Bittacidae

Harpobittacus septentrionis, copyright Summerdrought.

Belongs within: Mecopteroidea.

The Bittacidae, hanging-flies, are a group of large, predatory scorpionflies that commonly hunt by hanging from vegetation with their fore legs and grasping prey with the hind legs (Byers 1991).

Characters (from Byers 1991): Single-clawed, raptorial tarsi. Wings elongate, slender basally. Compound eyes large, protruding; ocelli large, on a median prominence; rostrum slender. Basistyles of male bulbous, broadly fused ventrally; dististyles ordinarily small, inconspicuous; T9 divided into two lobes, clasper-like in appearance but not in function. Larvae with two dorsal rows of branched, fleshy processes.

<==Bittacidae
    |--Anomalobittacus N02
    |--Apterobittacus N02
    |--Archebittacus exilis N02
    |--Orobittacus N02
    |--Symbittacus L94
    |--Kalobittacus L94
    |--Nannobittacus L94
    |--Hylobittacus L94
    |--Tytthobittacus Smithers 1973 R74
    |--Austrobittacus B91
    |--Edriobittacus B91
    |--Probittacus avitus RJ93
    |--Bittacus Latreille 1802 L02
    |    |--*B. tipularius [=Panorpa tipularia] L02
    |    |--B. apterus R13
    |    |--B. eremus L94
    |    |--B. mastrillii CM07
    |    |--B. pilicornis KP19
    |    `--B. strigosus HR11
    `--Harpobittacus Gerstaecker 1885 L94
         |--+--+--H. rubricatus Riek 1954 [=H. tillyardi rubricatus] L94
         |  |  `--H. tillyardi Esben-Petersen 1915 [incl. H. nigratus Navás 1932] L94
         |  `--+--*H. australis (Klug 1838) (see below for synonymy) L94
         |     `--+--H. albatus Riek 1954 [=H. tillyardi alatus; incl. H. limnaeus Smithers 1973] L94
         |        `--H. christine Lambkin 1994 L94
         `--+--+--H. quasisimilis Lambkin 1994 L94
            |  `--H. similis Esben-Petersen 1935 L94
            `--+--+--H. nigriceps (Selys-Longchamps 1868) [=Bittacus nigriceps] L94
               |  `--H. phaeoscius Riek 1954 L94
               `--+--H. scheibeli Esben-Petersen 1935 [incl. H. brewerae Smithers 1973] L94
                  `--H. septentrionis Lambkin 1994 L94

*Harpobittacus australis (Klug 1838) [=Bittacus australis; incl. B. corethrarius Rambur 1842, B. intermedius Selys-Longchamps 1868, Harpobittacus intermedius, H. australis rubripes Riek 1954] L94

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B91] Byers, G. W. 1991. Mecoptera (scorpion-flies, hanging-flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 696–704. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[CM07] Cokendolpher, J. C., & P. G. Mitov. 2007. Natural enemies. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 339–373. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[HR11] Heraty, J., F. Ronquist, J. M. Carpenter, D. Hawks, S. Schulmeister, A. P. Dowling, D. Murray, J. Munro, W. C. Wheeler, N. Schiff & M. Sharkey. 2011. Evolution of the hymenopteran megaradiation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 60: 73–88.

[KP19] Kawahara, A. Y., D. Plotkin, M. Espeland, K. Meusemann, E. F. A. Toussaint, A. Donath, F. Gimnich, P. B. Frandsen, A. Zwick, M. dos Reis, J. R. Barber, R. S. Peters, S. Liu, X. Zhou, C. Mayer, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Storer, J. E. Yack, B. Misof & J. W. Breinholt. 2019. Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116 (45): 22657–22663.

[L94] Lambkin, K. J. 1994. Revision of the Australian scorpion-fly genus Harpobittacus (Mecoptera: Bittacidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 8: 767–808.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[N02] Novokshonov, V. G. 2002. Order Panorpida Latreille, 1802. The scorpionflies (=Mecaptera Packard, 1886, =Mecoptera Comstock et Comstock, 1895, +Neomecoptera Hinton, 1958, +Paratrichoptera Tillyard, 1919, +Paramecoptera Tillyard, 1919). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 194–199. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[R74] Riek, E. F. 1974. Mecoptera (scorpion-flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Supplement 1974 pp. 90. Melbourne University Press.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

Mecopteroidea

Orthophlebia grandis part and counterpart fossil, copyright Bjoertvedt.

