Cynipoidea

Ibalia leucospoides, from here.

Belongs within: Proctotrupomorpha.
Contains: Cynipidae.

The Cynipoidea are a clade of small wasps that appear to have been ancestrally parasitic on plant-boring insects (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). The largest members of the clade, reaching 15 mm in length, are members of the genus Ibalia attacking wood wasps of the Siricidae (Naumann 1991).

Characters (from Grimaldi & Engel 2005): Metasoma laterally compressed; first and second metasomal sterna broadly fused; forewing median vein following distinctive course; forewing costa absent; antennal radicle absent.

<==Cynipoidea
    |  i. s.: Paraspicera MH11
    |         Pediaspis aceris PK17
    |         Asiacynipites Hong 2002 H02
    |           `--*A. virides Hong 2002 H02
    |         Hemerocynipites Hong 2002 H02
    |           `--*H. wanghuacunensis Hong 2002 H02
    |--Archaeocynips RJ93 [Archaeocynipidae R02]
    |    `--A. villosa Rasnitsyn & Kovalev 1988 RJ93
    `--+--Austrocynips N91 [Austrocynipidae RN-A01, Austrocynipinae]
       |    `--A. mirabilis N91
       `--+--Ibalia Latreille 1802 L02 [Ibaliidae RN-A01]
          |    |--*I. cultellator [=Ophion cultellator] L02
          |    |--I. anceps BD17
          |    `--I. leucospoides A71
          `--+--Liopteridae RN-A01
             |    |  i. s.: Parambynotus virginianus BD17
             |    |--Mesocynips [Mesocynipinae] N91
             |    |--Oberthuerellinae N91
             |    `--Liopterinae N91
             `--+--+--Gerocynipidae GE05
                |  `--Cynipidae RN-A01
                |--Eucoilidae [Eucoilinae] N91
                |    |--Cothonaspis rapae RD77 [=Idiomorpha rapae A71]
                |    |--Eucoila N91
                |    |    |--E. eucera RD77
                |    |    `--E. occipitalis N91
                |    |--Ganaspis N91
                |    |--Trybliographa N91
                |    |--Heptamerocera R70
                |    |--Eucoilidea R70
                |    |--Pseudeucoila bochei R70, A71
                |    |--Thoreauella Girault 1930 R70, G30a
                |    |    `--*T. amatrix Girault 1930 G30a
                |    |--Cleidotoma N91
                |    |    |--C. carlylei Girault 1932 G32
                |    |    `--C. melancholica Girault 1932 G32
                |    |--Rhoptromeris R70
                |    |    |--R. operarius Girault 1934 G34
                |    |    `--R. unimaculus Girault 1931 G31
                |    `--Leptopilina N91
                |         |--L. australis GJR97
                |         |--L. bourlardi N91
                |         `--L. clavipes GJR97
                `--Figitidae [Palaeocynipidae, Rasnicynipidae] RN-A01
                     |  i. s.: Aegilips A71
                     |         Aspicera RD77 [Aspiceratinae N91]
                     |         Himalocynipinae N91
                     |         Prosaspicera BD17
                     |--Parnips Ronquist & Nieves-Aldrey 2001 [Parnipinae] RN-A01
                     |    `--*P. nigripes (Barbotin 1964) [=Aulacidea nigripes] RN-A01
                     `--+--Thrasorinae RN-A01
                        |    |--Thrasorus RN-A01
                        |    |--Myrtopsen RN-A01
                        |    |--Plectocynips RN-A01
                        |    |--Pegacynips RN-A01
                        |    `--Euceroptres montanus RN-A01
                        `--+--Figitinae RN-A01
                           |    |--Melanips RN-A01
                           |    |--Lonchidia Thomson 1861 G30a, GM79
                           |    |--Xyalophora N91
                           |    `--Figites Latreille 1802 L02
                           |         |--F. ruficornis [=Cynips ruficornis] L02
                           |         `--F. scutellaris [=Cynips scutellaris] L02
                           `--+--Xyalaspis N91 [Anacharitinae RN-A01]
                              `--Charipinae [Allotriinae, Alloxystinae, Charipidae] RN-A01
                                   |--Hemicrisis RN-A01
                                   |--Phaenoglyphis japonicus (Ashmead 1904) (see below for synonymy) RN-A01
                                   |--Thoreauana Girault 1930 G30a
                                   |    `--*T. nativa Girault 1930 G30a
                                   |--Dilyta Foerster 1869 N91, GM79
                                   |    `--D. mascagnini Girault 1935 G35
                                   |--Charips R70
                                   |    |--C. australiae R70
                                   |    `--C. victrix A71
                                   |--Allotria Westwood 1833 GM79
                                   |    |--A. aphidae (Froggatt 1904) GM79 [=Hypodiranchis aphidae G30b]
                                   |    `--A. darci Girault 1933 G33
                                   `--Alloxysta N91
                                        |--A. bifoveata R70
                                        |--A. infuscata M83
                                        |--A. thoreauini Girault 1935 G35
                                        `--A. victrix N91

