Strigidae

Barking owl Ninox connivens, copyright Dash Huang.

Belongs within: Strigiformes.
Contains: Ninox novaeseelandiae, Athene, Glaucidium, Otus, Asio, Strix, Bubo, Megascops.

The Strigidae, typical owls, include all the living owls except the barn and grass owls. Members of this family have a round facial disc and relatively larger eyes than the barn owls, and lack a grooming claw on the middle toe. Historically, the typical owls have been divided between two sufamilies. The Striginae were characterised by a well-defined facial disc, and ear openings at least half the height of the skull, with a marginal dermal flap and a ligamentous or muscular bridge crossing the opening. The Buboninae, in contrast, lacked a strong facial disc and had smaller, simple ear openings. Recent phylogenies, however, have not supported this division, with the 'Striginae' being polyphyletic within the 'Buboninae'. Instead, the hawk-owls of the genus Ninox may diverge basally within the Strigidae; these relatively long-winged and -tailed owls are found in Asia and Australasia. Other genera include the boreal and saw-whet owls of the genus Aegolius, small, short-tailed and broad-winged owls with well-developed facial discs found in cooler regions of the Holarctic. Athene, the little owls, are also small, short-tailed species, but with less marked facial discs, found in Eurasia, north Africa and the Americas.

<==Strigidae [Bubonidae, Bubonina, Buboninae, Striginae]
    |--Ninox Hodgson 1837 JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |  i. s.: N. affinis JT12
    |    |         N. burhani JT12
    |    |         N. ios JT12
    |    |         N. jacquinoti JT12
    |    |         N. meeki JT12
    |    |         N. natalis JT12 [=N. squamipila natalis M03]
    |    |         N. ochracea JT12
    |    |         N. odiosa JT12
    |    |         N. punctulata JT12
    |    |         N. sumbaensis JT12
    |    |         N. superciliaris JT12
    |    |         N. theomacha JT12
    |    |         N. variegata JT12
    |    |--N. philippensis BKB15
    |    `--+--N. scutulata BKB15
    |       |    |--N. s. scutulata CC10
    |       |    |--N. s. japonica M03
    |       |    `--N. s. lugubris [incl. *N. nipalensis] CC10
    |       `--+--+--N. rufa BKB15
    |          |  |    |--N. r. rufa CC10
    |          |  |    |--N. r. humeralis [=Athene humeralis, *Rhabdoglaux humeralis] CC10
    |          |  |    |--N. r. meesi M03
    |          |  |    `--N. r. queenslandica M03
    |          |  `--N. strenua JT12 [=Athene strenua CC10, *Berneyornis strenua CC10]
    |          `--+--+--N. boobook (Latham 1802) BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |             |  `--N. rudolfi BKB15
    |             `--+--N. connivens (Latham 1801) BKB15, WS48 (see below for synonymy)
    |                |    |--N. c. connivens (see below for synonymy) WS48
    |                |    `--N. c. peninsularis M03
    |                `--+--N. novaeseelandiae BKB15
    |                   `--N. squamipila JT12
    `--+--+--Micrathene whitneyi JT12
       |  `--+--Aegolius Kaup 1829 JT12, M02 [incl. Nyctale Brehm 1831 B94; Nyctalinae]
       |     |    |  i. s.: A. ridgwayi JT12
       |     |    |--A. funereus (Linnaeus 1758) JT12, M02 (see below for synonymy)
       |     |    |    |--A. f. funereus I92
       |     |    |    `--A. f. pallens (Schalow 1908) I92
       |     |    `--+--A. acadicus JT12
       |     |       `--A. harrisii JT12
       |     `--+--Athene JT12
       |        `--+--‘Glaucidium’ capense JT12
       |           `--+--Glaucidium JT12
       |              `--Surnia Duméril 1806 BKB15, M02 [Surniinae]
       |                   |--S. capeki Jánossy 1977 M02
       |                   |--s. doliata (Pall. 1811) [=Strix doliata] M01
       |                   |--S. robusta Jánossy 1977 M02
       |                   `--S. ulula JT12
       `--+--Otus JT12
          `--+--+--Asio JT12
             |  `--Ptilopsis BKB15
             |       |--P. granti JT12
             |       `--P. leucotis BKB15 [=Otus leucotis JT12]
             `--+--Strix BKB15
                `--+--Bubo BKB15
                   `--+--+--Megascops BKB15
                      |  `--+--Psiloscops flammeolus DW16 [=Otus flammeolus JT12]
                      |     `--‘Megascops’ nudipes DW16
                      `--+--Lophostrix cristata JT12
                         `--Pulsatrix BKB15
                              |--P. koeniswaldiana JT12
                              |--P. melanota JT12
                              `--P. perspicillata JT12
                                   |--P. p. perspicillata S55
                                   `--P. p. saturata S55

