Heteroscleromorpha

Stylissa massa, from here.

Belongs within: Demospongiae.
Contains: Tetracladina, Anthaspidellidae, Rhizomorina, Dicranocladina, Megamorina, Petrosina, Chalinidae, Niphatidae, Tetractinellida, Axinellida, Bubarida, Biemnida, Agelasida, Polymastiidae, Suberitidae, Halichondriidae, Tethyida, Poecilosclerida, Clionaidae, Sphaerocladina, Spongillidae.

The Heteroscleromorpha are a major clade of demosponges that possess a skeleton composed of siliceous spicules, often in conjuction with smaller microscleres. Notable subgroups of heteroscleromorphs include the Spongillida, the only group of sponges to radiate in fresh water. The Haplosclerida are a marine group characterised by an isodictyal anisotropic or isotropic choanosomal skeleton and spicules including diactinal megascleres (Morrow & Cárdenas 2015).

Heteroscleromorpha (see below for synonymy) MC15
    |--Haplosclerida [Haploscleromorpha] MG-H11
    |    |  i. s.: Euzkadiella [Euskadiellidae] RB93
    |    |           `--E. erenoensis Reitner 1987 RB93
    |    |         Newellia [Newellidae] RB93
    |    |           `--N. mira (Newell 1935) RB93
    |    |--Petrosina MC15
    |    `--Haplosclerina MC15
    |         |--Chalinidae MC15
    |         |--Niphatidae MC15
    |         `--Callyspongiidae MC15
    |              |--Chalinopsilla R84
    |              |--Siphonochalina BJ06
    |              |    |--S. fascigera Hentschel 1912 BJ06
    |              |    `--S. siphonella Lévi 1965 BJ06
    |              `--Callyspongia MG-H11
    |                   |--C. aerizusa Desqueyroux-Faúndez 1984 FV09
    |                   |--C. bilamellata (Lamarck 1814) MG-H11
    |                   |--C. plicifera C96
    |                   `--C. vaginalis F79
    `--+--+--+--Tetractinellida MC15
       |  |  `--+--Axinellida MC15
       |  |     |--Bubarida MC15
       |  |     `--Biemnida MC15
       |  `--+--Agelasida MC15
       |     `--+--Polymastiidae MC15
       |        `--+--Suberitida [Suberitina] MC15
       |           |    |  i. s.: Terpios fugax Duchassaing & Michelotti 1864 MC15, BJ06
       |           |    |         Homaxinella MC15
       |           |    |--Suberitidae AS12
       |           |    |--Halichondriidae MC15
       |           |    `--Stylocordyla MG-H11 [Stylocordylidae MC15]
       |           |         `--S. borealis F79
       |           `--+--+--Tethyida MC15
       |              |  `--Trachycladidae [Trachycladida] MC15
       |              |       |--Trachycladus laevispirulifer Carter 1879 MG-H11
       |              |       `--Rhaphidhistia MC15
       |              `--+--+--Merliida MC15
       |                 |  |    |--Merlia B30 [Merliidae MC15]
       |                 |  |    `--Hamacanthidae MC15
       |                 |  |         |--Hamacantha MC15
       |                 |  |         `--Pozziella MC15
       |                 |  `--+--Poecilosclerida MC15
       |                 |     `--Desmacellidae [Desmacellida] MC15
       |                 |          |--Desmacella MG-H11
       |                 |          |--Dragmatella MC15
       |                 |          `--Microtylostylifer MC15
       |                 `--Clionaida [Spirastrellida] MC15
       |                      |--Clionaidae MG-H11
       |                      |--Spirastrellidae MC15
       |                      |    |--Diplastrella MG-H11
       |                      |    `--Spirastrella MC15
       |                      |--Acanthochaetetidae MC15
       |                      |    |--Acanthochaetetes suenesi Reitner & Engeser 1983 RB93
       |                      |    `--Willardia MC15
       |                      `--Placospongiidae MC15
       |                           |--Onotoa MC15
       |                           |--Placospherastra MC15
       |                           `--Placospongia FV09
       |                                |--P. melobesioides Gray 1867 FV09
       |                                `--P. mixta Thiele 1900 BJ06
       `--+--Scopalinidae [Scopalinida] MC15
          |    |--Scopalina MC15
          |    |--Svenzea MC15
          |    `--Stylissa MC15
          |         |--*S. flabelliformis MC15
          |         |--S. carteri (Dendy 1889) FV09
          |         `--S. massa (Carter 1887) FV09
          `--+--Sphaerocladina MC15
             `--Spongillida [Spongillina] MC15
                  |  i. s.: Acanthotylotra MC15
                  |         Balliviaspongia MC15
                  |         Makedia MC15
                  |         Ohridospongilla MC15
                  |--Spongillidae MC15
                  |--Metschnikovia B50 [Metschnikowiidae MC15]
                  |--Palaeospongillidae MC15
                  |    |--Palaeospongilla chubutensis Ott & Volkheimer 1972 RB93
                  |    |--Eospongilla MC15
                  |    `--Lutetiospongilla MC15
                  |--Lubomirskiidae MC15
                  |    |--Baikalospongia dzhegetajensis MC15, G88
                  |    |--Lubomirskia baicalensis PP15
                  |    |--Rezinkovia MC15
                  |    |--Swartschewskia MC15
                  |    `--Baikalolepis Makushok 1927 B50
                  |--Malawispongiidae MC15
                  |    |--Cortispongilla MC15
                  |    |--Malawispongia MC15
                  |    |--Ochridaspongia MC15
                  |    |--Pachydictyum MC15
                  |    `--Spinospongilla MC15
                  |--Metaniidae MC15
                  |    |--Acalle MC15
                  |    |--Corvomeyenia MC15
                  |    |--Drulia MC15
                  |    |--Houssayella MC15
                  |    `--Metania MC15
                  `--Potamolepidae MC15
                       |--Echinospongilla MC15
                       |--Oncosclera MC15
                       |--Potamolepis MC15
                       |--Potamophloios MC15
                       |--Sterrastrolepis MC15
                       `--Uruguaya MC15