Belongs within: Panorpoidea.
Contains: Siphonaptera, Aneuretopsychina, Bittacidae, Boreidae, Panorpidae.

The Mecopteroidea are a clade of insects uniting the modern orders Mecoptera and Siphonaptera which share a fused clypeus and labrum together with a lining of spicule-like teeth in the proventriculus (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). The Early–Mid-Jurassic Muchoriidae, characterised by wing with a short subcosta, vein R angular at the pterostigmal base, two-branched RS, a short MA fork and four-branched MP (Novokshonov 2002) may represent the sister group of the two orders together.

The Mecoptera are commonly known as scorpion-flies due to the large bulbous terminal genitalia of males in most families, which superficially resemble a scorpion's tail. The head and mouthparts are elongate and ventrally prolonged. They are commonly regarded as among the most generalised representatives of the holometabolous insects, retaining many plesiomorphic features such as wings with an extensive venation and relatively little differentiation between fore and hind wings (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). The fossil record of Mecoptera is correspondingly extensive, going back to the Late Permian. Among modern taxa, the Tasmanian species Apteropanorpa tasmanica is entirely wingless with the mesothoracic and metathoracic sclerites reduced and fused (Byers 1991).

<==Mecopteroidea [Mecopterida] RL09
    |--Muchoria RJ93 [Muchoriidae RL09]
    |    `--M. reducta RJ93
    `--+--Siphonaptera RL09
       `--Mecoptera [Eumecoptera] RL09
            |  i. s.: Anormochorista [Anormochoristidae] RJ93
            |           `--A. oligoclada RJ93
            |         Choristopanorpa [Choristopanorpidae] RJ93
            |           |--C. bifasciata Riek 1950 F71
            |           `--C. drinnani Jell & Duncan 1986 RJ93
            |         Cimbrophlebia [Cimbrophlebiidae] RJ93
            |           `--C. bittaciformis RJ93
            |         Cyclopterina [Cyclopterinidae] RJ93
            |           `--C. autumnalis RJ93
            |         Cyclorista [Cycloristidae] RJ93
            |           `--C. convexicosta RJ93
            |         Lithopanorpa [Lithopanorpidae] RJ93
            |           |--L. kuznetskiensis RJ93
            |           `--L. pusilla RJ93
            |         Martynopanorpa [Martynopanorpidae] RJ93
            |           `--M. angustata RJ93
            |         Neorthophlebia [Neorthophlebiidae] RJ93
            |           `--N. maculipennis RJ93
            |         Neoparachorista [Neoparachoristidae] RJ93
            |           |--N. clarkae Jell & Duncan 1986 RJ93
            |           |--N. perkinsi K-P91
            |           `--N. splendida K-P91
            |         Petrochorista [Petrochoristidae] RJ93
            |           |--P. elegantula RJ93
            |           `--P. prona RJ93
            |         Protopanorpa [Protopanorpidae] RJ93
            |           `--P. permiana RJ93
            |         Tomiochorista [Tomiochoristidae] RJ93
            |           `--T. minuta RJ93
            |         Triassochorista [Triassochoristidae] RJ93
            |           `--T. nana RJ93
            |         Xenochoristidae RJ93
            |           |--Xenochoristella hillae RJ93
            |           `--Xenochorista F71
            |                |--X. sobrina Riek 1953 F71
            |                `--X. splendida Riek 1953 F71
            |--Aneuretopsychina RL09
            `--+--+--+--Bittacidae RL09
               |  |  `--Robinjohnia F71 [Robinjohniidae RL09]
               |  |       `--R. tillyardi Martynov 1948 F71
               |  `--+--Boreidae RL09
               |     `--Nannochoristidae RL09
               |          |--Itaphlebia multa N02
               |          |--Nannochorista neotropica B91, GE05
               |          `--Microchorista philpotti B91, WT11 [=Nannochorista philpotti GE05]
               `--+--+--+--Englathaumatidae N02
                  |  |  `--Dinopanorpa RJ93 [Dinopanorpidae RL09]
                  |  |       --D. megarche RJ93
                  |  `--+--Parachorista N02 [Parachoristidae RL09]
                  |     |    |--P. bairdae (Tillyard 1922) [=Archipanorpa bairdae] F71
                  |     |    |--P. comica N02
                  |     |    |--P. pincombeae Tillyard 1926 [incl. P. warnerensis Tillyard 1926] F71
                  |     |    `--P. splendida Tillyard 1926 F71
                  |     `--+--Eomeropidae [Notiothaumatidae] RL09
                  |        |    |--Notiothauma reedi GE05
                  |        |    |--Eomerope GE05
                  |        |    `--Pronotiothauma neuropteroides RJ93
                  |        `--+--Thaumatomeropidae RL09
                  |           `--Meropeidae RL09
                  |                |--Merope tuber B91
                  |                `--Austromerope poultoni B91
                  `--+--Orthophlebiidae [Austropanorpidae] GE05
                     |    |--Austropanorpa australis N02, RJ93
                     |    `--Orthophlebia GE05
                     |         |--O. curta RJ93
                     |         |--O. grandis N02
                     |         |--O. heidemariae N02
                     |         `--O. longicauda N02
                     `--+--+--Holcorpa [Holcorpidae] GE05
                        |  |    `--H. maculosa GE05
                        |  `--+--Panorpidae RL09
                        |     `--Panorpodidae GE05
                        |          |--Brachypanorpa carolinensis GE05, K-P87
                        |          `--Panorpodes brevicauda RJ93
                        `--+--Apteropanorpa B91 [Apteropanorpidae GE05]
                           |    `--A. tasmanica B91
                           `--Choristidae N02
                                |--Neochorista ruficeps B91
                                |--Taeniochorista pallida B91
                                |--Cretacochorista parva Jell & Duncan 1986 RJ93
                                `--Chorista Klug 1836 ICZN03
                                     |--*C. australis Klug 1838 ICZN03
                                     `--C. ruficeps R70

