Pentremitida

Pentremites godoni, from here.

Belongs within: Blastoidea.

The Pentremitida are a lineage of spiraculate blastoids with typically four spiracles and an anispiracle.

Characters (from Waters & Horowitz 1993): Pyriform to godoniform theca; four spiracles (may be split by septum) and an anispiracle; deltoid faces in most genera; lancets partially to completely exposed.

<==Pentremitida
    |--Hyperoblastidae WM03
    |    |--Conoblastus Waters, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
    |    |    `--*C. invaginatus Waters, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
    |    |--Petaloblastus Fay 1961 LMW01
    |    |    |--*P. ovalis (Goldfuss 1829) BF67 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |    `--P. boletus (Schmidt 1930) [=Pentremites boletus] LMW01
    |    |--Breimeriblastus Waters, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
    |    |    |--*B. pyramidalis Waters, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
    |    |    `--B. gracilis Waters, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
    |    |--Sinopetaloblastus Lane, Waters & Maples 1997 WM03
    |    |    |--S. grabaui Waters, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
    |    |    `--S. jinxingae Lane, Waters & Maples 1997 WM03
    |    `--Hyperoblastus Fay 1961 WM03
    |         |--*H. preciosus (Reimann 1945) [=Pentremitidea preciosa] BF67
    |         |--H. emuhaensis Waters, Maples et al. 2003 WM03
    |         |--H. filosa WM03
    |         |--H. nuciformis BF67
    |         `--H. reimanni Kier 1952 M01
    `--Pentremitidae [Eleutheroblastidae, Eleutherocrinidae, Pentremidae, Pentremitidaea] WM03
         |--Eleutherocrinus Shumard & Yandell 1856 [=Eleutheroblastus Hambach 1903] BF67
         |    `--*E. cassedayi Shumard & Yandell 1856 [=*Eleutheroblastus cassedayi] BF67
         |--Cordyloblastus Fay 1961 BF67
         |    |--*C. acutangulus (Schultze 1886) [=Pentremites acutangulus] BF67
         |    `--C. eifelensis BF67
         `--+--Devonoblastus Reimann 1935 BF67
            |    |--*D. leda (Hall 1862) [=Pentremites leda] BF67
            |    `--D. whiteavesi BF67
            |--Orbitremitidae BF67
            |    |  i. s.: Houiblastus devonicus WM03
            |    |--Doryblastus Fay 1961 BF67
            |    |    `--*D. melonianus (Schmidt 1930) [=Mesoblastus melonianus] BF67
            |    `--+--Globoblastus Hambach 1903 BF67
            |       |    `--*G. norwoodi (Owen & Shumard 1850) [=Pentremites norwoodi] BF67
            |       `--+--Ellipticoblastus Fay 1960 BF67
            |          |    `--*E. orbicularis (Sowerby 1834) [=Pentatrematites orbicularis] BF67
            |          `--Orbitremites Austin & Austin 1842 BF67
            |               |--*O. derbiensis (Sowerby 1825) [=Pentremites derbiensis] BF67
            |               |--O. ellipticus BF67
            |               `--O. malaianus BF67
            `--+--Pentremoblastus Fay & Koenig 1963 BF67
               |    `--*P. conicus Fay & Koenig 1963 BF67
               `--+--Ambolostoma Peck 1930 BF67 [Ambolostomatidae]
                  |    `--*A. baileyi Peck 1930 BF67
                  `--Pentremites Say 1820 [=Pentremite] BF67
                       |  i. s.: P. gemmiformis BF67
                       |         P. maccalliei BF67
                       |         P. obesus BF67
                       |         P. okawensis BF67
                       |         P. pyramidatus BF67
                       |--P. elongatus BF67
                       `--+--P. conoideus BF67
                          |--+--P. princetonensis BF67
                          |  `--+--P. symmetricus BF67
                          |     `--+--P. girtyi BF67
                          |        `--P. pyriformis BF67
                          `--+--P. pulchellus BF67
                             `--+--*P. godoni (Defrance 1819) [=Encrina godonii] BF67
                                `--+--+--P. halli BF67
                                   |  `--P. tulipaformis BF67
                                   `--+--P. rusticus BF67
                                      `--P. sulcatus BF67

*Petaloblastus ovalis (Goldfuss 1829) BF67 [=Pentremites ovalis LMW01; incl. Pentremitidea phillipsii Whidborne 1898 LMW01]

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[BF67] Beaver, H. H., R. O. Fay, D. B. Macurda Jr, R. C. Moore & J. Wanner. 1967. Blastoids. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa-Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) (R. C. Moore, ed.) vol. 2 pp. S297-S455. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[LMW01] Lane, N. G., C. G. Maples & J. A. Waters. 2001. Revision of Late Devonian (Famennian) and some Early Carboniferous (Tournaisian) crinoids and blastoids from the type Devonian area of north Devon. Palaeontology 44 (6): 1043-1080.

[M01] McIntosh, G. C. 2001. Devonian cladid crinoids: Families Glossocrinidae Goldring, 1923, and Rutkowskicrinidae new family. Journal of Paleontology 75 (4): 783-807.

Waters, J. A., & A. S. Horowitz. 1993. Ordinal-level evolution in the Blastoidea. Lethaia 26: 207-213.

[WM03] Waters, J. A., C. G. Maples, N. G. Lane, S. Marcus, Liao Z.-T., Liu L., Hou H.-F. & Wang J.-X. 2003. A quadrupling of Famennian pelmatozoan diversity: New Late Devonian blastoids and crinoids from northwest China. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 922-948.