Heteroscleromorpha incertae sedis:
  Clavulidae B30
  Monocrepidae B30
  Tetracladina RB93
  Orchocladina RB93
    |--Anthaspidellidae RB04
    |--Chiastoclonellidae RB93
    |    |--Syltispongia ingemariae Van Kempen 1990 RB93
    |    |--Chiastoclonella headi Rauff 1894 RB93
    |    `--Actinocoelia maeandrina Finks 1960 RB93
    `--Anthracosyconidae RB93
         |--Anthracosycon regulare (King 1943) RB93
         `--Collatipora Finks 1960 RB93, RB04
              `--C. discreta Finks 1960 RB93
  ‘Monotrypella’ timorica Vinassa 1915 SG-M98
  Arabescula MC15
  Plakidium MC15
  Poritella MC15
  Petromica MC15
  Hindiidae [Tricranocladina] RB93
    |--Hindia sphaeroidalis Duncan 1879 RB93
    |--Belubulaspongia Rigby & Webby 1988 RB93
    |--Palmatohindia Rigby & Webby 1988 RB93
    |--Arborohindia Rigby & Webby 1988 RB93
    |--Mamelohindina Rigby & Webby 1988 RB93
    |--Fenestrospongia Rigby & Webby 1988 RB93
    |--Scheiia tuberosa Tschneryschew & Stepanov 1916 RB93
    `--Cotylahindia panaca CR04
  Rhizomorina RB93
  Dicranocladina RB93
  Cylindrophymatidae [Didymmorina] RB93
    |--Malinowskiella actinosum Hurcewicz 1985 RB93
    |--Melonella ovata Sollas 1883 RB93
    `--Cylindrophyma milleporata (Goldfuss 1833) RB93
  Megamorina RB93
  Cassianothalamia [Cassianothalamiidae] RB93
    `--C. zardinii Reitner 1987 RB93

Heteroscleromorpha [Democlavia, Hadromerida, Halichondrida, Lithistida, Monaxonellida, Monaxonida, Tetractinomorpha, Tetraxonida] MC15

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.

[BJ06] Barnich, R., & D. Janussen. 2006. Die Typen und Typoide des Naturmuseums Senckenberg, Nr. 86. Type catalogue of the Porifera in the collections of the Senckenberg Museum in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Senckenbergiana Biologica 86 (2): 127–144.

[B30] Bidder, G. P. 1930. On the classification of sponges. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 44–47.

[B50] Brooks, J. L. 1950. Speciation in ancient lakes. Quarterly Review of Biology 25: 30–60.

[C96] Campbell, N. A. 1996. Biology 4^th ed. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.: Menlo Park (California).

[CR04] Carrera, M. G., & J. K. Rigby. 2004. Sponges. In: Webby, B. D., F. Paris, M. L. Droser & I. G. Percival (eds) The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event pp. 102–111. Columbia University Press.

[FV09] Fromont, J., & M. A. Vanderklift. 2009. Porifera (sponges) of Mermaid, Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, north Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 89–103.

[F79] Fry, W. G. 1979. Taxonomy, the individual and the sponge. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 49–80. Academic Press: London.

[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O'Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[MC15] Morrow, C., & P. Cárdenas. 2015. Proposal for a revised classification of the Demospongiae (Porifera). Frontiers in Zoology 12: 7.

[PP15] Pisani, D., W. Pett, M. Dohrmann, R. Feuda, O. Rota-Stabelli, H. Philippe, N. Lartillot & G. Wörheide. 2015. Genomic data do not support comb jellies as the sister group to all other animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 112 (50): 15402–15407.

[RB93] Rigby, J. K., G. E. Budd, R. A. Wood & F. Debrenne. 1993. Porifera. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 71–99. Chapman & Hall: London.

[R84] Rudman, W. B. 1984. The Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca) of the Indo-west Pacific: a review of the genera. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 81 (2–3): 115–273.

[SG-M98] Schäfer, P., & J. A. Grant-Mackie. 1998. Revised systematics and palaeobiogeography of some Late Triassic colonial invertebrates from the Pacific region. Alcheringa 22 (2): 87–122.

Last updated: 16 March 2022.