Actinocerida

Reconstruction of Gonioceras, from Palaeos.com.

Belongs within: Cephalopoda.
Contains: Actinoceras, Ormoceratidae, Armenoceras.

The Middle Ordovician to Upper Carboniferous Actinocerida are a mostly straight-shelled group of (occassionally quite large) cephalopods characterised by a distinctive siphuncle structure. The siphuncle was largely filled by mineralised deposits except for a thin tube down the centre, with small radial canals connecting the central hollow and a thin space separating the deposits and the outer wall of the siphuncle. In life, the central tube and radial canals would have presumably held living tissue.

Characters (from Teichert 1964): Mostly orthoconic conchs with broad siphuncle containing calcareous deposits; radial canals connecting central canal and thin perispatium; septal necks short, recurved. Cameral deposits present in many species.

<==Actinocerida (see below for synonymy)
    |  i. s.: Calhounoceras Troedsson 1926 T64
    |           `--*C. candelabrum Troedsson 1926 T64
    |         Hopeioceras Shimizu & Obata 1936 (n. d.) T64
    |           `--*H. shihlingense Shimizu & Obata 1936 T64
    |         Subtofangoceras Shimizu & Obata 1936 (n. d.) T64
    |           `--*S. liaotungense (Endo 1932) (n. d.) [=Sactoceras liaotungense] T64
    |--Polydesmiidae T64
    |    |--Polydesmia Lorenz 1906 (see below for synonymy) T64
    |    |    |--*P. canaliculata Lorenz 1906 T64
    |    |    `--P. zuezshanensis T64
    |    `--Ordosoceras Chang 1959 T64
    |         `--*O. sphaeriforme Chang 1959 T64
    |              |--O. s. sphaeriforme T64
    |              `--O. s. otoktiensis T64
    |--Huroniidae [Besselsoceratinae, Gigantei] T64
    |    |--Discoactinoceras Kobayashi 1927 [=Discoactionoceras (l. c.)] T64
    |    |    `--*D. multiplexum Kobayashi 1927 T64
    |    |--Huroniella Foerste 1924 [incl. Besselsoceras Shimizu & Obata 1935] T64
    |    |    |--*H. inflecta (Parks 1915) [=Huronia inflecta] T64
    |    |    `--H. persiphonata T64
    |    `--Huronia Stokes 1824 T64
    |         |--*H. bigsbei Stokes 1824 [=H. bigsbyi] T64
    |         |--H. gaspensis Foerste 1936 P68
    |         |--H. minuens T64
    |         |--H. occidentale Foerste 1928 P68
    |         `--H. paulodilata T64
    |--Gonioceratidae T64
    |    |--Lambeoceras Foerste 1917 [incl. Hoeloceras Sweet 1958] T64
    |    |    |--*L. lambii (Whiteaves 1891) [=Gonioceras lambii, G. lambei, Tripteroceras (*Lambeoceras) lambii] T64
    |    |    |--L. acutilaterale Foerste 1935 P68
    |    |    |--L. baffinense Miller, Youngquist & Collinson 1954 P68
    |    |    |--L. confertum P68
    |    |    |--L. landerense Foerste 1935 P68
    |    |    |--L. princeps T64
    |    |    `--L. richmondensis (Foerste 1917) [=Tripteroceras (Lambeoceras) richmondensis] P68
    |    `--Gonioceras Hall 1847 T64
    |         |--*G. anceps Hall 1847 T64
    |         |--G. chaziense P68
    |         |--G. groenlandicum T64
    |         |--G. holtedahli T64
    |         |--G. occidentale P68
    |         `--G. wulffi T64
    |--Actinoceratidae [Ellinocerataceae, Ellinoceratidae, Floweroceratidae] T64
    |    |  i. s.: Ellinoceras Balashov 1960 T64
    |    |           `--*E. septicurvatum Balashov 1960 T64
    |    |--Actinoceras T64
    |    |--Troostoceras Foerste & Teichert 1930 T64
    |    |    `--*T. paulocurvatum Foerste & Teichert 1930 T64
    |    |         |--T. p. paulocurvatum P68
    |    |         `--T. p. abbreviatum Foerste & Teichert 1930 P68
