Holectypoida

(Left to right) aboral, oral and posterior views of Globator nucleus, from Wagner & Durham (1966).

Belongs within: Atelostomata.
Contains: Oligopygidae.

The Holectypoida are a group of irregular echinoids known from the Lower Jurassic to the present (Wagner & Durham 1966). They commonly appear superficially regular in their test shape, with the position of the periproct the most obvious deviation from overall radial symmetry.

Characters (from Wagner & Durham 1966): Test hemispherical to globular or ovoid; ambulacra petaloid or not, narrower than interambulacra throughout; apical system monobasal or with four or five genital plates; girdle with or without interradial ridges, well developed or rudimentary or lacking in adult; teeth with lateral flanges; gill slits present or not; periproct supramarginal to inframarginal.

<==Holectypoida
    |--Conoclypina [Conoclyparia] WD66
    |    |--Oligopygidae WD66
    |    `--Conoclypidae WD66
    |         |--Oviclypeus Dames 1877 WD66
    |         |    `--*O. lorioli Dames 1877 WD66
    |         `--Conoclypus Agassiz 1839 WD66
    |              |--*C. conoideus (Leske 1778) [=Clypeus conoideus] WD66
    |              |--C. aequidilatatus WD66
    |              `--C. flemmingii K-M02
    |--Holectypina WD66
    |    |--Anorthopygus Cotteau 1869 [incl. Pseudopileus de Loriol 1901; Anorthopygidae] WD66
    |    |    |--*A. orbicularis (Grateloup 1836) [=Nucleolites orbicularis] WD66
    |    |    `--A. zumoffeni de Loriol 1901 [=*Pseudopileus zumoffeni] WD66
    |    |--Discoididae [Discoidesidae, Discoidinae] WD66
    |    |    |--Discoides Parkinson 1811 (see below for synonymy) WD66
    |    |    |    `--*D. subucula (Leske 1778) (see below for synonymy) WD66
    |    |    |--Camerogalerus Quenstedt 1873 [=Pithodia Pomel 1883, Pseudodiscoides Lambert & Thiéry 1914] WD66
    |    |    |    `--*C. cylindrica (Lamarck 1816) (see below for synonymy) WD66
    |    |    |--Dixonia Wagner & Durham 1964 WD66
    |    |    |    `--*D. dixoni (Forbes in Dixon 1850) [=Discoidea dixoni] WD66
    |    |    `--Lanieria Duncan 1889 [incl. Hawkinsia Lambert 1928, Hawkensia] WD66
    |    |         |--*L. lanieri (Cotteau 1881) [=Echinoconus lanieri] WD66
    |    |         `--‘Coenholectypus’ cubae Hawkins 1913 [=*Hawkinsia cubae] WD66
    |    `--Holectypidae [Holectypinae] WD66
    |         |--Coenholectypus Pomel 1883 [=Caenholectypus (l. c.)] WD66
    |         |    `--*C. macropygus (Desor 1842) [=Holectypus macropygus] WD66
    |         |--Coptodiscus Cotteau & Gauthier 1895 WD66
    |         |    `--*C. nomiae Cotteau & Gauthier 1895 WD66
    |         |--Discholectypus Pomel 1883 WD66
    |         |    `--*D. meslei (Gauthier 1876) [=Holectypus meslei] WD66
    |         |--Metholectypus Hawkins 1923 WD66
    |         |    `--*M. trechmanni Hawkins 1923 WD66
    |         `--Holectypus Desor 1842 (see below for synonymy) WD66
    |              |--*H. depressus (Leske 1778) [=Echinites depressus, Discoidea depressa] WD66
    |              |--H. circularis Cotteau & Gauthier 1895 [=*Temnholectypus circularis] WD66
    |              `--H. hemisphaericus WD66
    `--Echinoneina WD66
         |  i. s.: Cluniaster Jeannet 1934 WD66
         |           `--*C. rhenanus Jeannet 1934 WD66
         |         Mattsechinus Thiéry in Collignon & Lambert 1928 WD66
         |           `--*M. collignoni Thiéry in Collignon & Lambert 1928 WD66
         |--Galerites Lamarck 1801 (see below for synonymy) WD66
         |    |--*G. vulgaris (Leske 1778) [=Echinites vulgaris, *Conulopsis vulgaris, *Echinoconus vulgaris] WD66
         |    |--‘*Adelopneustes’ lamberti Thomas & Gauthier 1889 WD66
         |    `--G. roemeri (d’Orbigny 1855) [=Echinoconus roemeri, *Pironaster roemeri] WD66
         |--Echinoneidae WD66
         |    |--Micropetalon Agassiz & Clark 1907 WD66
         |    |    `--*M. purpureum Agassiz & Clark 1907 WD66
         |    |--Paleoechinoneus Grant & Hertlein 1938 WD66
         |    |    `--*P. hannai Grant & Hertlein 1938 WD66
         |    `--Echinoneus Leske 1778 (see below for synonymy) WD66
         |         |--*E. cyclostomus Leske 1778 [=*Echinanaus cyclostomus] WD66
         |         |--E. abnormalis de Loriol 1883 [=*Koehleraster abnormalis] WD66
         |         `--‘Haimea’ delagei [=*Pseudohaimea delagei] WD66
         `--Conulidae [Conulusidae] WD66
              |--Galeraster Cotteau 1890 WD66
              |    `--*G. australiae Cotteau 1890 WD66
              |--Pygopyrina Pomel 1883 [incl. Conodoxus Pomel 1883, Nucleopyrina Pomel 1883] WD66
              |    |--*P. icaunensis (Cotteau 1855) [=Desoria icaunensis, Desorella icaunensis] WD66
              |    `--‘Pyrina’ cylindrica Gras 1848 [=*Nucleopyrina cylindrica] WD66
              |--Conulus Leske 1778 (see below for synonymy) WD66
              |    |--*C. albogalerus Leske 1778 [=*Echinites albogalerus] WD66
              |    |--‘*Conulopyrina’ anomala Hawkins 1921 WD66
              |    `--‘Nucleolites’ castanea Brongniart 1822 [=*Pyrina castanea] WD66
              `--Globator Agassiz 1840 [incl. Pseudopyrina Lambert 1908] WD66
                   |--*G. nucleus Agassiz 1840 WD66
                   |--‘Nucleolites’ ovulum [=*Pseudopyrina ovulum] WD66
                   `--‘Pyrina’ petrocoriensis Desmoulins 1837 WD66

