Fusulininae

Axial section of Pseudofusulinella utahensis, from Loeblich & Tappan (1964).

Belongs within: Loeblichiidae.

The Fusulininae are a group of fusulinid Foraminifera known from the Upper Carboniferous to the Upper Permian. In early genera such as Taitzehoella, the axis of coiling of the test changes between early and later stages; the test becomes planispiral throughout in more derived genera such as Fusulina (Loeblich & Tappan 1964).

Characters (from Loeblich & Tappan 1964): Shell spherical to elongate-fusiform or irregularly subcylindrical, early volutions coiled at large angle to outer ones in primitive genera, planispiral throughout in others; spirotheca generally composed of tectum with upper and lower tectoria, but many genera with diaphanotheca below tectum, and few having spirotheca of single dense, thin layer; septa plane in most primitive genera, first becoming fluted in polar regions and later becoming fluted completely across shell and to top of antetheca; tunnel singular, chomata massive to slight.

<==Fusulininae [Eofusulininae, Fusulinellinae, Hemifusulininae, Pseudostaffellinae, Pseudotriticitinae, Quasifusulininae]
    |--Akiyoshiella Toriyama 1953 LT64
    |    `--*A. ozawai Toriyama 1953 LT64
    |--Bartramella Verville, Thompson & Lokke 1956 LT64
    |    `--*B. bartrami Verville, Thompson & Lokke 1956 LT64
    |--Gallowayinella Chen in Dunbar & Skinner 1937 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    `--*G. meitienensis (Chen 1934) [=*Gallowaiina meitienensis] LT64
    |--Hidaella Fujimoto & Igo 1955 LT64
    |    `--*H. kameii Fujimoto & Igo 1955 LT64
    |--Plectofusulina Stewart 1958 LT64
    |    `--*P. franklinensis Stewart 1958 LT64
    |--Taitzehoella Sheng 1951 LT64
    |    `--*T. taitzehoensis Sheng 1951 LT64
    |--Waeringella Thompson 1942 LT64
    |    `--*W. spiveyi Thompson 1942 LT64
    |--Quasifusulina Chen 1934 [=Epifusulina Chen 1936] LT64
    |    |--*Q. longissima (von Möller 1878) [=Fusulina longissima, *Epifusulina longissima] LT64
    |    `--Q. tenuissima C40
    |--Pseudostaffella Thompson 1942 LT64
    |    |--*P. needhami Thompson 1942 LT64
    |    `--P. zhesiensis Xia in Ding, Xia et al. 1984 DX84
    |--Palaeofusulina Deprat 1912 LT64
    |    |--*P. prisca Deprat 1913 [incl. Fusulina pseudoprisca Colani 1924, P. pseudoprisca] LT64
    |    `--P. sinensis Sheng 1955 GRA04
    |--Pseudowedekindellina Sheng 1958 [incl. Frumentella Stewart 1958] LT64
    |    |--*P. prolixa Sheng 1958 LT64
    |    `--P. exampla (Stewart 1958) [=*Frumentella exampla] LT64
    |--Verella Dalmatskaya 1951 LT64
    |    |--*V. warsanofievie Dalmatskaya 1951 LT64
    |    `--V. spicata LT64
    |--Wedekindellina Dunbar & Henbest in Cushman 1933 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    |--*W. euthysepta (Henbest 1928) (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    |--W. kamensis (Safonova in Rauzer-Chernousova et al. 1951) [=*Parawedekindellina kamensis] LT64
    |    `--W. matura LT64
    |--Yangchienia Lee 1933 [=Jangchienia Miklukho-Maklay 1953] LT64
    |    |--*Y. iniqua Lee 1933 [=*Jangchienia iniqua] LT64
    |    |--Y. haydeni DX84
    |    `--Y. tobleri LT64
    |--Neofusulinella Deprat 1912 LT64
    |    |--*N. praecursor Deprat 1913 LT64
    |    |--N. lantenoisi Deprat 1913 LT64
    |    `--N. schwagerinoides Deprat 1913 LT64
    |--Profusulinella Rauser-Chernousova & Belyaev in Rauser-Chernoussova, Belyaev & Reitlinger 1936 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    |--*P. pararhomboides Rauser-Chernousova & Belyaev in Rauser-Chernoussova, Belyaev & Reitlinger 1936 LT64
    |    |--P. aljutovica Rauzer-Chernousova 1938 [=*Aljutovella aljutovica] LT64
    |    |--P. decora LT64
    |    `--P. regia LT64
    |--Neostaffella Miklukho-Maklay 1959 LT64
    |    |--*N. sphaeroidea (Ehrenberg 1842) [=Melonia (Borelis) sphaeroidea] LT64
    |    |--N. ozawai LT64
    |    |    |--N. o. ozawai LT64
    |    |    `--N. o. compacta LT64
    |    `--N. paradoxa LT64
    |--Fusulina Fischer de Waldheim 1829 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    |--*F. cylindrica Fischer de Waldheim 1829 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--F. donbassica Putrya 1939 [=*Pseudotriticites donbassica] LT64
    |    |--F. dutkevichi Putrya 1937 [=*Dutkevichella dutkevichi] LT64
    |    |--F. eximia LT64
    |    |--F. girtyi (Dunbar & Condra 1927) [=Fusulinella girtyi, *Beedeina girtyi] LT64
    |    |--F. minima [incl. *Hemifusulina bocki von Möller 1877] LT64
    |    |--F. mysticensis LT64
    |    |--F. prima (Solovieva 1955) [=*Dagmarella prima] LT64
    |    |--F. triangula Rauzer-Chernousova & Belyaev in Rauzer-Chernousova, Belyaev & Reytlinger 1936 (see below for synonymy) LT64
    |    `--‘Eofusulina (*Paraeofusulina)’ trianguliformis Putrya 1956 LT64
    |--Fusulinella von Möller 1877 [incl. Atetsuella Okimura 1958] LT64
    |    |--*F. bocki von Möller 1878 LT64
    |    |--F. acuminata LT64
    |    |--F. bradyi C40
    |    |--F. famula LT64
    |    |--F. imamurai (Okimura 1958) [=*Atetsuella imamurai] LT64
    |    |--F. iowensis LT64
    |    |--F. itoi C40
    |    |--F. juncea LT64
    |    |--F. llanoensis C40
    |    `--F. primaeva LT64
    `--Pseudofusulinella Thompson 1951 LT64
         |--*P. occidentalis (Thompson & Wheeler in Thompson, Wheeler & Hazzard 1946) (see below for synonymy) LT64
         |--P. concavutas RR79
         |--P. concessa RR79
         |--P. delicata RR79
         |--P. juresanensis RR79
         |--P. kutkanensis RR79
         |--P. paraconcavutas RR79
         |--P. paraconcessa RR79
         |--P. pseudoconcavutas RR79
         |--P. schellwieni RR79
         |--P. solida RR79
         |--P. utahensis LT64
         |--P. verneuili RR79
         `--P. vissarionovae RR79

