Dictyomitra

Specimen of Dictyomitra montisserei, from Babazedeh & Wever (2004). Scale bar = 30 µm.

Belongs within: Stichocapsoidea.

Dictyomitra is a Mesozoic genus of radiolarians with a conical shell bearing open pores between well-developed segmental constrictions.

Dictyomitra Zittel 1876 BW04
    |--D. brouweri BL79
    |--D. carpatica BL79
    |--D. chalilovi BL79
    |--D. duodesimcostata BL79
    |--D. excellens (Tan 1927) BW04
    |--D. gracilis (Squinabol 1903) BW04
    |--D. lipmanae BL79
    |--D. montisserei (Squinabol 1903) BW04
    |--D. olivosa BL79
    |--D. ornata BL79
    |--D. pseudomacrocephala BL79
    |--D. rhadina BL79
    |--D. somphedia BL79
    `--D. veneta K79

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BW04] Babazadeh, S. A., & P. de Wever. 2004. Early Cretaceous radiolarian assemblages from radiolarites in the Sistan Suture (eastern Iran). Geodiversitas 26 (2): 185–206.

[BL79] Basov, V. A., B. G. Lopatin, I. S. Gramberg, A. I. Danjushevskaya, V. Ya. Kaban’kov, V. M. Lazurkin & D. K. Patrunov. 1979. Lower Cretaceous lithostratigraphy near Galicia Bank. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 47: 683–717.

[K79] Kauffman, E. G. 1979. Cretaceous. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A418–A487. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Nassellaria

Zygocircus productus, from here.

Belongs within: Radiozoa.
Contains: Popofskyelloidea, Cessipyloroidea, Pylentonemoidea, Archipilioidea, Acropyramidoidea, Lychnocanioidea, Eucyrtidioidea, Stichocapsoidea, Amphipyndacioidea, Cannobotryoidea, Triospyrididae, Acanthodesmiidae.

The Nassellaria is a major group of radiolarians known from the Cambrian to the present, with a heteropolar or bilaterally symmetrical skeleton comprising an inner frame and an external shell (Afanasieva et al. 2005).

Characters (from Afanasieva et al. 2005): Heteropolar or bilaterally symmetrical. Skeleton based on inner frame in shape of hollow sphere, polyhedron or spicule, and external shell (conical, pyramidal, spindle-shaped, bell-shaped, helmet-shaped, cap-shaped, or differently shaped test or external skeleton), often segmented. External skeleton subdivided into four main portions: cephalis, thorax, abdomen, and postabdomen. Postabdomen may be further segmented (2–15 or more segments). Inner skeletal polyhedron (5–30 μm in diameter) and spicule included in cephalis, median bar of spicule separating cephalis from thorax. Number and position of rays (spines) of spicule stable: spines A, D, and 2l arising from one end of median bar (MB), spines V, 2L, and Ax extending from another end.

Nassellaria [Nassellarida]
    |--Pylomariata AA05
    |    |--Popofskyelloidea AA05
    |    |--+--Cessipyloroidea AA05
    |    |  `--Pylentonemoidea AA05
    |    `--Proventocitidae [Proventocitoidea] AA05
    |         |--Procyrtis Li 1995 AA05
    |         |--Ulcundia Nazarov 1974 AA05
    |         |    `--U. incomperta AA05
    |         `--Proventocitum Nazarov & Ormiston 1990 AA05
    |              `--P. procerullum AA05
    |--Cyrtidinata [Cyrtoidea] AA05
    |    |  i. s.: Anthocyrtium Haeckel 1887 H04, AA05
    |    |           `--A. campanula H04
    |    |         Alacorys Haeckel 1881 H04, AA05
    |    |           `--A. bismarckii H04
    |    |--Archipilioidea AA05
    |    |--Acropyramidoidea AA05
    |    |--Lychnocanioidea AA05
    |    |--Eucyrtidioidea AA05
    |    |--Stichocapsoidea AA05
    |    |--Amphipyndacioidea AA05
    |    `--Cannobotryoidea AA05
    `--Spyridinata [Spyroidea, Stephaniicae, Stephoidea] AA05
         |  i. s.: Clathrospyris Haeckel 1881 H04, AA05
         |           `--C. pyramidalis H04
         |         Pylospyris Haeckel 1881 H04, AA05
         |           `--P. canariensis H04
         |         Sepalospyris Haeckel 1881 H04, AA05
         |           `--S. pagoda H04
         |         Dictyospyris Ehrenberg 1847 H04, AA05
         |           |--D. anthophora H04
         |           `--D. stalactites H04
         |         Elaphospyris Haeckel 1881 H04, AA05
         |           `--E. cervicornis H04
         |--Triospyrididae AA05
         |--Acanthodesmiidae AA05
         `--Stephaniidae AA05
              |--Cortina Haeckel 1881 AA05
              |--Plagiocarpa Haeckel 1881 AA05
              |--Stephanium Haeckel 1887 AA05
              |    `--S. quadrupes AA05
              `--Zygocircus Buetschli 1882 AA05
                   `--Z. productus AA05

