata] WS09
    |--S. atropurpurea WS09
    |--S. auriculata WS09
    |--S. autapomorpha WS09
    |--S. axilliflora WS09
    |--S. barisanensis (Bremek.) Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 (see below for synonymy) WS09
    |--S. bilabiata Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 WS09
    |--S. borii Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 WS09
    |--S. calcicola WS09
    |--S. calycina SV00
    |--S. candida WS09
    |--S. capitata WS09
    |--S. celebica (Bremek.) Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 (see below for synonymy) WS09
    |--S. chaffonjonii SV00
    |--S. chrysodelta Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 WS09
    |--S. consanguinea SV00
    |--S. crispa WS09
    |--S. cruciata (Bremek.) Terao 1980 [=Tetragoga cruciata Bremek. 1944; incl. T. nagaensis Bremek. 1944] WS09
    |--S. cuneata WS09
    |--S. cusia [=Baphiacanthus cusia] WS09
    |--S. cuspidatus VD03c
    |--S. decipiens WS09
    |--S. diandra (Nees) Alston 1931 (see below for synonymy) VA06
    |--S. disparifolia Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 WS09
    |--S. dupeni Bedd. ex Clarke 1884 [incl. *Kanjarum palghatense Ramamurthy 1971] VD03b
    |--S. dyerianus SV00
    |--S. echinata WS09
    |--S. erecta [incl. S. orbicularis] WS09
    |--S. exsertus Clarke 1884 [=Stenosiphonium zeylanicum Anderson 1867] VD03a
    |--S. filiformis WS09
    |--S. flexicaulis WS09
    |--S. fragrans Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 WS09
    |--S. fusca Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 WS09
    |--S. gardneriana VA06
    |--S. gigantoides WS09
    |--S. glabrata WS09
    |--S. glomerata WS09
    |--S. gossypina Anderson 1867 WS09
    |--S. helicoides VA06
    |--S. henryi [=Paragutzlaffia henryi] WS09
    |--S. hookeri SV00
    |--S. hossei WS09
    |--S. humilis VA06
    |--S. hypomalla WS09
    |--S. inflata WS09
    |--S. insularis WS09
    |--S. involucrata WS09
    |--S. isophyllus B00
    |--S. jeyporensis VA06
    |--S. kjellbergii Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 (see below for synonymy) WS09
    |--S. koordersii WS09
    |--S. kunthiana WS09
    |--S. labordei WS09
    |--S. lamiifolia WS09
    |--S. lanatus [incl. S. gossypinus] VD03c
    |--S. lancifolia SV00
    |--S. lanyuensis WS09
    |--S. lawsoni Gamble 1923 (see below for synonymy) VD03c
    |--S. longipedunculata Terao ex Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 WS09
    |--S. longistaminea Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 WS09
    |--S. lurida SV00
    |--S. maculata SV00
    |--S. mastersii WS09
    |--S. microcarpa WS09
    |--S. mogokensis WS09
    |--S. multangula WS09
    |--S. muratae Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 WS09
    |--S. neilgherrensis VD05
    |--S. orientalis Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 WS09
    |--S. panichanga WS09
    |--S. paniculiformis WS09
    |--S. parvifolia Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 WS09
    |--S. pentstemonoides WS09
    |--S. persicifolia (Lindl.) Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 (see below for synonymy) WS09
    |    |--S. p. f. persicifolia WS09
    |    `--S. p. f. isophylla (Nees) Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 (see below for synonymy) WS09
    |--S. pterygorrhachis WS09
    |--S. pulneyensis Clarke in Hooker 1884 (see below for synonymy) VD05
    |--S. pusilla Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 WS09
    |--S. ramulosa Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 WS09
    |--S. refracta WS09
    |--S. renschiae WS09
    |--S. rhamnifolia SV00
    |--S. rhombifolia WS09
    |--S. rufescens WS09
    |--S. rufopaupera WS09
    |--S. sabiniana WS09
    |--S. schomburgkii (Craib) Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 (see below for synonymy) WS09
    |--S. sessilis VD03b
    |--S. simonsii Anderson 1867 WS09
    |--S. simplex WS09
    |--S. stenodon WS09
    |--S. straminea WS09
    |--S. sulawesiana Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 (see below for synonymy) WS09
    |--S. tanakae Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 WS09
    |--S. tashiroi WS09
    |--S. teraoi WS09
    |--S. tetracantha WS09
    |--S. tibetica WS09
    |--S. tomentosa (Nees) Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 (see below for synonymy) WS09
    |--S. trichantha Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 WS09
    |--S. urceolaris WS09
    |--S. urophylla WS09
    |--S. vallicola WS09
    |--S. walkeri SV00
    |--S. warburgii WS09
    |--S. wardiana Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 WS09
    |--S. wilsonii WS09
    |--S. winckelii WS09
    |--S. zenkeriana WS09
    `--S. zeylanica WS09