Fusulina Fischer de Waldheim 1829 [=Schellwienia Staff & Wedekind 1910; incl. Beedeina Galloway 1933, Dagmarella Solovieva 1955, Dutkevichella Putrya 1956, Eofusulina Rauzer-Chernousova 1951, Hemifusulina von Möller 1877, Hemifusina (l. c.), Paraeofusulina Putrya 1956, Pseudotriticites Putrya 1939] LT64

*Fusulina cylindrica Fischer de Waldheim 1829 [=*Schellwienia cylindrica; incl. F. depressa Fischer 1837 W77, F. robusta Meek 1864 W77]

Fusulina triangula Rauzer-Chernousova & Belyaev in Rauzer-Chernousova, Belyaev & Reytlinger 1936 [=*Eofusulina triangula] LT64

Gallowayinella Chen in Dunbar & Skinner 1937 [=Gallowaiinella, Gallowayina Chen 1934 non Ellis 1932, Gallowaiina] LT64

Profusulinella Rauser-Chernousova & Belyaev in Rauser-Chernoussova, Belyaev & Reitlinger 1936 [incl. Aljutovella Rauzer-Chernousova in Rauzer-Chernousova et al. 1951] LT64

*Pseudofusulinella occidentalis (Thompson & Wheeler in Thompson, Wheeler & Hazzard 1946) [=Neofusulinella occidentalis] LT64

Wedekindellina Dunbar & Henbest in Cushman 1933 [=Wedekindella Dunbar & Henbest 1930 non Schindewolf 1928, Wedekindia Dunbar & Henbest 1931 non Schindewolf 1925; incl. Parawendekindellina Safonova in Rauzer-Chernousova et al. 1951] LT64

*Wedekindellina euthysepta (Henbest 1928) [=Fusulinella euthysepta, *Wedekindella euthysepta, *Wedekindia euthysepta] LT64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[C40] Cushman, J. A. 1940. Foraminifera: Their classification and economic use 3^rd ed. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[DX84] Ding Y., Xia G., Duan C., Li W., Liu X. & Liang Z. 1984. Study on the early Permian stratigraphy and fauna in Zhesi district, Nei Mongol Zizhiqu (Inner Mongolia). Bulletin Tianjin Institure Geol. Min. Res. 10.

[GRA04] Groves, J. R., R. Rettori & D. Altiner. 2004. Wall structures in selected Paleozoic lagenide Foraminifera. Journal of Paleontology 78: 245–256.

[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.

[RR79] Ross, C. A., & J. R. P. Ross. 1979. Permian. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A291–A350. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[W77] White, C. A. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (1): 1–219, pls 1–21.