Primulales

Seaside brookweed Samolus valerandi, copyright Christian Fischer.

Belongs within: Ericales.
Contains: Primula, Androsace, Dodecatheon, Lysimachia, Myrsine, Ardisia.

Though its members have been included by recent classifications in the Ericales, the name 'Primulales' is used here for a clade containing the Primulaceae and Myrsinaceae. Members of the clade usually have spirally arranged leaves, and sympetalous flowers with stamens borne opposite to petals (www.mobot.org). Species of Primulaceae are herbs bearing capsular fruits whereas Myrsinaceae are trees or shrubs whose fruits are drupes (Allan 1961).

Synapomorphies (from www.mobot.org, as Primulaceae): Inflorescence racemose; petals and stamens from common primordia; stamens equal to and opposite petals, staminodes opposite calyx, represented by at least a vascular trace; nectary present; gynoecium with 5 connate carpels, opposite corolla, placentation free-central, style short, hollow, stigma more or less capitate; ovules at least partly immersed in swollen placenta, micropyle bistomal, outer integument about 2 cells across, inner integument 3-4 cells across, endothelium present, tanniniferous; seeds angled; endotesta crystalliferous; endosperm nuclear, copious.

<==Primulales
    |--Theophrastaceae T00
    |    |--Clavija K01
    |    |--Theophrasta jussieui JK80
    |    |--Clavijopsis staubi Schindehütte 1907 CBH93
    |    `--Jacquinia JK80
    |         |--J. aurantiaca JK80
    |         |--J. eggersii J87
    |         `--J. purgena JK80
    |--Maesa [Maesaceae] T00
    |    |--M. chisia D07
    |    |--M. dependens B00
    |    |--M. haplobotrys B00
    |    |--M. indica C55b
    |    |--M. macrophylla SN88
    |    |--M. montana SN88
    |    `--M. muelleri B00
    |--Primulaceae T00
    |    |--Coris monspeliensis T00, C55a
    |    |--Primula JK80
    |    |--Androsace O88
    |    |--Omphalogramma elwesiana O88
    |    |--Hottonia palustris JK80
    |    |--Asterolinon linum-stellatum (Linnaeus) Duby 1844 JK80, PL04
    |    |--Dodecatheon H93
    |    |--Cortusa matthioli JK80
    |    |--Glaux maritima JK80
    |    |--Centunculus minimus H93
    |    |--Lysimachia JK80
    |    |--Nummularia Hill 1756 KC01
    |    |--Trientalis JK80
    |    |    |--T. arctica H93
    |    |    |--T. europaea C55a
    |    |    `--T. latifolia H93
    |    |--Cyclamen JK80
    |    |    |--C. coum V09
    |    |    |--C. graecum Link 1835 PL04
    |    |    |--C. hederaefolium C55b
    |    |    `--C. persicum JK80
    |    |--Anagallis JK80
    |    |    |--A. arvensis Linnaeus 1753 PL04
    |    |    |    |--A. a. var. arvensis GK00
    |    |    |    `--A. a. var. caerulea GK00
    |    |    |--A. foemina AGF98
    |    |    |--A. linifolia H93
    |    |    `--A. phaenicea C55b
    |    `--Samolus Linnaeus 1753 A61
    |         |--S. caespitosus GK00
    |         |--S. ebracteatus H93
    |         |--S. junceus GK00
    |         |--S. parviflorus H93
    |         |--S. repens (Forster & Forster) Pers. 1805 A61 (see below for synonymy)
    |         |    |--S. r. var. repens KM08
    |         |    `--S. r. var. paucifolius KM08
    |         `--S. valerandi JK80
    `--Myrsinaceae [Myrsinales, Myrsineae, Myrsinoideae] T00
         |--Cybianthus YY22
         |--Grenacheria YY22
         |--Hymenandra YY22
         |--Monoporus YY22
         |--Weigeltia YY22
         |--Geisanthus YY22
         |--Discocalyx YY22
         |--Grammadenia YY22
         |--Stylogyne YY22
         |--Conomorpha YY22
         |--Amblyanthopsis GDC02
         |--Myrsine HD03
         |--Myrsinopsis succinea Conwentz 1886 CBH93
         |--Pleiomerites reticulatus Ettingshausen 1868 CBH93
         |--Pleiomeropsis rottensis Weyland 1938 CBH93
         |--Ardisia JK80
         |--Tapeinosperma pseudojambosa H90
         |--Peckia Vell. 1825 KC01
         |--Suttonia Rich. 1832 KC01
         |--Elingamita Baylis 1951 A61
         |    `--*E. johnsonii Baylis 1951 A61
         |--Aegiceras [Aegicerataceae] T00
         |    |--A. corniculatum LK14
         |    `--A. majus H09
         |--Wallenia J87
         |    |--W. aquifolia JS87
         |    |--W. ekmanii J87
         |    `--W. formonensis Judd 1986 JS87
         |--Embelia SR07
         |    |--E. australiana H90
         |    |--E. curvinervia B00
         |    |--E. philippinensis K03
         |    `--E. tsjeriam-cottam SR07
         |--Amblyanthus GDC02
         |    |--A. glandulosus GDC02
         |    |--A. multiflorus GDC02
         |    |--A. obovatus Giri, Das & Chowdhery 2002 GDC02
         |    `--A. praetervisus GDC02
         `--Rapanea JK80
              |--R. ferruginea SWK87
              |--R. howittiana H90
              |--R. melanophloeus JK80
              |--R. minutifolia H03
              |--R. porosa B00
              |--R. subsessilis H90
              `--R. variabilis B00