Strobilanthes WS09 [incl. Adenacanthus SV00, Adenostachya SV00, Baphiacanthus WS09, Buteraea SV00, Ctgenopaepale SV00, Didyplosandra SV00, Diflugossa SV00, Ditrichospermum SV00, Dossifluga SV00, Echinopaepale WS09, Endopogon SV00, Eriostrobilus SV00, Gutzlaffia WS09, Gymapsis SV00, Hymenochlaena SV00, Kanjarum Ramamurthy 1971 VD03b, Kjellbergia SV00, Lamiacanthus SV00, Larsenia SV00, Leptacanthus WS09, Lissospermum SV00, Listrobanthes SV00, Mackenziea SV00, Microstrobilus SV00, Nilgirianthus SV00, Pachystrobilus SV00, Parachampionella SV00, Paragoldfussia SV00, Paragutzlaffia WS09, Parastrobilanthes SV00, Parasympagis SV00, Perilepta SV00, Phlebophyllum Nees 1832 SV00, C49, Pleocaulus SV00, Psacadopaepale WS09, Pseudaechmanthera SV00, Pseudostenosiphonium WS09, Pteroptychia SV00, Pyrrothrix SV00, Semnostachya SV00, Semnothyrsus SV00, Sinthroblastes SV00, Supushpa SV00, Sympagis SV00, Taeniandra SV00, Tarphochlamys WS09, Tetraglochidium SV00, Tetragoga SV00, Tetragompha SV00, Thelepaepale SV00, Triaenacanthus SV00, Xanthostachya SV00]

Strobilanthes apoensis (Elmer) Merr. 1923 [=Hypoestes apoensis Elmer 1915, Goldfussia apoensis (Elmer) Bremek. 1944; incl. Strobilanthes boholensis Merr. 1926, Echinopaepale javanica Bremek. 1944, Hypoestes sibulanensis Elmer 1915, Strobilanthes sibulanensis (Elmer) Merr. 1926] WS09

Strobilanthes barisanensis (Bremek.) Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 [=Paragoldfussia barisanensis Bremek. 1944; incl. P. caroensis Bremek. 1944] WS09

Strobilanthes celebica (Bremek.) Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 [=Sericocalyx celebicus Bremek. 1944, Se. celebicus var. caudatus Bremek 1944; incl. Se. celebicus var. calcitrapa Bremek. 1944] WS09

Strobilanthes diandra (Nees) Alston 1931 [=Stenosiphonium diandrum Nees 1847, Str. diandrus, Str. exareolatus Clarke 1884] VA06

Strobilanthes kjellbergii Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 [=Kjellbergia celebica Bremek. 1948 non S. celebica (Bremek.) Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009] WS09

Strobilanthes lawsoni Gamble 1923 [=Phlebophyllum lawsoni (Gamble) Bremekamp 1944; incl. S. pushpangadanii Kumar et al. 2002] VD03c

Strobilanthes persicifolia (Lindl.) Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 [=Ruellia persicifolia Lindl. 1826; incl. R. anisophylla Loddiges 1826, Goldfussia anisophylla (Loddiges) Nees 1832, Strobilanthes anisophylla (Loddiges) Anderson 1865] WS09

