Thysanoptera

Reconstruction of the Cretaceous Gymnopollisthrips, by Enrique Peñalver.

Belongs within: Paraneoptera.
Contains: Physothrips, Phlaeothripidae, Merothripidae, Aeolothripidae, Thripidae, Heterothripidae.

The Thysanoptera, thrips, are a distinct group of often small insects with elongate wings bearing a fringe of long cilia. The most familiar members of the group are plant-feeders, but other thrips are fungus-feeding or predatory. The earliest Thysanoptera include the Triassic Triassothripidae and the Jurassic Karataothrips; these taxa retain a relatively elongate base to vein M which is more proximal in the wing than in crown Thysanoptera (Grimaldi & Engel 2005).

Synapomorphies (from Grimaldi & Engel 2005): Wings with fringe of long, fine setae; all veins except bases of Rs and M short and braced with wing margin, veins Sc and CuP lost. Eversible, adhesive bladder present on pretarsus, claws tiny in adults. Mouthparts developed into mouthcone with protractible maxillary stylets, right mandible lost or virtually so. Development with instars III–IV (or V) quiescent with non-functional mouthparts, referred to as 'prepupa' and 'pupa' stages.

<==Thysanoptera [Aeolothripoidea, Terebrantia, Thripina, Thripomorpha]
    |--Triassothripidae PL12
    |    |--Triassothrips virginicus GE05
    |    `--Kazachothrips triassicus PL12
    |--Karataothrips [Karataothripidae] GE05
    |    `--K. jurassica GE05
    `--+--Phlaeothripidae PL12
       `--+--+--Uzelothrips Hood 1952 MM96 [Uzelothripidae PL12]
          |  |    `--*U. scabrosus Hood 1952 MM96
          |  `--+--Merothripidae PL12
          |     `--+--Aeolothripidae PL12
          |        `--Melanthripidae PL12
          |             |--Melanthrips Haliday 1836 MM96
          |             |    |--‘Thrips’ fuscus [incl. *Melanthrips obesa Haliday 1836] MM96
          |             |    `--M. insulsus Bailey 1954 MM96
          |             |--Gymnopollisthrips Peñalver, Nel & Nel in Peñalver, Labandeira et al. 2012 PL12
          |             |    |--*G. minor Peñalver, Nel & Nel in Peñalver, Labandeira et al. 2012 PL12
          |             |    `--G. maior Peñalver, Nel & Nel in Peñalver, Labandeira et al. 2012 PL12
          |             |--Ankothrips PL12
          |             |--Archankothrips varicornis PL12
          |             |--Cranothrips emersoni Girault 1929 PL12, G29
          |             `--Dorythrips PL12
          `--+--Stenurothripidae PL12
             |    |--Oligothrips Z02
             |    |--Holarthrothrips Z02
             |    |--Adiheterothrips [Adiheterothripidae] Z02
             |    |--Exitelothrips Z02
             |    |--Scudderothrips [Scudderothripidae] Z02
             |    |--Neocomothrips Z02
             |    |--Progonothrips Z02
             |    |--Rhetinothrips [Rhetinothripidae] Z02
             |    |--Scaphothrips [Scaphothripidae] Z02
             |    `--Hispanothrips utrillensis PL12
             `--Thripoidea Z02
                  |--Thripidae PL12
                  `--+--Fauriellidae [Hemithripidae] PL12
                     `--Heterothripidae PL12

Thysanoptera incertae sedis:
  Membrothrips indicus G01
  Aroidothrips longistylus G01
  Zaniothrips ricini G01
  Adventathrips inquilinus GE05
  Karphothrips dugdalei M04
  Andrewarthaia kellyanus M04
  Neohoodiella jennibeardae M04
  Parabaliothrips newmani M04
  Euthrips biguttaticorpus Girault 1924 G24
  Isononeurothrips Bagnall 1915 GM79
    |--I. jenseni Karny 1927 GM79
    `--I. mediolineus (Bagnall 1915) G26, GM79 [=Thrips mediolineus G26]
  Stylothrips G27b [incl. Paraphysopus Girault 1927 G27b, G27a]
    `--S. brevipalpus Karny 1927 GM79 [incl. *P. burnsi Girault 1927 G27a, G27b, G27a]
  Physothrips G30
  Gryptothrips G27c
    |--G. curiosus Girault 1927 G27c
    `--G. mantis Karny 1924 GM79
  Watsoniella G28b
    |--W. brevitibia Girault 1928 G28b
    |--W. helena Girault 1928 G28a
    `--W. latiaureus Girault 1927 G27d
  Idolimothrips knoxi Girault 1927 G27d
  Parafrankliniella nigripes Girault 1928 G28a
  Diarthrothrips obscuriceps Girault 1931 G31
  Liassothripidae Z02
  Linneothrips retanae (Mound & Marullo 1996) R-SN07

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[G24] Girault, A. A. 1924. Lese majeste, new insects and robbery. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 182).

[G26] Girault, A. A. 1926. New pests from Australia. III. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 203-204).

[G27a] Girault, A. A. 1927a. Some new wild animals. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 208-210).

[G27b] Girault, A. A. 1927b. New Australian animals so far overlooked by outsiders. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 211-212).

[G27c] Girault, A. A. 1927c. Thysanoptera nova Australiensis. II. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 214-215).

[G27d] Girault, A. A. 1927d. A discourse on wild animals. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 216-217).

[G28a] Girault, A. A. 1928a. Some new hexapods stolen from authority. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 221-224).

[G28b] Girault, A. A. 1928b. Some Insecta and a new All Highness. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 225-228).

[G29] Girault, A. A. 1929. New pests from Australia. VI. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 266-269).

[G30] Girault, A. A. 1930. New pests from Australia. VIII. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 273-277).

[G31] Girault, A. A. 1931. Hymenoptera, Thysanoptera nova Australiensis. Privately published (reprinted Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 284-285).

[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1-400.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[G01] Gupta, S. K. 2001. A conspectus of natural enemies of phytophagous mites and mites as potential biocontrol agents of agricultural pests in India. In Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress (R. B. Halliday, D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff, eds) pp. 484-497. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[M04] Mound, L. A. 2004. Australian Thysanoptera—biological diversity and a diversity of studies. Australian Journal of Entomology 43 (3): 248-257.

[MM96] Mound, L. A., & R. Marullo. 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an introduction (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-487.

[PL12] Peñalver, E., C. C. Labandeira, E. Barrón, X. Delclòs, P. Nel, A. Nel, P. Tafforeau & C. Soriano. 2012. Thrips pollination of Mesozoic gymnosperms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (22): 8623-8628.

[R-SN07] Retana-Salazar, A. P., & K. Nishida. 2007. First gall-inducing thrips on Elaphoglossum ferns: a new genus and species of thrips, Jersonithrips galligenus from Costa Rica (Insecta, Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 87 (2): 143-148.

[Z02] Zherikhin, V. V. 2002. Order Thripida Fallen, 1914. (=Thysanoptera Haliday, 1836) The thrips. In History of Insects (A. P. Rasnitsyn & D. L. J. Quicke, eds) pp. 133-143. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.