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B91] Byers, G. W. 1991. Mecoptera (scorpion-flies, hanging-flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 696–704. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[ICZN03] ICZN. 2003. Choristidae Verrill, 1882 (Mollusca, Gastropoda): spelling emended to Choristeidae, so removing the homonymy with Choristidae Esben-Petersen, 1915 (Insecta, Mecoptera). Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 60 (3): 224–225.

[K-P87] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1987. New Carboniferous Diplura, Monura, and Thysanura, the hexapod ground plan, and the role of thoracic side lobes in the origin of wings (Insecta). Canadian Journal of Zoology 65: 2327–2345.

[K-P91] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1991. Fossil history and the evolution of hexapod structures. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 141–179. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[N02] Novokshonov, V. G. 2002. Order Panorpida Latreille, 1802. The scorpionflies (=Mecaptera Packard, 1886, =Mecoptera Comstock et Comstock, 1895, +Neomecoptera Hinton, 1958, +Paratrichoptera Tillyard, 1919, +Paramecoptera Tillyard, 1919). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 194–199. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[RL09] Ren, D., C. C. Labandeira, J. A. Santiago-Blay, A. Rasnitsyn, C. Shih, A. Bashkuev, M. A. V. Logan, C. L. Hotton & D. Dilcher. 2009. A probable pollination mode before angiosperms: Eurasian, long-proboscid scorpionflies. Science 326: 840-847.

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Mecoptera (scorpion-flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 636–646. Melbourne University Press.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WT11] Wiegmann, B. M., M. D. Trautwein, I. S. Winkler, N. B. Barr, J.-W. Kim, C. Lambkin, M. A. Bertone, B. K. Cassel, K. M. Bayless, A. M. Heimberg, B. M. Wheeler, K. J. Peterson, T. Pape, B. J. Sinclair, J. H. Skevington, V. Blagoderov, J. Caravas, S. N. Kutty, U. Schmidt-Ott, G. E. Kampmeier, F. C. Thompson, D. A. Grimaldi, A. T. Beckenbach, G. W. Courtney, M. Friedrich, R. Meier & D. K. Yeates. 2011. Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 108 (14): 5690–5695.

Last updated: 24 April 2022.

Harpagochromis

Harpagochromis sp., from african-cichlid.com.

Belongs within: Haplochromini.

Harpagochromis is a genus of large predatory cichlids found in Lake Victoria and neighbouring water bodies (Greenwood 1980).