Strobilanthes persicifolia f. isophylla (Nees) Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 [=Goldfussia isophylla Nees 1832, S. anisophylla f. isophylla (Nees) Wood 1994, S. isophylla (Nees) Anderson 1865] WS09

Strobilanthes pulneyensis Clarke in Hooker 1884 [=Xenacanthus pulneyensis (Clarke) Bremekamp 1944; incl. S. circarensis Gamble 1923, Nilgirianthus circarensis (Gamble) Bremekamp 1944] VD05

Strobilanthes schomburgkii (Craib) Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 [=Hemigraphis schomburgkii Craib 1911, Sericocalyx schomburgkii (Craib) Bremek. 1944] WS09

Strobilanthes sulawesiana Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 [=Sericocalyx collina Bremekamp 1948 non Strobilanthes collina Nees 1832] WS09

Strobilanthes tomentosa (Nees) Wood in Wood & Scotland 2009 [=Aechmanthera tomentosa Nees in Wallich 1832, A. wallichii Nees 1847 (nom. illeg.); incl. Strobilanthes blinii Lév. 1913, S. bodinieri Lév. 1913, S. cavaleriei Lév. 1913, Aechmanthera claudiae Bernardi 1963, A. wallichii var. gossypina subvar. fomentaria Nees 1847 (nom. illeg.), Ruellia gossypina Wall. 1830 non Strobilanthes gossypina Anderson 1867, A. gossypina (Wall.) Nees 1832, A. leiosperma Clarke 1884, A. wallichii var. gossypina subvar. leuconeura Nees 1847, A. tomentosa var. wallichii Clarke 1884 (nom. illeg.) non A. wallichii Nees 1847] WS09

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C49] Crookes, M. W. 1949. A revised and annotated list of New Zealand Filicinae. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (2): 209–225.

[SV00] Scotland, R. W., & K. Vollesen. 2000. Classification of Acanthaceae. Kew Bulletin 55 (3): 513–589.

[VA06] Venu, P., & W. D. Albertson. 2006. The identity of Stenosiphonium wrightii Bremek. (Acanthaceae). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48: 211–216.

[VD03a] Venu, P., & P. Daniel. 2003a. Is Hemigraphis venosa C.B. Clarke (Acanthaceae) extinct? Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 91–96.

[VD03b] Venu, P., & P. Daniel. 2003b. What is Kanjarum palghatense Ramam. (Acanthaceae)? Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 97–104.

[VD03c] Venu, P., & P. Daniel. 2003c. How distinct is Strobilanthes pushpangadanii E.S.S. Kumar & Al. from S. lawsoni Gamble (Acanthaceae)? Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 105–110.

[VD05] Venu, P., & P. Daniel. 2005. Strobilanthes circarensis Gamble, a synonym of S. pulneyensis C.B. Clarke (Acanthaceae). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 87–92.

[WS09] Wood, J. R. I., & R. W. Scotland. 2009. New and little-known species of Strobilanthes (Acanthaceae) from India and south east Asia. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 3–47.

Barleria

Barleria lancifolia, copyright Roger & Alison Heath.

Belongs within: Acanthoideae.

Barleria is a pantropical genus of often spiny shrubs and perennial herbs.

Characters (from Flora of Pakistan): Armed or unarmed herbs or shrubs. Leaves petiolate to almost sessile, simple, entire, cystoliths present on both sides. Flowers often large and showy yellow, blue-purple or white, in axillary or terminal spikes; bracts entire or serrate, often spinescent or ciliate rarely absent; bracteoles linear or absent. Calyx deeply four-lobed; lobes imbricate, unequal, narrow, occasionally spit tipped. Corolla infundibuliform or salver-shaped; tube slender, straight incurved; limb subequally five-lobed or obscurely two-lipped, upper lip four-lobed, lobes patent, imbricate, rounded or ovate. Stamens 4, all fertile and more or less exserted, or two posterior ones staminodial and partly sterile or absent, anthers dithecous, oblong, muticous, emucronate. Ovary oblong-conical, two- or four-ovuled; style thickened at apex; stigma minutely bifid or entire. Capsule ovoid-oblong elliptic-obovoid, flattened, more or less stipitate, pointed above, seminiferous below the middle, two- or four-seeded. Seeds flat, ovate or orbiculate, covered with hygroscopic hairs, rarely glabrous, on hooked funicles.

