Aquifoliales

Holly Ilex aquifolium, photographed by Jan De Laet.

Belongs within: Gentianidae.

The Aquifoliales is a clade of flowering plants supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis (Kårehed 2001). They are mostly tropical, though one of their best-known members is the northern temperate holly Ilex aquifolium. Most members of the Aquifoliales are trees or shrubs, but Cardiopteris is a genus of twining vines. Members of the families Cardiopteridaceae (except Cardiopteris itself) and Stemonuraceae were previously placed in the Icacinaceae, but are now known to be only distantly related to that family. Most Cardiopteridaceae (except Citronella) have sympetalous flowers, while most Stemonuraceae (except Lasianthera) have free petals (Kårehed 2001).

<==Aquifoliales
    |--+--Phyllonoma [Phyllonomaceae] K01
    |  |    `--P. laticuspis K03
    |  `--+--Helwingia [Helwingiaceae] K01
    |     |    `--H. japonica K03
    |     `--Ilex [incl. Nemopanthus; Aquifoliaceae] K01
    |          |--I. aquifolium C55a
    |          |--I. blancheana Judd 1986 JS87
    |          |--I. canariensis KL98
    |          |--I. crenata Thunberg 1784 CD07
    |          |--I. cubana J87
    |          |--I. denticulata Wallich ex Wight 1850 MM02
    |          |--I. fuertesiana J87
    |          |--I. integra LO98
    |          |--I. macfadyenii J87
    |          |--I. nitida SWK87
    |          |--I. obcordata J87
    |          |--I. paraguariensis C55b
    |          |--I. peduculosa MH98
    |          |--I. rotunda MH98
    |          |--I. serrata B88
    |          |--I. sinensis B88
    |          `--I. wightiana RR02
    `--+--Cardiopteridaceae CD07
       |    |  i. s.: Peripterygium T00
       |    |--Citronella K01
       |    `--+--Cardiopteris K01
       |       |    |--C. moluccana K01
       |       |    |--C. polymorpha F71
       |       |    `--C. quinqueloba Hassk. 1855 CD07
       |       `--+--Dendrobangia K01
       |          `--+--Leptaulus [Leptaulaceae] K01
       |             `--+--Gonocaryum K01
       |                `--Metteniusa [Metteniusaceae, Metteniusales] K01
       `--Stemonuraceae [Stemonureae] CD07
            |--Lasianthera K01
            `--+--Irvingbaileya K01
               `--+--Gomphandra K01
                  `--+--Medusanthera K01
                     `--+--Discophora K01
                        `--+--+--Hartleya K01
                           |  `--+--Codiocarpus K01
                           |     `--Grisollea K01
                           `--+--Gastrolepis K01
                              `--+--Whitmorea K01
                                 `--+--Stemonurus ammui K01
                                    `--Cantleya K01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CD07] Cantino, P. D., J. A. Doyle, S. W. Graham, W. S. Judd, R. G. Olmstead, D. E. Soltis, P. S. Soltis & M. J. Donoghue. 2007. Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta. Taxon 56 (3): E1-E44.

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1-167.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1-136.

[JS87] Judd, W. S., & J. D. Skean, Jr. 1987. Three new angiosperms from Parc National Pic Macaya, Massif de la Hotte, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 137-150.

[K01] Kårehed, J. 2001. Multiple origin of the tropical forest tree family Icacinaceae. American Journal of Botany 88 (12): 2259-2274.

[K03] Kårehed, J. 2003. The family Pennantiaceae and its relationships to Apiales. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 1-24.

[KL98] Kiffe, K., K. Lewejohann. 1998. Ein Neufund von Carex oedipostyla Duval-Jouve (Cyperaceae) auf Teneriffa, Kanarische Inseln. Willdenowia 28: 117-122.

[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263-276.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180-190.

[MM02] Murugan, C., V. S. Manickam, M. M. Josephine & V. Sundaresan. 2002. Extended distribution of two rare and endangered taxa from Tirunelveli Hills, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 545-546.

[RR02] Ramachandran, V. S., & S. P. Raj. 2002. A note on the additional host range for the genus Korthasella van Tiegh. family Loranthaceae, from Nilgiris, southern India. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 560.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: Dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441-647.