Characters (from Greenwood 1980): Robust and deep to relatively deep-bodied (body depth 30–42% standard length), reaching large maximum adult size (146–200 mm standard length). Mouth generally horizontal or slightly oblique, sometimes distinctly oblique; lower jaw long (43–61% head length) with promiment mental protuberance. Anterior and anterolateral regions of premaxilla not produced to form distinct peak or beak. Neurocranium essentially of generalised type but with shallower otic region (40–44% neurocranial length) and higher supraoccipital crest which is generally near pyramidal in outline. Preorbital skull depth 23–28% neurocranial length, skull width 54–60%, greatest orbital depth 25–31%. Outer jaw teeth strong and recurved, unequally bicuspid and a few unicuspids in fishes <90 mm SL, proportion of unicuspids increasing in larger fishes until only unicuspids are present in specimens >120 mm SL; outer row in premaxilla with 48–80 teeth. One or two (less commonly three to five) inner rows of teeth in each jaw. Cheek fully scaled, generally with four or five rows of scales (less frequently two, three or six rows).

Harpagochromis Greenwood 1980 G80
    |--*H. serranus (Pfeffer 1896) [=Hemichromis serranus, Haplochromis serranus] G80
    |--H. altigenis (Regan 1922) [=Haplochromis altigenis] G80
    |--H. artaxerxes (Greenwood 1962) [=Haplochromis artaxerxes] G80
    |--H. boops (Greenwood 1967) [=Haplochromis boops] G80
    |--H. cavifrons (Hilgendorf 1888) [=Haplochromis cavifrons] G80
    |--‘Haplochromis’ diplotaenia Regan & Trewavas 1928 G80
    |--H. guiarti (Pellegrin 1904) [=Haplochromis guiarti] G80
    |--H. maculipinna (Pellegrin 1913) [=Haplochromis maculipinna] G80
    |--H. michaeli (Trewavas 1928) [=Haplochromis michaeli] G80
    |--H. nyanzae (Greenwood 1962) [=Haplochromis nyanzae] G80
    |--H. pachycephalus (Greenwood 1967) [=Haplochromis pachycephalus] G80
    |--‘Haplochromis’ paraplagiostoma Greenwood & Gee 1969 G80
    |--H. pectoralis (Boulenger 1911) (see below for synonymy) G80
    |--H. plagiostoma (Regan 1922) [=Haplochromis plagiostoma] G80
    |--H. spekii (Boulenger 1906) [=Haplochromis spekii] G80
    |--H. squamipinnis (Regan 1921) [=Haplochromis squamipinnis; incl. H. mentatus] G80
    |--H. thuragnathus (Greenwood 1967) [=Haplochromis thuragnathus] G80
    |--H. victorianus (Pellegrin 1904) [=Haplochromis victorianus] G80
    `--‘Haplochromis’ worthingtoni Regan 1929 G80

Harpagochromis pectoralis (Boulenger 1911) [=Haplochromis pectoralis non Pfeffer 1893, Haplochromis squamulatus Regan 1922] G80

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G80] Greenwood, P. H. 1980. Towards a phyletic classification of the ‘genus’ Haplochromis (Pisces, Cichlidae) and related taxa. Part II; the species from Lakes Victoria, Nabugabo, Edward, George and Kivu. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Zoology 39: 1–101.

Ceratophyllidae

Male hen flea Ceratophyllus gallinae, copyright Katja ZSM.

Belongs within: Siphonaptera.

The Ceratophyllidae are a Holarctic group of fleas found on both mammals and birds (Dunnet & Mardon 1991).

<==Ceratophyllidae
    |--Dasypsyllus gallinulae GE05
    |--Nosopsyllus DM91
    |    |--N. fasciatus KK54
    |    |--N. laeviceps S00
    |    `--N. londiniensis DM91
    `--Ceratophyllus [Ceratophyllinae] DM91
         |  i. s.: C. borealis A71
         |         C. fasciatus RD77
         |         C. garei A71
         |         C. rossittensis A71
         |         C. silantiewi K01
         |         C. styx A71
         |         C. tesquorum K01
         |         C. tundrensis A71
         `--C. (Ceratophyllus) S76
              |--C. (C.) fringillae (Walker 1856) S76
              |--C. (C.) gallinae S76
              `--C. (C.) phrillinae Smit 1976 S76

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[DM91] Dunnet, G. M., & D. K. Mardon. 1991. Siphonaptera (fleas). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 705–716. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[K01] Kertész, K. 1901. Legyek [Dipteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 179–201. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[KK54] Klemmer, K., & H. E. Krampitz. 1954. Zur Kenntnis der Säugetierfauna Siziliens. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (3–4): 121–135.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[S76] Smit, F. G. A. M. 1976. A new bird-flea from Nepal (Siphonaptera). Senckenbergiana Biologica 57 (1–3): 63–66.