<==Barleria (see below for synonymy) SV00
    |--B. (subg. Barleria) fulvostellata D08
    `--B. subg. Prionitis D08
         |--B. sect. Cavirostrata D08
         |    |--B. (sect. *Cavirostrata) grandis Hochst. ex Nees 1847 D08
         |    |--B. descampsii Lindau 1897 (see below for synonymy) D08
         |    |--B. gibsonii D08
         |    |--B. gibsonioides D08
         |    |--B. grandipetala De Wild. 1915 D08
         |    |--B. montana D08
         |    |--B. prattensis D08
         |    `--B. richardsiae Darbyshire 2008 D08
         |--B. sect. Somalia D08
         |    |--B. alata D08
         |    `--B. lancifolia D08
         `--B. (sect. Stellatohirta) splendens D08

Barleria incertae sedis:
  B. acanthoides PP07
  B. bispinosa SV00
  B. cristata P03
  B. damarensis CV06
  B. dinteri CV06
  B. hochstetteri SV00
  B. jubata CV06
  B. kaloxytona CV06
  B. lanceolata CV06
  B. meeuseana CV06
  B. merxmuelleri CV06
  B. micans SV00
  B. oenotheroides SV00
  B. prionitis OP01
  B. repens SV00
  B. solitaria CV06
  B. strigosa P03

Barleria [incl. Barleriacanthus, Barlerianthus, Barleriosiphon, Barlerites, Dicranacanthus, Isaloa, Parabarleria, Pseudo-Barleria] SV00

Barleria descampsii Lindau 1897 [incl. B. argenteo-calycina De Wild. 1915, B. briartii De Wils. & Durand in Durand & De Wildeman 1900, B. paludosa Moore 1910] D08

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[D08] Darbyshire, I. 2008. A reassessment of the status of Barleria sect. Cavirostrata (Acanthaceae) in tropical Africa, with a new species, B. richardsiae, described from the Tanzania-Zambia border region. Kew Bulletin 63 (4): 601–611.

[OP01] Olmstead, R. G., C. W. dePamphilis, A. D. Wolfe, N. D. Young, W. J. Elisons & P. A. Reeves. 2001. Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae. American Journal of Botany 88 (2): 348–361.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[SV00] Scotland, R. W., & K. Vollesen. 2000. Classification of Acanthaceae. Kew Bulletin 55 (3): 513–589.

Acanthoideae

Stenosiphonium wightii, copyright Flowers of India.

Belongs within: Acanthaceae.
Contains: Andrographinae, Barleria, Lepidagathis, Justiciinae, Ruellia, Strobilanthes, Petalidium.

The Acanthoideae are a subgroup of the flowering plant family Acanthaceae characterised by fruits that are explosive capsules, with seeds bearing a small, hooked stalk (retinaculum) that ejects them from the capsule (Scotland & Volleson 2000).