Holectypoida incertae sedis:
  Amblypygus Agassiz 1840 [incl. Semiclypeus Eymar 1898] WD66
    |--*A. dilatatus Agassiz 1840 WD66
    `--‘*Semiclypeus’ pretiosus Eymar 1898 WD66
  Echinogalerus König 1825 (see below for synonymy) WD66
    |--*E. peltiformis (Wahlenberg 1818) [=Echinites peltiformis] WD66
    |--‘Catopygus’ avellana Dubois 1843 [=*Caratomus avellana, *Caratomella avellana] WD66
    |--‘Caratomus’ rostratus Desor 1842 [=*Rostrogalerus rostratus] WD66
    `--E. truncatus WD66
  Rhopostoma Cooke 1959 WD66
    `--*R. cruciferum (Morton 1830) [=Ananchytes cruciferus] WD66

*Camerogalerus cylindrica (Lamarck 1816) [=Galerites cylindricus, *Pithodia cylindrica, *Pseudodiscoides cylindrica] WD66

Conulus Leske 1778 [=Echinites Leske 1778; incl. Conulopyrina Hawkins 1921, Pyrina Desmoulins 1835] WD66

Discoides Parkinson 1811 [=Discodea Gray 1825, Discoidea Agassiz 1835, Protocyamus Gregory in Lankester 1900] WD66

*Discoides subucula (Leske 1778) [=Echinites subuculus, *Discodea subucula, *Discoidea subucula, *Protocyamus subuculus] WD66

Echinogalerus König 1825 [incl. Caratomus Agassiz 1840, Caratomella Strand 1928, Rostrogalerus Lambert 1911] WD66

Echinoneus Leske 1778 [=Echinanaus Gray 1825; incl. Koehleraster Lambert & Thiéry 1921, Pseudohaimea Pomel 1885] WD66

Galerites Lamarck 1801 [=Conulopsis Hawkins 1912, Echinoconus d’Orbigny 1853; incl. Adelopneustes Gauthier 1889, Pironaster Munier-Chalmas 1890; Galeritidae] WD66

Holectypus Desor 1842 [incl. Temnodiscus Lambert & Thiéry 1911 non Koken 1896, Temnholectypus Lambert & Thiéry 1925] WD66

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[K-M02] Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002. Triggerfishes. Family Balistidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3^rd ed. pp. 590–592. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.

[WD66] Wagner, C. D., & J. W. Durham. 1966. Holectypoids. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt U. Echinodermata 3 vol. 2 pp. U440–U450. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas Press.