Malacopsylloidea

Rhopalopsyllus sp. in Dominican amber, from Poinar (2014).

Belongs within: Siphonaptera.

The Malacopsylloidea are a group of fleas mostly found on Neotropical rodents with the exception of the genus Parapsyllus found on sub-Antarctic seabirds (Dunnet & Marson 1991).

<==Malacopsylloidea DM91
    |--Malacopsyllidae GE05
    `--Rhopalopsyllidae DM91
         |  i. s.: Parapsyllus DM91
         |           |--P. australiacus DM91
         |           |--P. magellanicus A71
         |           `--P. taylori D70
         `--Rhopalopsyllinae L07
              |--Rhopalopsyllus GE05
              `--Polygenis L07
                   |--P. (Polygenis) L07
                   |    |--P. (P.) axius (Jordan & Rothschild 1923) L07
                   |    |--P. (P.) bohlsi (Wagner 1901) L07
                   |    `--P. (P.) platensis (Jordan & Rothschild 1908) L07
                   `--P. (Neopolygenis) L07
                        |--P. (N.) atopus (Jordan & Rothschild 1922) L07
                        `--P. (N.) massoiai Del Ponte 1967 L07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[D70] Dunnet, G. M. 1970. Siphonaptera (fleas). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 647–655. Melbourne University Press.

[DM91] Dunnet, G. M., & D. K. Mardon. 1991. Siphonaptera (fleas). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 705–716. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[L07] Lareschi, M. 2007. Seasonal occurrence of ectoparasites associated with the water rat Scapteromys aquaticus (Muridae, Sigmodontinae) from Punta Lara, Argentina. In: Morales-Malacara, J. B., V. M. Behan-Pelletier, E. Ueckermann, T. M. Pérez, E. G. Estrada-Venegas & M. Badii (eds) Acarology XI: Proceedings of the International Congress pp. 233–240. Instituto de Biología and Faculdad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Acarología: México.

Pygiopsyllidae

Bandicoot flea Pygiopsylla hoplia, copyright R. E. Pugh.

Belongs within: Siphonaptera.

The Pygiopsyllidae are a group of fleas that is most diverse in Australasia, with further representatives in tropical Asia and South America. The majority of species feed on marsupials and rodents with a smaller number found on birds (Dunnet & Mardon 1991).

<==Pygiopsyllidae DM91
    |  i. s.: Austropsylla DM91
    |--Lycopsyllinae DM91
    |    |--Lycopsylla nova DM91
    |    |--Uropsylla tasmanica DM91
    |    |--Bradiopsylla echidnae DM91
    |    `--Choristopsylla ochi DM91
    |--Stivaliinae DM91
    |    |--Parastivalius novaeguineae DM91
    |    |--Stivalius rectus D70
    |    `--Metastivalius DM91
    |         |--M. molestus DM91
    |         `--M. rectus DM91
    `--Pygiopsyllinae DM91
         |--Notiopsylla kerguelensis DM91
         |--Geohollandia solida DM91
         |--Wurunjerria warnekei DM91
         |--Hoogstraalia vandiemeni DM91
         |--Acanthopsylla DM91
         |    |--A. jordani DM91
         |    `--A. scintilla D70
         |--Bibikovana DM91
         |    |--B. rainbowi DM91
         |    `--B. tiptoni DM91
         `--Pygiopsylla DM91
              |--P. hoplia DM91
              |--P. phiola DM91
              `--P. rainbowi D70

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D70] Dunnet, G. M. 1970. Siphonaptera (fleas). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 647–655. Melbourne University Press.

[DM91] Dunnet, G. M., & D. K. Mardon. 1991. Siphonaptera (fleas). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 705–716. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

Prognathochromis

Prognathochromis prognathus, from Boulenger (1907).

Belongs within: Haplochromini.

Prognathochromis is a genus of slender-bodied, large-mouthed cichlids found in Lake Victoria and neighbouring lakes (Greenwood 1980).