<==Acanthoideae [Imbricatae] K08
    |--Acantheae SV00
    |    |  i. s.: Acanthopsis hoffmannseggiana SV00
    |    |         Achyrocalyx SV00
    |    |         Blepharis [incl. Acanthodium, Blepharacanthus, Trichacanthus] SV00
    |    |           |--B. ferox CV06
    |    |           |--B. fleckii CV06
    |    |           |--B. gigantea CV06
    |    |           |--B. linariaefolia PP07
    |    |           |--B. maderaspatensis HK98
    |    |           |--B. meyeri CV06
    |    |           |--B. pruinosa CV06
    |    |           `--B. spinifex CV06
    |    |         Crossandrella SV00
    |    |         Cynarospermum SV00
    |    |         Cyphacanthus SV00
    |    |         Encephalosphaera SV00
    |    |         Geissomeria SV00
    |    |         Holographis [incl. Berginia, Lundellia, Pringleophytum] SV00
    |    |         Neriacanthus [incl. Aphanandrium] SV00
    |    |         Orophochilus SV00
    |    |         Rhombochlamys [Rhombochlamydeae] SV00
    |    |         Salpixantha [=Salpingantha, Salpinxantha] SV00
    |    |         Sclerochiton [incl. Butayea, Isacanthus, Pseudoblepharis] SV00
    |    |           `--S. ilicifolius SV00
    |    |         Strobilacanthus SV00
    |    |         Xantheranthemum SV00
    |    |--+--Stenandrium [incl. Stenandriopsis; Stenandriopsideae] SV00
    |    |  `--Aphelandra (see below for synonymy) SV00
    |    |       |  i. s.: A. scabra SV00
    |    |       |         A. sinclairiana F11
    |    |       |--A. boyacensis SV00
    |    |       |--A. dolichantha SV00
    |    |       `--+--A. campanensis SV00
    |    |          `--A. leonardii SV00
    |    `--+--Crossandra [incl. Harrachia, Pleuroblepharis, Polythrix] SV00
    |       |    |--C. infundibuliformis SV00
    |       |    |--C. nilotica SV00
    |       |    `--C. pungens SV00
    |       `--Acanthus [incl. Cheilopsis] SV00
    |            |--A. ilicifolius BR65
    |            |--A. mollis C55
    |            |--A. montanus SV00
    |            `--A. spinosus Linnaeus 1753 PL04
    `--Ruellieae [Hygrophileae, Petalideae, Ruellioideae, Strobilantheae] K08
         |--+--Andrographinae SV00
         |  `--Barleriinae [Barlerieae, Lepidagathideae] K08
         |       |--Barleria SV00
         |       |--Lepidagathis K08
         |       |--Barleriola solanifolia K08, SV00
         |       |--Borneacanthus K08
         |       |--Chroesthes lanceolata K08, SV00
         |       |--Hulemacanthus novoguineensis K08, SV00
         |       |--Boutonia K08 [incl. Periblema SV00]
         |       |    `--B. cuspidata SV00
         |       `--Crabbea K08
         |            |--C. reticulata SV00
         |            `--C. velutina SV00
         `--+--Justiciinae SV00
            `--Ruelliinae [Hygrophilinae, Petalidiinae, Strobilanthinae, Trichanthereae] SV00
                 |--Ruellia SV00
                 |--Spirostigma SV00
                 |--Dischistocalyx hirsutus SV00
                 |--Apassalus SV00
                 |--Benoicanthus SV00
                 |--Trichanthera gigantea SV00, DP72
                 |--Suessenguthia SV00
                 |--Trichosanchezia SV00
                 |--Calacanthus dalzelliana [incl. Lepidagathis grandiflora] SV00
                 |--Strobilanthes SV00
                 |--Clarkeasia SV00
                 |--Duosperma [incl. Disperma] SV00
                 |--Petalidium CV06
                 |--Mimulopsis solmsii SV00, DVC08
                 |--Sautiera SV00
                 |--Strobilanthopsis [incl. Pseudacanthopale] SV00
                 |--Heteradelphia SV00
