Gruiformes

Grey-winged trumpeters Psophia crepitans, copyright A. Vinot.

Belongs within: Neognathae.
Contains: Rallidae, Sarothrura, Eogruidae, Gruidae.

The Gruiformes, cranes, rails and their relatives, are a group of generally large-footed birds commonly associated with damp habitats. A number of families previously associated with this group, such as the Otididae (bustards), Cariamidae (cariamas), and Eurypygiformes (sunbittern and kagu), are now recognised as independent lineages within the birds. The living Gruiformes are divisible into two main groups: the Ralloidea includes the rails (Rallidae) and finfoots (Heliornithidae) whereas the Gruoidea include the cranes (Gruidae), limpkins (Aramus) and trumpeters (Psophia).

Synapomorphies (from Livezey 1998, as Grues): Body of 'os' entoglossum unossified; facies ventralis of extremitas omalis coracoidei with foramen pneumaticum present.

<==Gruiformes
    |  i. s.: Aptornis Mantell 1848 [=Apterornis Owen 1848; Aptornithidae] CC10
    |          |--*A. otidiformis (Owen 1844) [=Dinornis otidiformis] CC10
    |          `--A. defossor Owen 1871 CC10 [=A. otidiformis defossor GM91; incl. A. bulleri Owen in Buller 1888 CC10]
    |         Walbeckornis Mayr 2007 M09, M07
    |           `--*W. creber Mayr 2007 M07
    |         Wanshuina lii Hou 1994 M09
    |--+--Messelornithidae M05b
    |  |    |--Itardiornis Mourer-Chauviré 1995 M02
    |  |    |    `--*I. hessae Mourer-Chauviré 1995 M02
    |  |    `--Messelornis Hesse 1988 M02
    |  |         |--*M. cristata Hesse 1988 M02
    |  |         |--M. nearctica Hesse 1992 M02
    |  |         `--M. russelli Mourer-Chauviré 1995 M02
    |  `--Ralloidea L98
    |       |  i. s.: Megagallinula harundinea Kurochkin 1968 M09
    |       |         Songzia [Songziidae] M09
    |       |           `--S. heidangkouensis Hou 1990 M09
    |       |--Rallidae L98
    |       `--+--Heliornithidae [Heliornithes, Podoanidae] L98
    |          |    |--Heliopais Sharpe 1893 L98
    |          |    |    `--H. personata (Gray 1849) L98
    |          |    `--+--Podica Lesson 1831 [Podicidae] L98
    |          |       |    `--P. senegalensis (Vieillot 1817) L98
    |          |       `--Heliornis Bonnaterre 1791 L98 [incl. Podoa Illiger 1811 B94]
    |          |            `--H. fulica (Boddaert 1783) L98
    |          `--+--Sarothrura G-RGT14
    |             `--+--Canirallus Bonaparte 1856 G-RGT14, L98 [incl. Mentocrex L98]
    |                |    |--C. beankaensis G-RGT14
    |                |    |--C. kioloides (Pucheran 1845) [=Mentocrex kioloides] L98
    |                |    `--C. oculeus (Hartlaub 1855) L98
    |                `--Nesotrochis Wetmore 1918 L98
    |                     |--N. debooyi Wetmore 1918 L98
    |                     |--N. picapicensis (Fischer & Stephan 1971) L98
    |                     `--N. steganinos Olson 1974 L98
    `--Gruoidea L98
         |  i. s.: Geranoididae M09
         |           |--Geranoides jepseni Wetmore 1933 M09
         |           |--Eogeranoides campivagus Cracraft 1969 M09
         |           |--Geranodornis aenigma Cracraft 1969 M09
         |           |--Palaeophasianus Shufeldt 1913 M07
         |           |    |--P. incompletus Cracraft 1969 M09
         |           |    `--P. meleagroides Shufeldt 1913 M09
         |           `--Paragrus M09
         |                |--P. prentici (Loomis 1906) M09
         |                `--P. shufeldti Cracraft 1969 M09
         |         Gypsornis Milne-Edwards 1869 M09, M02 [incl. Percolinus Harrison & Walker 1977 M02]
         |           |--*G. cuvieri Milne-Edwards 1869 M02
         |           `--G. venablesi (Harrison & Walker 1977) [=*Percolinus venablesi] M02
         |--Parvigruidae M09
         |    |--Parvigrus Mayr 2005 M05a
         |    |    `--*P. pohli Mayr 2005 M05a
         |    `--Rupelrallus Fischer 1997 M09, M05b
         |           `--R. saxoniensis Fischer 1997 M09
         `--+--+--Eogruidae M09
            |  `--Grues M09
            |       |--Gruidae M05a
            |       `--Aramidae M09
            |            |--Loncornis erectus Ameghino 1899 M09
            |            |--Aramus Vieillot 1816 L98
            |            |    |--A. guaranus (Linnaeus 1766) L98
            |            |    `--A. scolpaceau ZJM03
            |            `--Badistornis aramus Wetmore 1940 U93
            `--Psophiidae [Psophioidea] L98
                 |--Anisolornis excavatus Ameghino 1891 U93
                 `--Psophia Linnaeus 1758 L98
                      |  i. s.: P. ochroptera [=P. crepitans ochroptera, P. leucoptera ochroptera] C88
                      |         P. undulata G97
                      |--*P. crepitans Linnaeus 1758 L58, L98
                      |    |--P. c. crepitans C88
                      |    `--P. c. napensis C88
                      `--+--P. leucoptera Spix 1825 L98
                         `--P. viridis Spix 1825 L98
                              |--P. v. viridis C88
                              |--P. v. dextralis C88
                              |--P. v. interjecta C88
                              `--P. v. obscura C88

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[C88] Cracraft, J. 1988. Deep-history biogeography: retrieving the historical pattern of evolving continental biotas. Systematic Zoology 37 (3): 221–236.

[G-RGT14] Garcia-R, J. C., G. C. Gibb & S. A. Trewick. 2014. Deep global evolutionary radiation in birds: diversification and trait evolution in the cosmopolitan bird family Rallidae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 81: 96–108.

[G97] Geoffroy, É. L. 1797. Note sur les genres Psophia et Palamedea de Linné. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 1 (7): 50–51.

[GM91] Gill, B., & P. Martinson. 1991. New Zealand’s Extinct Birds. Random Century: Auckland (New Zealand).

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[L98] Livezey, B. C. 1998. A phylogenetic analysis of the Gruiformes (Aves) based on morphological characters, with an emphasis on the rails (Rallidae). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 353: 2077–2151.

[M05a] Mayr, G. 2005a. A chicken-sized crane precursor from the early Oligocene of France. Naturwissenschaften 92: 389–393.

[M05b] Mayr, G. 2005b. The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe. Biological Reviews 80: 515–542.

[M07] Mayr, G. 2007. The birds from the Paleocene fissure filling of Walbeck (Germany). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (2): 394–408.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[U93] Unwin, D. M. 1993. Aves. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 717–737. Chapman & Hall: London.

[ZJM03] Zeffer, A., L. C. Johansson & Å. Marmebro. 2003. Functional correlation between habitat use and leg morphology in birds (Aves). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79: 461–484.