Nassellaria incertae sedis:
  Fuelopicyrtis Kozur & Mostler 1981 DZ03
  Recoaroella Dumitrica 1982 DZ03
  Corocalyptra Haeckel 1887 BC98, AA05
    `--C. craspedota (Jørgensen 1900) BC98
  Peridium Haeckel 1881 BC98, AA05
    `--P. longispinum Jørgensen 1900 BC98
  Acanthocorys Haeckel 1882 BC98, AA05
    `--A. umbellifera (Haeckel 1862) BC98
  Dorypylidae BW04
    |--Dorypyle Squinabol 1904 BW04
    |    `--D. communis (Squinabol 1903) BW04
    `--Hiscocapsa O’Dogherty 1994 BW04
         `--H. asseni (Tan 1927) BW04
  Tertoniidae DZ03
    |--Tertonium Dumitrica & Zügel 2003 DZ03
    |    |--*T. rectum Dumitrica & Zügel 2003 DZ03
    |    `--T. curvicornum Dumitrica & Zügel 2003 DZ03
    `--Toritenum Dumitrica & Zügel 2003 DZ03
         |--*T. hirsutum Dumitrica & Zügel 2003 DZ03
         |--T. corpulentum Dumitrica & Zügel 2003 DZ03
         `--‘Parvicingula’ obesa Takemura 1986 DZ03
  Artostrobus Haeckel 1881 BC98, AA05
    |--A. annulatus (Bailey 1856) BC98
    `--A. joergenseni Petrushevskaya 1971 BC98

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AA05] Afanasieva, M. S., E. O. Amon, Y. V. Agarkov & D. S. Boltovskoy. 2005. Radiolarians in the geological record. Paleontological Journal 39 (Suppl. 3): S135–S392.

[BW04] Babazadeh, S. A., & P. de Wever. 2004. Early Cretaceous radiolarian assemblages from radiolarites in the Sistan Suture (eastern Iran). Geodiversitas 26 (2): 185–206.

[BC98] Bjørklund, K. R., G. Cortese, N. Swanberg & H. J. Schrader. 1998. Radiolarian faunal provinces in surface sediments of the Greenland, Iceland and Norwegian (GIN) Seas. Marine Micropalaeontology 35: 105–140.

[DZ03] Dumitrica, P., & P. Zügel. 2003. Lower Tithonian mono- and dicyrtid Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Solnhofen area (southern Germany). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 5–72.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

Globigerina

Globigerina bulloides, copyright Bruce Hayward.

Belongs within: Globigerinidae.

Globigerina is a genus of planktonic forams known from the Palaeocene to the present (Loeblich & Tappan 1964b).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964b): Test free, trochospiral, chambers spherical to ovate; wall calcareous, perforate, radial in structure, surface may be smooth, pitted, cancellated, hispid or spinose; aperture interiomarginal, umbilical, with tendency in some species to extend to slightly extraumbilical position, previous apertures remaining open into umbilicus.