                 |--Echinacanthus SV00
                 |--Eusiphon SV00
                 |--Ionacanthus SV00
                 |--Kosmosiphon SV00
                 |--Leptosiphonium SV00
                 |--Lychniothyrsus SV00
                 |--Pararuellia SV00
                 |--Polylychnis SV00
                 |--Pseudoruellia SV00
                 |--Ruelliopsis SV00
                 |--Stenothyrsus SV00
                 |--Zygoruellia SV00
                 |--Carvia callosa SV00, VD03b
                 |--Sericocalyx crispus (Linnaeus) Bremekamp 1944 SV00, VD03a [=Ruellia crispa Linnaeus 1753 VD03a]
                 |--Satanocrater [incl. Haemacanthus] SV00
                 |    `--S. paradoxa E09
                 |--Blechum [Blechinae] SV00
                 |    `--B. pyramidatum SV00
                 |--Bravaisia [incl. Androcentrum, Onychacanthus] SV00
                 |    `--B. berlandieriana SV00
                 |--Brillantaisia [incl. Belantheria, Leucoraphis, Ruelliola] SV00
                 |    `--B. lamium SV00
                 |--Dyschoriste [incl. Calophanes, Chaetacanthus] SV00
                 |    `--D. vagans SV00
                 |--Eremomastax [incl. Paulowilhelmia] SV00
                 |    `--E. polysperma SV00
                 |--Mellera [incl. Onus] SV00
                 |    `--M. lobulata SV00
                 |--Phaulopsis [=Phaylopsis; incl. Micranthus] SV00
                 |    `--P. imbricata SV00
                 |--Epiclastopelma [incl. Sooia] SV00
                 |    `--E. macranthum SV00
                 |--Louteridium [incl. Neolindenia; Louterideae] SV00
                 |    `--L. donnell-smithii SV00
                 |--Physacanthus [incl. Haselhoffia; Haselhoffieae] SV00
                 |    `--P. batanganus SV00
                 |--Sanchezia [incl. Steirosanchezia] SV00
                 |    |--S. nobilis SV00
                 |    `--S. speciosa SV00
                 |--Brunoniella SV00
                 |    |--B. acaulis LK14
                 |    `--B. australis LK14
                 |--Cardanthera SV00
                 |    |--C. difformis P03
                 |    `--C. triflora VD03a
                 |--Eranthemum [incl. Daedalacanthus] SV00
                 |    |--E. nervosum SV00
                 |    |--E. pulchellum SV00
                 |    `--E. purpurascens P03
                 |--Acanthopale SV00
                 |    |--A. aethio-germanica Ensermu 2009 E09
                 |    |--A. confertiflora SV00
                 |    |--A. laxiflora E09
                 |    `--A. pubescens E09
                 |--Hygrophila (see below for synonymy) SV00
                 |    |--H. angustifolia LK14
                 |    |--H. auriculata SV00
                 |    |--H. corymbosa SV00
                 |    |--H. gracillima CV06
                 |    `--H. schulli VB02
                 |--Hemigraphis [incl. Gantelbua] SV00
                 |    |--H. alternata B00
                 |    |--H. colorata SV00
                 |    |--H. dura VD03a
                 |    |--H. hirta VD03a
                 |    |--H. latebrosa VD03a
                 |    `--H. venosa Clarke 1884 [=Ruellia venosa Heyne ms] VD03a
                 `--Stenosiphonium SV00
                      |--S. confertum VA06
                      |--S. cordifolium (see below for synonymy) VA06
                      |--S. parviflorum VA06
                      |--S. russellianum VA06
                      |--S. setosum VA06
                      `--S. wightii Bremekamp 1944 VA06