Phaenoglyphis japonicus (Ashmead 1904) [=Ceroptres japonicus, Euceroptres japonicus] RN-A01

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[BD17] Branstetter, M. G., B. N. Danforth, J. P. Pitts, B. C. Faircloth, P. S. Ward, M. L. Buffington, M. W. Gates, R. R. Kula & S. G. Brady. 2017. Phylogenomic insights into the evolution of stinging wasps and the origins of ants and bees. Current Biology 27: 1019–1025.

[GJR97] Giordano, R., J. J. Jackson & H. M. Robertson. 1997. The role of Wolbachia bacteria in reproductive incompatibilities and hybrid zones of Diabrotica beetles and Gryllus crickets. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 94: 11439–11444.

[G30a] Girault, A. A. 1930a. New pests from Australia. VIII. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 273–277).

[G30b] Girault, A. A. 1930b. New pests from Australia. IX. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 278–279).

[G31] Girault, A. A. 1931. A new habit in an old insect, Homo pudicus and new Eurytomidae. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 280–283).

[G32] Girault, A. A. 1932. New pests from Australia, X. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 286–291).

[G33] Girault, A. A. 1933. Some beauties inhabitant not of commercial boudoirs but of Nature’s bosom, notably new insects. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 299–303).

[G34] Girault, A. A. 1934. Eucharitidae, Cynipidae, Proctotrypidae et Thysanoptera nova Australiensis. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 306–307).

[G35] Girault, A. A. 1935. Microhymenoptera Australiensis nova, mostly Chalcididae. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 315–318).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.

[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.

[MH11] Munro, J. B., J. M. Heraty, R. A. Burks, D. Hawks, J. Mottern, A. Cruaud, J.-Y. Rasplus & P. Jansta. 2011. A molecular phylogeny of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). PLoS One 6 (11): e27023.

[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[PK17] Peters, R. S., L. Krogmann, C. Mayer, A. Donath, S. Gunkel, K. Meusemann, A. Kozlov, L. Podsiadlowski, M. Petersen, R. Lanfear, P. A. Diez, J. Heraty, K. M. Kjer, S. Klopfstein, R. Meier, C. Polidori, T. Schmitt, S. Liu, X. Zhou, T. Wappler, J. Rust, B. Misof & O. Niehuis. 2017. Evolutionary history of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology 27 (7): 1013–1018.

[R02] Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2002. Superorder Vespidea Laicharting, 1781. Order Hymenoptera Linné, 1758 (=Vespida Laicharting, 1781). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 242–254. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 867–959. Melbourne University Press.

[RN-A01] Ronquist, F., & J. L. Nieves-Aldrey. 2001. A new subfamily of Figitidae (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 133: 483–494.

[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.

Last updated: 18 March 2021.