Characters (from Greenwood 1980): Body form variable, from shallow to deep (24–45% standard length) but usually relatively slender (body depth 30–34% SL), never markedly compressed. Lower jaw long (41–62% head length) with prominent mental protuberance; premaxilla distinctly beaked or peaked. Overall habitus slender, streamlined, with large, often oblique mouth, head with relatively acute entry angle. Maximum adult size 70–230 mm SL. Neurocranium elongate, slender, shallow, with low supra-occiptal crest, wedge-shaped in lateral outline. Preorbital skull depth 18.6–23% neurocranial length (NL), greatest orbital depth 22–28% NL, depth of otic region 31–42% NL, skull width 42–55% NL. Teeth in outer row of both jaws strong and recurved, mostly unicuspid in fishes >90 mm SL, unequally bicuspid with some unicuspids in smaller fishes; 34–94 outer teeth in premaxilla. Inner teeth uni- or tricuspid, arranged in two or three (rarely one, five or six) rows anteriorly and anterolaterally. Cheek fully scaled, with usually three or four (sometimes five or six, rarely two) scale rows.

Prognathochromis Greenwood 1980 G80
    |--P. (Prognathochromis) G80
    |    |--*P. (P.) prognathus (Pellegrin 1904) [=Paratilapia prognatha, Haplochromis prognathus] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) arcanus (Greenwood & Gee 1969) [=Haplochromis arcanus] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) argenteus (Regan 1922) [=Haplochromis argenteus] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) bartoni (Greenwood 1962) [=Haplochromis bartoni] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) bayoni (Boulenger 1909) [=Haplochromis bayoni] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) decticostoma (Greenwood & Gee 1969) [=Haplochromis decticostoma] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) dentex (Regan 1922) [=Haplochromis dentex] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) dichrourus (Regan 1922) [=Haplochromis dichrourus] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) estor (Regan 1929) [=Haplochromis estor] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) flavipinnis (Boulenger 1906) [=Haplochromis flavipinnis] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) gilberti (Greenwood & Gee 1969) [=Haplochromis gilberti] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) gowersi (Trewavas 1928) [=Haplochromis gowersi] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) longirostris (Hilgendorf 1888) [=Haplochromis longirostris] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) macrognathus (Regan 1922) [=Haplochromis macrognathus] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) mandibularis (Green wood 1962) [=Haplochromis mandibularis] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) mento (Regan 1922) [=Haplochromis mento] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) nanoserranus (Greenwood & Barel 1978) [=Haplochromis nanoserranus] G80
    |    |--‘Astatotilapia’ nigrescens Pellegrin 1909 G80
    |    |--P. (P.) paraguiarti (Greenwood 1967) [=Haplochromis paraguiarti] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) pellegrini (Regan 1922) [=Haplochromis pellegrini] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) percoides (Boulenger 1915) [=Haplochromis percoides] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) pseudopellegrini (Greenwood 1967) [=Haplochromis pseudopellegrini] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) venator (Greenwood 1965) [=Haplochromis venator] G80
    |    |--P. (P.) vittatus (Boulenger 1901) [=Haplochromis vittatus] G80
    |    `--P. (P.) xenostoma (Regan 1922) [=Haplochromis xenostoma] G80
    `--P. (Tridontochromis Greenwood 1980) G80
         |--P. (*T.) tridens (Regan & Trewavas 1928) [=Haplochromis tridens] G80
         |--P. (T.) chlorochrous (Greenwood & Gee 1969) [=Haplochromis chlorochrous] G80
         |--P. (T.) crocopeplus (Greenwood & Barel 1978) [=Haplochromis crocopeplus] G80
         |--P. (T.) cryptogramma (Greenwood & Gee 1969) [=Haplochromis cryptogramma] G80
         |--P. (T.) dolichorhynchus (Greenwood & Gee 1969) [=Haplochromis dolichorhynchus] G80
         |--‘Haplochromis’ eutaenia Regan & Trewavas 1928 G80
         |--P. (T.) melichrous (Greenwood & Gee 1969) [=Haplochromis melichrous] G80
         |--P. (T.) plutonius (Greenwood & Barel 1978) [=Haplochromis plutonius] G80
         |--P. (T.) sulphureus (Greenwood & Barel 1978) [=Haplochromis sulphureus] G80
         `--P. (T.) tyrianthinus (Greenwood & Gee 1969) [=Haplochromis tyrianthinus] G80

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G80] Greenwood, P. H. 1980. Towards a phyletic classification of the ‘genus’ Haplochromis (Pisces, Cichlidae) and related taxa. Part II; the species from Lakes Victoria, Nabugabo, Edward, George and Kivu. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Zoology 39: 1–101.