Palaeoptera

Reconstructed wings of Lycocercus goldenbergi, from Kukalová (1969).

Belongs within: Pterygota.
Contains: Panephemeroptera, Odonatoptera, Diaphanopterodea, Megasecoptera, Eugereonoidea, Spilapteroidea.

The Palaeoptera are a group of insects in which the wings are ancestrally held extending laterally from the body at rest and cannot be folded back flat over the abdomen. They include the modern mayflies and dragonflies, together with the Palaeodictyoptera, a group of usually large (sometimes extremely large) plant-sucking insects known from the latest Early Carboniferous to the Late Permian (Sinitshenkova 2002).

<==Palaeoptera SBG11
    |--Hydropalaeoptera [Syntonopterida, Syntonopterodea] SBG11
    |    |  i. s.: Aedoeophasma anglica R02
    |    |--Triplosoba [Protephemerida, Protephemeroptera, Triplosobida, Triplosobidae] SBG11
    |    |    `--*T. pulchella R02
    |    |--Panephemeroptera SBG11
    |    |--Odonatoptera SBG11
    |    `--Bojophlebia [Bojophlebiidae] SBG11
    |         `--B. prokopi SBG11
    `--Palaeodictyopteroidea [Dictyoneuridea, Palaeodictyopterida] GC12
         |  i. s.: Namuroningxiidae [Namuronigxiidae] SBG11
         |--+--Diaphanopterodea GE05
         |  `--Megasecoptera GE05
         `--Palaeodictyoptera [Dictyoneurida, Paleodictyoptera] GE05
              |  i. s.: Rochdalia parkeri K-P91
              |         Idoptilus onisciformis K-P83
              |         Stenodictya lobata GE05
              |         Mazothairos enormis GE05, K-P91
              |         Moravia grandis GE05
              |         Permoneuridae RJ93
              |         Straeleniella [Straeleniellidae] RJ93
              |           `--S. namurensis Laurentiaux-Vieira & Laurentiaux 1986 RJ93
              |--Frankenholziina S02
              |    |--Frankenholzioidea S02
              |    |    |--Psychroptilus Z02 [Psychroptilidae S02]
              |    |    `--+--Dictyoneurellidae S02
              |    |       `--Frankenholzia RJ93 [Frankenholziidae S02]
              |    |            `--F. culmanni RJ93
              |    `--Arcioneuroidea S02
              |         |--Arcioneuridae S02
              |         |--Elmoboriidae S02
              |         `--+--Eubrodia Carpenter 1967 [Eubrodiidae] S02
              |            `--Eukuloja [Eukulojidae] S02
              |                 `--E. cubitalis S02
              `--Dictyoneurina S02
                   |  i. s.: Archaeoptilidae S02
                   |         Lithoptilidae S02
                   |         Mecynoptera tuberculata S02
                   |--+--Eugereonoidea S02
                   |  `--Dictyoneuroidea S02
                   |       |--Peromapteridae S02
                   |       |--Saarlandiidae S02
                   |       `--Dictyoneuridae S02
                   |            |--Palaeoneura qiligouensis Hon 1985 S02, RJ93
                   |            `--Schmidtopteron adictyon RJ93
                   `--+--+--Calvertielloidea S02
                      |  |    |--Mongolodictyidae S02
                      |  |    `--Sharovia [Calvertiellidae] S02
                      |  |         `--S. sojanica S02
                      |  `--Breyerioidea S02
                      |       |--Stobsiidae S02
                      |       |--Cryptoveniidae S02
                      |       `--Breyeriidae S02
                      |            |--Jugobreyeria sippelorum Brauckmann et al. 1985 RJ93
                      |            `--Breyeria boulei RJ93
                      `--+--Spilapteroidea S02
                         `--Homoiopteroidea S02
                              |--Heolidae S02
                              `--Homoiopteridae S02
                                   |--Parathesoneura carpenteri Sharov & Sinichenkova 1977 K-P83
                                   |--Mazonopterum wolfforum Kukalová-Peck & Richardson 1983 K-P83
                                   |--Ostrava nigra (Kukalová 1960) K-P83
                                   |--Adolarryia bairdi Kukalová-Peck & Richardson 1983 K-P83
                                   |--Monsteropterum moravicum Kukalová-Peck 1972 K-P83
                                   |--Homoioptera S02
                                   |    |--H. gigantea RJ93
                                   |    `--H. vorhallensis S02 [=Homaloneura vorhallensis Z02]
                                   |--Thesoneura [Thesoneuridae] SBG11
                                   `--Lycocercus [Lycocercidae] SBG11
                                        |--L. goldenbergi RJ93
                                        `--L. pictus SBG11

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[GC12] Garrouste, R., G. Clément, P. Nel, M. S. Engel, P. Grandcolas, C. D'Haese, L. Lagebro, J. Denayer, P. Gueriau, P. Lafaite, S. Olive, C. Prestianni & A. Nel. 2012. A complete insect from the Late Devonian period. Nature 488: 82–85.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[K-P83] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1983. Origin of the insect wing and wing articulation from the arthropodan leg. Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 1618–1669.

[K-P91] Kukalová-Peck, J. 1991. Fossil history and the evolution of hexapod structures. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 141–179. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[R02] Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2002. Cohors Libelluliformes Laicharting, 1781 (=Subulicornes Latreille, 1807, =Hydropalaeoptera Rohdendorf, 1968). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 85–89. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S02] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002. Superorder Dictyoneuridea Handlirsch, 1906 (=Palaeodictyopteroidea). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 115–124. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[SBG11] Staniczek, A. H., G. Bechly & R. J. Godunko. 2011. Coxoplectoptera, a new fossil order of Palaeoptera (Arthropoda: Insecta), with comments on the phylogeny of the stem group of mayflies (Ephemeroptera). Insect Systematics and Evolution 42: 101–138.

[Z02] Zherikhin, V. V. 2002. Ecological history of the terrestrial insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 331–388. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.