Cynipidae

Female Synergus reinhardi, from here.

Belongs within: Cynipoidea.
Contains: Aylacini, Cynipini.

The Cynipidae are a family of small phytophagous wasps forming galls in angiosperms, though some are inquilines of other gall-formers (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). Many species show an alternation between parthenogenetic and sexually-reproducing generations which may differ in appearance. In the oak-feeding species Biorrhiza pallida, the asexual generation consists of apterous females whereas the sexual generation includes winged males and winged or wingless females. In another oak species, Neuroterus lenticularis, the two generations produce different forms of galls (Richards & Davies 1977).

Characters (from Ronquist & Nieves-Aldrey 2001): Metascutellum medially constricted; forewing with marginal cell open; pronotum lacking a lateral carina.

<==Cynipidae
    |--Cynipinae R70
    |    |  i. s.: Phanacis hypochoeridis N91
    |    |--Aylacini RN-A01
    |    `--Cynipini RN-A01
    `--+--+--Isocolus RN-A01
       |  `--Neaylax RN-A01
       `--+--Liposthenes RN-A01
          `--Synergus RN-A01
               |--S. nervosus A71
               |--S. pallicornis A71
               |--S. reinhardi A71
               `--S. umbraculus A71

Cynipidae incertae sedis:
  Periclistus brandti A71
  Paraulax RN-A01
  Diplolepidini GE05
    |--Rhodites GE05
    |    |--R. rosae R13
    |    `--R. vetus GE05
    `--Diplolepis E12
         |--D. anthidiorum Lucas 1849 E12
         |--D. bedeguaris G20
         |--D. rosae A71
         `--D. tuberculatrix [=Rhodites tuberculator] S96
  Amblynotus Hartig 1840 G29, GM79
    |--A. berlesei Girault 1937 G37
    |--A. hartigi Girault 1930 G30a [=A. parvus Girault 1929 non Hart 1840 G29]
    |--A. parvus Hart 1840 G30a
    |--A. pilosiscutum Girault 1929 G29
    `--A. ruficeps Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
  Hexaplasta Forster 1869 G30b, GM79
    |--H. aemilia Girault 1930 GM79
    |--H. florentia Girault 1930 GM79
    |--H. julia Girault 1930 GM79
    |--H. lucia Girault 1930 GM79
    |--H. maria Girault 1930 GM79
    |--H. mozarti Girault 1930 GM79
    `--H. thoreauini Girault 1930 GM79
  Glyptoxysta bifoveata Girault 1931 G31 [incl. G. bispinosa Girault 1931 (n. n.) G32b, G31]
  Gronotoma domestica Girault 1932 G32a
  Australofigites Girault 1932 G32b
    `--*A. poeta Girault 1932 G32b
  Pentacrita marguerita Girault 1934 G34
  Plagiotrochus AN-A04
    |--P. australis AN-A04
    `--P. quercusilicis AN-A04
  Iraella hispanica Nieves-Aldrey 2005 F05
  Psilodora hyalipennis Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901 MS01
  Microstilba bidentata MS01
  Aulax scabiosae MS01
  Pycnostigmus HB13 [Pycnostigmatinae N91]
  Sinocynipites Hong 2002 H02
    `--*S. fushunensis Hong 2002 H02
  Eocynipites Hong 2002 H02
    `--*E. xilutianensis Hong 2002 H02
  Eucynipites Hong 2002 H02
    `--*E. guchengziensis Hong 2002 H02
  Antistrophus G05
    |--A. chrysothamni [=Aulax chrysothamni] G05
    `--A. lygodesmiaepisum [incl. A. pisum] G05
  Protimaspis costalis Kinsey 1937 P92
  Neuroterus RD77
    |--N. fumipennis R13
    `--N. lenticularis [incl. Spathegaster baccarum] RD77
  Biorrhiza pallida [incl. B. aptera] RD77

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[A71] Askew, R. R. 1971. Parasitic Insects. Heinemann Educational Books: London.

[AN-A04] Askew, R. R., & J. L. Nieves-Aldrey. 2004. Further observations on Eupelminae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eupelmidae) in the Iberian Peninsula and Canary Islands, including descriptions of new species. Graellsia 60 (1): 27–39.

[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.

[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.

[G29] Girault, A. A. 1929. New pests from Australia. VI. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 266–269).

[G30a] Girault, A. A. 1930a. New pests from Australia. VIII. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 273–277).

[G30b] Girault, A. A. 1930b. New pests from Australia. IX. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 278–279).

[G31] Girault, A. A. 1931. Hymenoptera, Thysanoptera nova Australiensis. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 284–285).

[G32a] Girault, A. A. 1932a. New pests from Australia, X. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 286–291).

[G32b] Girault, A. A. 1932b. New lower Hymenoptera from Australia and India. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 293–298).

[G34] Girault, A. A. 1934. Miridae et Hymenoptera nova Australiensis. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 308–310).

[G37] Girault, A. A. 1937. New naturals, unorthodoxies and non-pollutions, viz. new hexapods. Privately published (reprinted in: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 326–328).

[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[G05] Grissell, E. E. 2005. A review of North American species of Microdontomerus Crawford (Torymidae: Hymenoptera). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 14 (1): 22–65.

[HB13] Heraty, J. M., R. A. Burks, A. Cruaud, G. A. P. Gibson, J. Liljeblad, J. Munro, J.-Y. Rasplus, G. Delvare, P. Janšta, A. Gumovsky, J. Huber, J. B. Woolley, L. Krogmann, S. Heydon, A. Polaszek, S. Schmidt, D. C. Darling, M. W. Gates, J. Mottern, E. Murray, A. D. Molin, S. Triapitsyn, H. Baur, J. D. Pinto, S. van Noort, J. George & M. Yoder. 2013. A phylogenetic analysis of the megadiverse Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). Cladistics 29: 466–542.

[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.

[MS01] Mocsáry, A., & V. Szépligeti. 1901. Hymenopterák [Hymenopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 121–169. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.

[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2^nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).

[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.

[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.

[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms' General Textbook of Entomology 10^th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.

[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 867–959. Melbourne University Press.

[RN-A01] Ronquist, F., & J. L. Nieves-Aldrey. 2001. A new subfamily of Figitidae (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 133: 483–494.

[S96] Smith, D. R. 1996. Review of the Gasteruptiidae (Hymenoptera) of eastern North America. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (3): 491–499.

Last updated: 18 March 2021.