<==Globigerina d’Orbigny 1826 G86 (see below for synonymy)
    |--*G. bulloides d’Orbigny 1826 C40, H03
    |--G. ampliapertura P79
    |--G. angulisuturalis P79
    |--G. angustiumbilicata Bolli 1957 [=G. ciperoensis angustiumbilicata] H03
    |--G. bradyi Q72
    |--G. calida P79
    |--G. ciperoensis Q72
    |--G. conglomerata LT64a
    |--G. corpulenta G92
    |--G. cretacea LT64a
    |--G. dehiscens P79
    |--G. druryi P79
    |--G. dubia C40
    |--G. euapertura H90
    |--G. falconensis LJ98
    |--G. foliata Bolli 1957 H03
    |--G. gortoni P79
    |--G. grimsdalei LT64a
    |--G. hexagona LT64a
    |--‘*Rhynchospira’ indica Ehrenberg 1845 LT64b
    |--G. inflata LT64a
    |--G. nepentes P79
    |--‘*Ptygostomum’ oligoporum Ehrenberg 1843 (n. d.) LT64b
    |--G. pachyderma H03
    |--G. pseudoampliapertura G92
    |--G. quinqueloba LT64a
    |--G. sellii P79
    |--G. tapuriensis P79
    |--‘*Pylodexia’ tetratrias Ehrenberg 1858 LT64b
    |--G. triloba C40
    |--G. turkomanica Brodsky 1929 G86
    |--G. venezuelana LT64a
    `--G. woodi [incl. G. woodi f. connecta] Q72

Globigerina d’Orbigny 1826 [=Globigenera (l. c.) LT64b; incl. Ptygostomum Ehrenberg 1843 C40, LT64b, Pylodexia Ehrenberg 1858 C40, Rhynchospira Ehrenberg 1845 C40]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G92] Gingerich, P. D. 1992. Marine mammals (Cetacea and Sirenia) from the Eocene of Gebel Mokattam and Fayum, Egypt: stratigraphy, age, and paleoenvironments. University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 30: i–ix, 1–84.

[G86] Golemansky, V. G. 1986. Rhizopoda: Foraminiferida. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 17–20. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.

[H03] Hanagata, S. 2003. Miocene–Pliocene Foraminifera from the Niigata oil-fields region, northeastern Japan. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 293–340.

[H90] Hayward, B. W. 1990. Use of foraminiferal data in analysis of Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 20: 71–83.

[LJ98] Li, Q., N. P. James, B. McGowran, Y. Bone & J. Cann. 1998. Synergetic influence of water masses and Kangaroo Island barrier on foraminiferal distribution, Lincoln and Lacepede shelves, South Australia: a synthesis. Alcheringa 22 (2): 153–176.

[LT64a] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964a. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LT64b] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964b. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[P79] Papp, A. 1979. Tertiary. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A488–A504. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[Q72] Quilty, P. G. 1972. The biostratigraphy of the Tasmanian marine Tertiary. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 106: 25–44.

Haptophyta

Colony of Phaeocystis, copyright Peter Countway.

Belongs within: Hacrobia.

The Haptophyta are a group of aquatic flagellates, many of which are photosynthetic. Most members of this group have a covering of scales that may or may not be mineralised.

Characters (from Adl et al. 2012): Autotrophic, mixotrophic or heterotrophic cells; some in colonies or filaments; motile cells often possessing a filiform appendage (haptonema) situated between cilia; characteristic cell covering of unmineralised and/or mineralised scales; motile cells with two cilia generally without appendages, inserted apically or sub-apically in papilla or groove, or emerging from papilla; 1–4 chloroplasts with thylakoids in groups of three; chloroplasts with immersed or bulging pyrenoid; nucleus usually posterior; outer membrane of nuclear envelope continuous with outer chloroplast membrane; major pigments chlorophylls a, c₁, and c₂ with c₃ in prymnesiophyceans, β-carotene, diadinoxanthin, and diatoxanthin; chrysolaminarin often the main storage product; eyespots recorded in some Pavlovophyceae; life cycles include either single phases or alternating stages; in those with alternating stages, palmelloid (colonial) or filamentous stages alternate with motile stages; sexual reproduction may be common in prymnesiophyceans; some species ichthyotoxic.