Strigidae incertae sedis:
  Mioglaux Mlíkovský 1998 M02
    |--*M. debellatrix Mlíkovský 1998 M02
    `--M. poirrieri (Milne-Edwards 1863) [=Bubo poirrieri] M02
  Intulula Mlíkovský 1998 M02
    |--*I. tinnipara Mlíkovský 1998 M02
    `--I. brevis (Ballmann 1969) [=Strix brevis] M02
  Alasio Mlíkovský 1998 M02
    `--*A. collongensis (Ballmann 1972) [=Strix collongensis] M02
  Speotyto cunicularia RN72, A61
  Rhinoptynx clamator S18
  Ciccaba S18
    |--C. albogularis S55
    |--C. huhula S55
    |--C. nigrolineata S55
    |--C. virgata S55
    |    |--C. v. virgata FS55
    |    `--C. v. centralis FS55
    `--C. woodfordi S55
         |--C. w. woodfordi S55
         `--C. w. umbrina S55
  Sceloglaux Kaup 1848 CC10
    `--*S. albifacies (Gray 1844) [=Athene albifacies, Ieraglaux albifacies, A. albifrons Taylor 1870] CC10
         |--S. a. albifacies [incl. Athene ejulans Potts 1871, Strix haasti Buller 1865, Strix haastii] CC10
         `--S. a. rufifacies Buller 1904 CC10
  Margarobyas lawrencii DW16
  Nesasio solomonensis FP64
  Scotopelia JT12
    |--S. bouvieri JT12
    |--S. peli A61
    `--S. ussheri JT12
  Badiostes Ameghino 1894 A94
    `--*B. patagonicus Ameghino 1894 A94
  Uroglaux dimorpha JT12
  Xenoglaux loweryi JT12
  Heteroglaux blewitti JT12
  Jubula lettii JT12
  Gymnoglaux lawrencii JT12

Aegolius funereus (Linnaeus 1758) JT12, M02 [=Strix funerea M02; incl. Athene noctua veta Jánossy 1974 M02]

Ninox Hodgson 1837 JT12, CC10 [incl. Berneyornis Mathews 1916 CC10, Hieracoglaux Kaup 1848 CC10, Ieraglaux Kaup in Jardine 1852 CC10, Rhabdoglaux Bonaparte 1854 CC10, Spiloglaux Kaup 1848 CC10; Ieraglaucinae]

Ninox boobook (Latham 1802) BKB15, CC10 [=Strix boobook CC10, N. novaeseelandiae boobook CC10, *Spiloglaux boobook CC10]

Ninox connivens (Latham 1801) BKB15, WS48 [=Falco connivens CC10, *Hieracoglaux connivens CC10, *Ieraglaux connivens CC10]

Ninox connivens connivens (Latham 1801) [incl. N. connivens addenda Mathews 1912, N. connivens occidentalis Ramsay 1886] WS48

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A94] Ameghino, F. 1894. Sur les oiseaux fossiles de Patagonie et la aune mammalogique des couches a Pyrotherium. Boletín del Instituto Geográfico Argentino 15 (11–12): 501–602.

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[DW16] Dantas, S. M., J. D. Weckstein, J. M. Bates, N. K. Krabbe, C. D. Cadena, M. B. Robbins, E. Valderrama & A. Aleixo. 2016. Molecular systematics of the New World screech-owls (Megascops: Aves, Strigidae): biogeographic and taxonomic implications. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94: 626–634.

[FS55] Felten, H., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Zur Vogelfauna von El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (1–2): 9–19.

[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[M01] Madarász, J. 1901. Madarak [Vögel]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 21–39. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[M03] Morcombe, M. 2003. Field Guide to Australian Birds 2^nd ed. Steve Parish Publishing.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[S55] Steinbacher, J. 1955. Über die Schwanzmauser der Eulen (Strigidae) und Nachtschwalben (Caprimulgidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 235–240.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.

[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.