Samolus repens (Forster & Forster) Pers. 1805 A61 [=Sheffieldia repens Forster & Forster 1776 A61; incl. Sa. littoralis C06, Sa. repens var. procumbens Knuth 1905 A61, Sa. repens var. strictus Cockayne 1916 A61]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AGF98] Abd El-Ghani, M. M., & A. G. Fahmy. 1998. Composition of and changes in the spontaneous flora of Feiran Oasis, S Sinai, Egypt, in the last 60 years. Willdenowia 28: 123–134.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 79–88.

[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.

[GDC02] Giri, G. S., S. K. Das & H. J. Chowdhery. 2002. A new species of Amblyanthus A. DC., family Myrsinaceae, from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 471–473.

[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[HD03] Hoare, R. J. B., & J. S. Dugdale. 2003. Description of the New Zealand incurvarioid Xanadoses nielseni, gen. nov., sp. nov. and placement in Cecidosidae (Lepidoptera). Invertebrate Systematics 17: 47–57.

[JK80] John, J., & K.-P. Kolbe. 1980. The systematic position of the “Theales” from the viewpoint of serology. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 8: 241–248.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[JS87] Judd, W. S., & J. D. Skean Jr. 1987. Three new angiosperms from Parc National Pic Macaya, Massif de la Hotte, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 137–150.

[K01] Kårehed, J. 2001. Multiple origin of the tropical forest tree family Icacinaceae. American Journal of Botany 88 (12): 2259–2274.

[KM08] Keighery, G. J., & W. Muir. 2008. Vegetation and vascular flora of Faure Island, Shark Bay, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 75: 11–19.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.

[SR07] Sankar, R. V., K. Ravikumar, N. M. Ganesh Babu & D. K. Ved. 2007. Botany of Anapady MPCA, Palghat district, Kerala with special emphasis on species of conservation concern. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 165–172.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[SN88] Suzuki, M., & S. Noshiro. 1988. Wood structure of Himalayan plants. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 341–379.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

[V09] Verdcourt, B. (ed.) 2009. Additions to the wild fauna and flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. XXVI. Miscellaneous records. Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 183–194.

[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.

Last updated: 26 June 2020.