Haptophyta [Haptophytina]
    |  i. s.: Calcidiscus leptoporus QT03
    |--Rappephyceae C-SCL15
    `--+--Pavlovophyceae [Pavlovophycidae] C-SCL15
       |    |--Diacronema C-SC06
       |    |    |--D. lutheri C-SCL15
       |    |    `--D. vlkianum C-SC06
       |    |--Pavlova C-SC06 [Pavlovaceae, Pavlovales]
       |    |    |--P. gyrans MO08
       |    |    |--P. lutheri MO08
       |    |    `--P. salina C-SA96
       |    `--Exanthemachrysis AS12
       `--Coccolithophyceae (see below for synonymy) C-SCL15
            |  i. s.: Umbilicosphaera P98
            |           |--U. hulburtiana QT03
            |           `--U. sibogae P98
            |         Scyphosphaera P98
            |           |--S. apstenii P98
            |           `--S. recurvata P98
            |         Pontosphaera P98
            |           |--P. japonica P98
            |           `--P. syracusana P98
            |         Ahmuellerella octoradiata P98
            |         Arkhangelskiella cymbiformis P98
            |         Anoplosolenia brasiliensis P98
            |         Rhabdosphaera claviger P98
            |         Speetonia Black 1971 FT93
            |         Rhabdothorax Kamptner 1958 FT93
            |         Syracosphaera Lohmann 1902 FT93
            |         Ceratolithus P79 [Ceratolithaceae P98]
            |           `--C. tricorniculatus P79
            |         Braarudosphaera [Braarudosphaeraceae] P98
            |           `--B. bigelowii P98
            |         Discoaster [Discoasteraceae] P98
            |           |--D. asymmetricus P79
            |           |--D. binodosus P79
            |           |--D. brouweri Tan 1927 VC88
            |           |--D. calcaris P79
            |           |--D. druggi P79
            |           |--D. exilis P79
            |           |--D. gemmeus P79
            |           |--D. hamatus P79
            |           |--D. kugleri P79
            |           |--D. lodoensis P79
            |           |--D. multiradiatus P79
            |           |--D. pentaradiatus P79
            |           |--D. quinqueramus P98
            |           |--D. saipanensis P79
            |           |--D. sublodoensis P79
            |           |--D. surculus P79
            |           `--D. tani P79
            |                |--D. t. tani P79
            |                `--D. t. nodifer P79
            |         Dicrateria [Dicrateriaceae, Dicrateriales] C-SA96
            |--+--Imantonia rotunda C-SC06
            |  `--Prymnesiales AS12
            |       |--Chrysochromulina C-SC06
            |       |    |--C. campanulifera OC09
            |       |    `--C. kappa C-SC06
            |       `--Prymnesium [Prymnesiaceae] C-SA96
            |            |--P. parvum MO08
            |            `--P. patelliferum C-SA96
            `--+--Coccolithales [Coccolithophorales] AS12
               |    |--Coccolithus C-SC06
               |    |    |--C. braarudii C-SCL15
               |    |    `--C. pelagicus C-SC06
               |    |--Balaniger AS12
               |    |--Calciosolenia [Calciosoleniaceae] AS12
               |    |--Hymenomonas AS12
               |    |--Pleurochrysis carterae AS12, MO08
               |    |--Reticulosphaera [Flavoretea, Flavoretophycidae, Reticulosphaeraceae, Reticulosphaerales] C-SA96
               |    |    |--R. japonensis C-SA96
               |    |    `--R. socialis C-SA96
               |    `--Wigwamma AS12
               `--+--Isochrysidales C-SA96
                  |    |--Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Hay & Mohler 1967 C-SA96, AS12
                  |    |--Isochrysis [Isochrysidaceae] MO08
                  |    |    |--I. galbana Parke 1938 C03
                  |    |    `--I. zhangjiangensis OC09
                  |    `--Gephyrocapsa AS12
                  `--Phaeocystis Lagerheim 1893 C-SA96, AS12 [Phaeocystaceae]
                       |--P. antarctica C-SA96
                       |--P. globosa C-SA96
                       `--P. pouchetii C-SA96