    |    |--Paractinoceras Hyatt in Zittel 1900 T64
    |    |    |--*P. canadense (Whiteaves 1892) [=Sactoceras canadense] T64
    |    |    |--P. lamellosum P68
    |    |    `--P. pusillum Ruedemann 1926 P68
    |    |--Leurorthoceras Foerste 1921 T64
    |    |    |--*L. hanseni Foerste 1921 T64
    |    |    |--L. altopontense Foerste & Teichert 1930 P68
    |    |    |--L. baffinense P68
    |    |    `--L. lebanonense Foerste & Teichert 1930 P68
    |    `--+--Saffordoceras Foerste & Teichert 1930 T64
    |       |    `--*S. nelsoni Foerste & Teichert 1930 T64
    |       `--+--Floweroceras Miller & Youngquist 1947 T64
    |          |    `--*F. boreale Miller & Youngquist 1947 T64
    |          `--Kochoceras Troedsson 1926 [incl. Nothoceras Eichwald 1860 non Barrande 1856] T64
    |               |--*K. cuneiforme Troedsson 1926 T64
    |               |--K. ellipticum T64
    |               `--K. grande Foerste 1935 P68
    `--Armenoceratidae [Nybyoceratinae, Wutinoceratidae] T64
         |  i. s.: Stolbovoceras Balashov 1962 T64
         |           `--*S. boreale Balashov 1962 T64
         |--+--Ormoceratidae T64
         |  `--Cyrtonybyoceras Teichert 1933 T64
         |       `--*C. haesitans (Billings 1857) [=Orthoceras haesitans] T64
         `--+--+--Armenoceras T64
            |  `--+--Monocyrtoceras Foerste 1924 T64
            |     |    `--*M. lentidilatatum Foerste 1924 T64
            |     `--Elrodoceras Foerste 1924 T64
            |          |--*E. indianense (Miller 1892) [=Cyrtoceras indianense] T64
            |          |--E. abnorme T64
            |          |--E. cedarvillense Foerste 1928 P68
            |          |--E. osmanense Foerste & Teichert 1930 P68
            |          `--E. telleri Foerste & Teichert 1930 P68
            `--+--Selkirkoceras Foerste 1929 T64
               |    |--*S. cuneatum Foerste 1929 T64
               |    `--S. tyndallense T64
               |--Nybyoceras Troedsson 1926 (see below for synonymy) T64
               |    |--*N. bekkeri (Troedsson 1926) [=Actinoceras (*Nybyoceras) bekkeri] T64
               |    |--‘Wutinoceras’ exortivum D82
               |    |--N. foerstei Endo 1930 P68
               |    `--N. ulrichi Foerste & Teichert 1930 P68
               `--Megadisocosorus Foerste 1925 T64
                    `--*M. crassisegmentatus Foerste 1925 T64
                         |--M. c. crassisegmentatus T64
                         `--M. c. orientalis T64

Actinocerida [Actinoceracea, Actinoceratida, Actinoceratina, Actinoceratoidea, Actinoceroida, Actinoceroidea, Actinosiphitae, Annulosiphonata, Cochleati]

Nybyoceras Troedsson 1926 [incl. Jeholoceras Kobayashi & Matsumoto 1942, Pararmenoceras Shimizu & Obata 1936, Wutinoceras Shimizu & Obata 1936] T64

Polydesmia Lorenz 1906 [incl. Maruyamaceras Kobayashi 1931, Maruyamacerina Kobayashi 1936, Murayamaceras (l. c.)] T64

*Type species of generic name indicated

REFERENCES

[D82] Dong D.-Y. 1982. Lower Ordovician stromatoporoids of northern Anhui. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 21 (5): 577-583.

[P68] Purnell, L. R. 1968. Catalog of the Type Specimens of Invertebrate Fossils. Part I: Paleozoic Cephalopoda. United States National Museum Bulletin 262: 1-198.

[T64] Teichert, C. 1964. Actinoceratoidea. In Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt. K. Mollusca 3. Cephalopoda – General Features – Endoceratoidea – Actinoceratoidea – Nautiloidea – Bactritoidea (R. C. Moore, ed.) pp. K190-K216. The Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press.