Ericales

Kiwifruit Actinidia deliciosa, from here.

Belongs within: Gunneridae.
Contains: Symplocaceae, Impatiens, Sapotales, Polemoniaceae, Primulales, Lecythidaceae, Theaceae, Styracaceae, Ericaceae.

The Ericales are a large clade of flowering plants primarily supported by molecular data, one of the most basal branches within the clade Asteridae. Members of the Ericales are significant members of the tropical understory. Noteworthy members of the Ericales include the Actinidiaceae, a group of woody vines, trees and shrubs with simple, spiral leaves including the kiwifruit or Chinese gooseberry Actinidia deliciosa, grown commercially for its fruit. Marcgravia is a Neotropical genus of climbers in which the bat-pollinated flowers are born in umbellate clusters with the central flowers abortive and possessing pendulous, pitcher-shaped bracts filled with nectar. The Sarraceniaceae are a group of carnivorous plants found in North and South America whose elongate, tubular leaves form fluid-filled pitchers for the capture and digestion of insects.

Synapomorphies (from the Angiosperm Phylogeny Website): Nonhydrolysable tannins, triterpenoids including saponins present; vessel elements with simple perforation plates; nodes 1:1; leaf vascular bundles collateral; leaves spiral, teeth with single vein and opaque deciduous cap; duplication of the PI gene.

<==Ericales [Clethrineae, Theineae]
    |--+--Impatiens K01
    |  `--Marcgraviaceae H11
    |       |--Souroubea guianensis H11
    |       |--Ruyschioxylon sumatrense Hoffmann 1884 CBH93
    |       `--Marcgravia K01
    |            |--M. oligandra J87
    |            |--M. rectiflora J87
    |            `--M. sintenisii SWK87
    `--+--Sapotales K01
       `--+--+--+--Polemoniaceae K01
          |  |  `--Primulales K01
          |  `--+--Lecythidaceae K01
          |     `--Eurya K01
          |          |--E. acuminata D07
          |          |--E. emarginata MH98
          |          `--E. japonica MH98
          `--+--+--Theaceae K01
             |  `--Styracaceae K01
             `--+--+--Sarraceniaceae [Sarraceniineae] H03
                |  |    |--Heliamphora T00
                |  |    |--Darlingtonia californica H93
                |  |    `--Sarracenia T00
                |  |         |--S. alabamensis D81
                |  |         |--S. purpurea MCR04
                |  |         |--S. rubra H93
                |  |         `--S. sledgei S81
                |  `--Actinidiaceae KJ02
                |       |--Parasaurauia T00
                |       |--Saurauia [Saurauioideae] T00
                |       |--Clematoclethra [Clematoclethroideae] T00
                |       |--Actinidioxylon princeps (Ludwig) Müller-Stoll & Mädel-Angeliewa 1969 CBH93
                |       `--Actinidia [Actinidioideae] KJ02
                |            |--A. arguta JK80
                |            |--A. chinensis KJ02
                |            |--A. deliciosa PF02
                |            `--A. strigosa SN88
                `--+--Clethraceae KJ02
                   |    |--Clethraecarpum asepalum Menzel 1914 CBH93
                   |    |--Junia Adans. 1763 KC01
                   |    `--Clethra KJ02
                   |         |--C. acuminata JK80
                   |         |--C. alnifolia KJ02
                   |         |--C. arborea JK80
                   |         |--C. tinifolia C55
                   |         `--C. tomentosa JK80
                   `--+--+--Ericaceae KJ02
                      |  `--Roridula [Roridulaceae] H03
                      |       |--R. dentata H03
                      |       `--R. gorgonias H03
                      `--Cyrillaceae KJ02
                           |--Cyrilla racemiflora KJ02
                           |--Purdiaea T00
                           |--Epacridicarpum colwellense JD05
                           |--Pirocarpella aquisgranensis JD05
                           `--Cyrilloxylon europaeum van der Burgh 1964 CBH93

Ericales incertae sedis:
  Mitrastema [Mitrastemaceae, Mitrastemonaceae] BL04
    `--M. yamamotoi BL04
  Tetrameristaceae T00
    |--Pentamerista T00
    `--Tetramerista T00
  Pellicieraceae T00
    |  i. s.: ‘Verrutricolporites’ crassus Fuchs 1970 CBH93
    `--Pelliciera rhizophorae HSS13
  Symplocaceae T00
  Pentaphylacaceae T00
    |--Pentaphylax T00
    `--Allericarpus CBH93
  Fouquieria T00 [incl. Idria T00; Fouquieriaceae APG16, Fouquieriales]
    `--F. splendens OB11
  Sladeniaceae [Sladenioideae] APG16
  Diapensia KJ02 [Diapensiaceae APG16, Diapensiales]
    |--D. himalaica O88
    `--D. lapponica KJ02
  Valvaecarpus CBH93

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[APG16] Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181: 1–20.

[BL04] Barkman, T. J., S.-H. Lim, K. M. Salleh & J. Nais. 2004. Mitochondrial DNA sequences reveal the photosynthetic relatives of Rafflesia, the world’s largest flower. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101 (3): 787–792.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 79–88.

[D81] Day, D. 1981. The Doomsday Book of Animals: A unique natural history of three hundred vanished species. Ebury Press: London.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[H11] Hilty, S. L. 2011. Family Thraupidae (tanagers). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 46–329. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World's Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).

[JK80] John, J., & K.-P. Kolbe. 1980. The systematic position of the “Theales” from the viewpoint of serology. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 8: 241–248.

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[JD05] Junge, F. W., M. Dolezych, H. Walther, T. Böttger, A. Kühl, L. Kunzmann, P. Morgenstern, T. Steinberg & R. Stange. 2005. Ein Fenster in Landschaft und Vegetation vor 37 Millionen Jahren: Lithologische, sedimentgeochemische und paläobotanische Befunde aus einem Paläoflusssystem des Weißelsterbeckens. Mauritiana 19 (2): 185–273.

[K01] Kårehed, J. 2001. Multiple origin of the tropical forest tree family Icacinaceae. American Journal of Botany 88 (12): 2259–2274.

[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi 9^th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).

[KJ02] Kron, K. A., W. S. Judd, P. F. Stevens, D. M. Crayn, A. A. Anderberg, P. A. Gadek, C. J. Quinn & J. L. Luteyn. 2002. Phylogenetic classification of Ericaceae: molecular and morphological evidence. Botanical Review 68: 335–423.

[MCR04] Majer, J. D., R. D. Cocquyt & H. F. Recher. 2004. Powdery bark in Eucalyptus accedens deters arthropods? An evaluation using ants. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 81–83.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[OB11] Orenstein, R. I., & D. Brewer. 2011. Family Cardinalidae (cardinals). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 330–427. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[PF02] Pomeroy, N., & R. M. Fisher. 2002. Pollination of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) by bumble bees (Bombus terrestris): effects of bee density and patterns of flower visitation. New Zealand Entomologist 25: 41–49.

[SWK87] Snyder, N. F. R., J. W. Wiley & C. B. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican parrot. Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology: Los Angeles.

[S81] Steffan, W. A. 1981. Sciaridae. In: McAlpine, J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, H. J. Teskey, J. R. Vockeroth & D. S. Wood (eds) Manual of Nearctic Diptera vol. 1 pp. 247–255. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada.

[SN88] Suzuki, M., & S. Noshiro. 1988. Wood structure of Himalayan plants. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 341–379.

[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.

Last updated: 26 June 2020.