Coccolithophyceae [Haptomonadida, Haptophyceae, Patelliferea, Prymnesiomonadida, Prymnesiophyceae, Prymnesiophycidae] C-SCL15

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[C-SA96] Cavalier-Smith, T., M. T. E. P. Allsopp, M. M. Haueber, G. Goethe, E. E. Chao, J. A. Couch & U.-G. Maier. 1996. Chromobiote phylogeny: the enigmatic alga Reticulosphaera japonensis is an aberrant haptophyte, not a heterokont. European Journal of Phycology 31: 255–263.

[C-SC06] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E.-Y. Chao. 2006. Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista). Journal of Molecular Evolution 62: 388–420.

[C-SCL15] Cavalier-Smith, T., E. E. Chao & R. Lewis. 2015. Multiple origins of Heliozoa from flagellate ancestors: new cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 93: 331–362.

[C03] Chan, B. K. K. 2003. Studies on Tetraclita squamosa and Tetraclita japonica (Cirripedia: Thoracica) II: larval morphology and development. Journal of Crustacean Biology 23 (3): 522–547.

[FT93] Fensome, R. A., F. J. R. Taylor, G. Norris, W. A. S. Sarjeant, D. I. Wharton & G. L. Williams. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication 7: i–viii, 1–351.

[MO08] Moore, R. B., M. Oborník, J. Janouškovec, T. Chrudimský, M. Vancová, D. H. Green, S. W. Wright, N. W. Davies, C. J. S. Bolch, K. Heimann, J. Šlapeta, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, J. M. Logsdon, Jr. & D. A. Carter. 2008. A photosynthetic alveolate closely related to apicomplexan parasites. Nature 451: 959–963.

[OC09] Okamoto, N., C. Chantangsi, A. Horák, B. S. Leander & P. J. Keeling. 2009. Molecular phylogeny and description of the novel katablepharid Roombia truncata gen. et sp. nov., and establishment of the Hacrobia taxon nov. PLoS One 4 (9): e7080.

[P79] Papp, A. 1979. Tertiary. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A488–A504. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[P98] Prothero, D. R. 1998. Bringing Fossils to Life: An introduction to paleobiology. WCB McGraw-Hill: Boston.

[QT03] Quinn, P., H. R. Thierstein, L. Brand & A. Winter. 2003. Experimental evidence for the species character of Calcidiscus leptoporus morphotypes. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 825–830.

[VC88] Vermeij, G. J. & T. M. Collins. 1988. Nerita fortidentata, a new gastropod from the Neogene of Panamá, with comments on the fossil record of Nerita in tropical America. Nautilus 102 (3): 102–105.

Endothyranopsinae

Globoendothyra baileyi, copyright Herb and Michael.

Belongs within: Fusulinida.

The Endothyranopsinae are a group of planispiral forams known from the Lower Carboniferous (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Test planispiral, involute, not compressed, distinctly septate; wall a single layer of thick granular calcite with some adventitious material, perforate; aperture simple, basal.

<==Endothyranopsinae LT64
    |--Endothyranopsis Cummings 1955 LT64
    |    |--*E. crassa (Brady in Moore 1870) [=Involutina crassa] LT64
    |    `--E. compressus R79
    |--Chernyshinella Lipina 1955 [incl. Granuliferella Zeller 1957] LT64
    |    |--*C. glomiformis (Lipina 1948) [=Endothyra glomiformis] LT64
    |    `--C. granulosa (Zeller 1957) [=*Granuliferella granulosa] LT64
    `--Globoendothyra Reytlinger in Rauzer-Chernousova & Fursenko 1959 LT64
         |--*G. pseudoglobulus Reytlinger in Rauzer-Chernousova & Fursenko 1959 [=Endothyranopsis pseudoglobulus] LT64
         |--G. baileyi CM01
         |--G. globulus R79
         `--G. tomiliensis R79