Acanthoideae incertae sedis:
  Acanthostelma SV00
  Acanthura SV00
  Aphelandrella SV00
  Camarotea SV00
  Chlamydacanthus [incl. Theileamea] SV00
    `--C. euphorbioides SV00
  Dolichostachys SV00
  Golaea SV00
  Kudoacanthus SV00
  Lankesteria SV00
    |--L. barteri SV00
    `--L. elegans SV00
  Lasiocladus [incl. Synchoriste] SV00
  Leandriella SV00
  Morsacanthus SV00
  Neuracanthus [incl. Leucobarleria] SV00
  Perenideboles SV00
  Pericalypta SV00
  Sphacanthus SV00
  Vavara SV00
  Vindasia SV00
  Whitfieldia [incl. Leiophaca, Pounguia, Stylarthropus; Whitfieldieae] SV00
    |--W. elongata SV00
    |--W. lateritia SV00
    `--W. preussii SV00

Aphelandra [incl. Amathea, Hemisandra, Hydromestus, Lagochilium, Lepidacanthus, Odontophyllum, Sreemadhavana, Strobilorhachis, Synandra; Aphelandreae] SV00

Hygrophila [incl. Asteracantha, Hemiadelphis, Kita, Nomaphila, Plaesianthera, Santapaua, Synnema] SV00

Stenosiphonium cordifolium [incl. S. cordifolium var. subsericeum, S. russellianum var. subsericeum] VA06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[DVC08] Darbyshire, I., K. Vollesen & H. M. Chapman. 2008. A remarkable range disjunction recorded in Metarungia pubinervia (Acanthaceae). Kew Bulletin 63 (4): 613–615.

[DP72] Deighton, F. C., & K. A. Pirozynski. 1972. Microfungi. V. More hyperparasitic hyphomycetes. Mycological Papers 128: 1–110.

[E09] Ensermu K. 2009. Three new species of Acanthaceae from Ethiopia. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 57–65.

[F11] Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 684–807. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[HK98] Hahn, A., & H. Kusserow. 1998. Spatial and temporal distribution of algae in soil crusts in the Sahel of W Africa: Preliminary results. Willdenowia 28: 227–238.

[K08] Kameyama, C. 2008. New species, nomenclatural changes and lectotypifications in Neotropical Lepidagathis Willd. (Acanthaceae). Kew Bulletin 63 (4): 565–581.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[SV00] Scotland, R. W., & K. Vollesen. 2000. Classification of Acanthaceae. Kew Bulletin 55 (3): 513–589.

[VA06] Venu, P., & W. D. Albertson. 2006. The identity of Stenosiphonium wrightii Bremek. (Acanthaceae). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48: 211–216.

[VD03a] Venu, P., & P. Daniel. 2003a. Is Hemigraphis venosa C.B. Clarke (Acanthaceae) extinct? Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 91–96.

[VD03b] Venu, P., & P. Daniel. 2003b. What is Kanjarum palghatense Ramam. (Acanthaceae)? Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 97–104.

[VB02] Vijay, S. K., & T. N. Bhardwaja. 2002. Vegetation and phenodynamics of wetlands of central Rajasthan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 573–581.

Pedaliaceae

Sesame Sesamum indicum, copyright Franz Xaver.

Belongs within: Lamiales.

The Pedaliaceae are a primarily tropical group of herbs with mucilaginous hairs, the most familiar member of which is the sesame plant Sesamum indicum.

Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Glandular herbs, with opposite exstipulate leaves. Flowers bisexual, irregular; corolla five-lobed, more or less two-lipped; stamens 4, in pairs, with a minute staminode; the two anther-cells parallel; ovary superior, of two to four carpels, but finely divided by secondary disseptiments into twice as many cells; ovules anatropous, several in each cell on axile placentas or rarely solitary and almost basal; style filiform, with as many stigmatic lobes as carpels; fruit a nut or capsule; seeds with scanty albumen; embryo straight, with very short radicle.

<==Pedaliaceae
    |--Sesamothamnus leistneranus CV06
    |--Pedalium murex PP07
    |--Josephinia Ventenat 1804 BR65
    |    |--J. eugeniae BR65
    |    `--J. papillosa LK14
    |--Rogeria CV06
    |    |--R. adenophylla C55a
    |    `--R. bigibbosa CV06
    `--Sesamum OP01
         |--S. abbreviatum CV06
         |--S. indicum OP01 [incl. S. orientale C55b]
         `--S. marlothii CV06

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[OP01] Olmstead, R. G., C. W. dePamphilis, A. D. Wolfe, N. D. Young, W. J. Elisons & P. A. Reeves. 2001. Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae. American Journal of Botany 88 (2): 348–361.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.