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[CM01] Cózar, P., & B. L. Mamet. 2001. Planohowchinia (Lasiodiscidae, Foraminiferida), a new Late Viséan genus, southwestern Spain. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 31 (3): 228–232.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[R79] Ross, C. A. 1979. Carboniferous. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A254–A290. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

Planomalinidae

Globigerinelloides ferreolensis, from Scientific Ocean Drilling.

Belongs within: Rotaliida.

The Planomalinidae are a group of planispiral, planktonic forams known from the Lower Cretaceous to the Palaeocene (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Coiling planisipiral, primary aperture equatorial, or symmetrically paired, umbilical portions of successive apertures remaining as relict secondary apertures.

<==Planomalinidae
    |--Planomalina Loeblich & Tappan 1946 LT64
    |    `--P. buxtorfi (Gandolfi 1942) (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |--Biglobigerinella Lalicker 1948 LT64
    |    `--*B. multispina Lalicker 1948 LT64
    |--Hastigerinoides Brönnimann 1952 [incl. Eohastigerinella Morozova 1957] LT64
    |    |--*H. alexanderi (Cushman 1931) [=Hastigerinella alexanderi] LT64
    |    `--H. watersi (Cushman 1931) [=Hastigerinella watersi, *Eohastigerinella watersi] LT64
    `--Globigerinelloides Cushman & Ten Dam 1948 LT64
         |--*G. algeriana Cushman & Ten Dam 1948 LT64
         |--G. asper M08
         |--G. blowi K79
         |--‘Anomalina’ breggiensis Gandolfi 1942 LT64 [=Ticinella (*Biticinella) breggiensis K79, LT64]
         |--G. eaglefordensis [incl. Planomalina caseyi] LT64
         |--G. ferreolensis K79
         |--G. gyroidinaeformis K79
         `--G. multispinatus Lalicker 1948 FM03

Planomalina buxtorfi (Gandolfi 1942) [=Planulina buxtorfi; incl. *Planomalina apsidostroba Loeblich & Tappan 1946] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[FM03] Friedrich, O., & K. J. S. Meier. 2003. Stable isotope indication for the cyst formation depth of Campanian/Maastrichtian calcareous dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 375–380.

[K79] Kauffman, E. G. 1979. Cretaceous. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A418–A487. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[M08] McMillan, I. K. 2008. Reappraisal of foraminiferal assemblages of the Santonian–Campanian Mzamba Formation type section, and their correlation with the stratigraphic succession of the KwaZulu Basin. African Natural History 4: 25–34.

Globorotalia

Globorotalia inflata, copyright Bruce Hayward.

Belongs within: Globorotaliidae.

Globorotalia is a genus of planktonic forams known from the Palaeocene to the present (Loeblich & Tappan 1964b).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964b): Test free, trochospiral, periphery carinate, chambers angular, rhomboid, or angular-conical; sutures may be thickened, depressed to elevated; wall calcareous, finely perforate, but with nonporous keel or peripheral band, surface smooth to cancellate or hispid; aperture interiomarginal, an extraumbilical-umbilical arch bordered by lip, varying from narrow rim to broad spatulate or triangular flap.

<==Globorotalia Cushman 1927 (see below for synonymy) LT64b
    |--*G. (Globorotalia) tumida (Brady 1877) [=Pulvinulina menardii var. tumida] LT64b
    |    |--G. t. tumida P79
    |    `--G. t. plesiotumida P79
    |--G. (Fohsella) fohsi SK99
    `--G. (Globoconella) Bandy 1975 SK99
         |--G. (G.) conoidea SK99
         `--+--G. (G.) conomiozea SK99
            |    |--G. c. conomiozea SK96
            |    `--‘Globoconella’ c. mons SK96
            |--G. (G.) pliozea SK99
            `--+--G. (G.) sphaericomiozea SK99
               `--+--G. (G.) inflata SK99
                  |    |--G. i. inflata H03
                  |    `--G. i. praeinflata H03
                  `--G. (G.) puncticulata SK99

Globorotalia incertae sedis:
  G. acostaensis P79
  G. aragonensis P79
  G. canariensis C40
  G. continuosa P79
  G. crassa C40
  G. crassula H90
  G. daubjergensis P79
  G. exilis BC79
  G. fimbriata C40
  G. formosa P79
  G. hirsuta LT64a
  G. ikebei Maiya, Saito & Sato 1976 H03
  G. kugleri P79
  G. lehneri G92
  G. margaritae P79
  G. mayeri LT64a
  G. membranacea (Ehrenberg 1854) [=Planulina membranacea, *Planorotalia membranacea] LT64b
  G. menardii KS02 [=Pulvinulina menardii LT64a]
  G. merotumida P79
  G. micheliniana C40
  G. miocaenica P79
  G. miotumida H90
  G. miozea S76
  G. multicamerata P79
  G. opima P79
  G. orientalis Maiya, Saito & Sato 1976 H03
  G. patagonica C40
  G. peripheroacuta P79
  G. peripheroronda P79
  G. praefohsi P79
  G. praehirsuta H90
  G. praemenardii H90 [=G. menardii f. praemenardii Q72]
  G. pseudobulloides P79
  G. pusilla P79
  G. scitula LT64a
  G. siakensis KS02
  G. spiralis P79
  G. stellaria Turnovsky 1958 [=G. (*Astrorotalia) stellaria] LT64b
  G. tosaensis P79
    |--G. t. tosaensis P79
    `--G. t. tenuitheca P79
  G. truncatulinoides (d’Orbigny in Barker-Webb & Berthelot 1839) (see below for synonymy) LT64b
  G. uncinata P79
  G. zealandica H90

Globorotalia Cushman 1927 [incl. Astrorotalia Turnovsky 1958, Planorotalia Morozova 1957, Truncorotalia Cushman & Bermúdez 1949] LT64b

Globorotalia truncatulinoides (d’Orbigny in Barker-Webb & Berthelot 1839) [=Rotalina truncatulinoides, G. (*Truncorotalia) truncatulinoides] LT64b

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BC79] Berggren, W. A., & J. A. Van Couvering. 1979. Quaternary. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A505–A543. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[G92] Gingerich, P. D. 1992. Marine mammals (Cetacea and Sirenia) from the Eocene of Gebel Mokattam and Fayum, Egypt: stratigraphy, age, and paleoenvironments. University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 30: i–ix, 1–84.

[H03] Hanagata, S. 2003. Miocene–Pliocene Foraminifera from the Niigata oil-fields region, northeastern Japan. Micropaleontology 49 (4): 293–340.

[H90] Hayward, B. W. 1990. Use of foraminiferal data in analysis of Taranaki Basin, New Zealand. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 20: 71–83.

[KS02] Kanjilal, S., & M. S. Srinivasan. 2002. New bivalves from the Miocene of Little Andaman Island, Bay of Bengal. Journal of the Geological Society of India 60: 527–536.

[LT64a] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964a. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[LT64b] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964b. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 2. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[P79] Papp, A. 1979. Tertiary. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A488–A504. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[Q72] Quilty, P. G. 1972. The biostratigraphy of the Tasmanian marine Tertiary. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 106: 25–44.

[SK96] Schneider, C. E., & J. P. Kennett. 1996. Isotopic evidence for interspecies habitat differences during evolution of the Neogene planktonic foraminiferal clade Globoconella. Paleobiology 22 (2): 282–303.

[SK99] Schneider, C. E., & J. P. Kennett. 1999. Segregation and speciation in the Neogene planktonic foraminiferal clade Globoconella. Paleobiology 25 (3): 383–395.

[S76] Scott, G. H. 1976. Foraminiferal biostratigraphy and evolutionary models. Systematic Zoology 25 (1): 78–80.