Belongs within: Vetigastropoda.
The Turbininae are a group of marine gastropods with strong, solid shells bearing a calcareous operculum; whorls may be rounded or more or less carinate. Members of the genus Turbo have shells with rounded whorls, a convex base, rounded aperture and near-circular, outwardly convex operculum (Knight et al. 1960).
<==Turbininae [Astraeinae, Astraliinae, Bolmidae, Turbinacea]
|--Rothpletzella Böhm 1895 KC60
| `--R. infracarinata (Kittl 1894) [=Coelocentrus infracarinatus; incl. *R. richthofeni Böhm 1895] KC60
|--Coelobolma Cossmann 1918 KC60
| `--*C. corbarica Cossmann 1918 KC60
|--Tectariopsis Cossmann 1888 KC60
| `--*T. henrici (Caillat 1835) [=Turbo henrici] KC60
|--Lithopoma Gray 1850 BP79
| `--*L. tuber (Linné 1767) BP79 [=Trochus tuber BP79, Astraea (*Lithopoma) tuber KC60]
|--Megastraea McLean 1970 BP79
| `--*M. undosa (Wood 1828) BP79 (see below for synonymy)
|--Pomaulax Gray 1850 BP79
| |--*P. japonicus (Dunker 1845) BP79 [=Trochus japonicus BP79, Astraea (*Pomaulax) japonicus KC60]
| `--P. undosa (Wood 1828) O27 [=Astraea undosa O27, Imperator undosa F27a; incl. Turbo rutilus C64]
|--Lunella Röding 1798 [=Ocana Adams 1861] KC60
| |--L. cinerea (Born 1778) (see below for synonymy) KC60
| |--L. reclusa F66
| |--L. smaragda (Gmelin 1791) P61 (see below for synonymy)
| `--L. undulata B97
|--Cookia Lesson 1832 [=Tubicanthus Swainson 1840] KC60
| `--*C. sulcata (Martyn 1784) BP79 (see below for synonymy)
| |--C. s. sulcata F27a
| `--C. s. kielmansegi (Zelebor 1866) (see below for synonymy) F27a
|--Senectus Swainson 1840 [Senectinae] BR05
| |--*S. spenglerianus (Gmelin 1791) [=Turbo spenglerianus] BR17
| |--S. funiculatus [incl. Callopoma depressum] C64
| |--S. radiata F66
| `--S. squamigerus C64
|--Uvanilla Gray 1850 BP79
| |--*U. unguis (Wood 1828) [=Trochus unguis, Astraea (*Uvanilla) unguis] KC60
| |--U. buschii [=Turbo buschii] C64
| |--U. inermis C64
| `--U. olivacea C64
|--Guildfordia Gray 1850 KC60
| | i. s.: G. yoka BP79
| |--G. (Guildfordia) BP79
| | |--*G. (G.) triumphans (Philippi 1841) KC60 [=Astralium triumphans KC60, Calcar triumphans H04]
| | `--G. (G.) monilifera (Hedley & Willey 1896) [=Astralium (G.) moniliferum] BP79
| |--G. (Fractopella Beu 1970) BP79
| | `--G. (*F.) megapex (Beu 1970) [=*Fractopella megapex] BP79
| `--G. (Opella Finlay 1926) BP79
| `--G. (*O.) subfimbriata (Suter 1917) [=Astraea subfimbriata] BP79
|--Pachypoma Gray 1850 BP79
| |--*P. caelata (Gmelin 1791) [=Trochus caelatus] BP79
| |--P. barbarensis (Dall 1919) [=Astraea (Pachypoma) barbarensis] O27
| |--P. gibberosum [=Trochus gibberosus, T. gibberosus novae zelandiae Chemnitz 1780–1795 (non-binomial)] C64
| `--P. inaequalis (Martyn 1784) [=Astraea (Pachypoma) inaequalis] O27
| |--P. i. inaequalis O27
| |--P. i. montereyensis (Oldroyd 1927) [=Astraea inaequalis montereyensis] O27
| |--P. i. pacifica (Dall 1919) [=Astraea inaequalis pacifica] O27
| `--‘Astraea’ i. rutila B56
|--Astralium Link 1807 BR05 (see below for synonymy)
| |--A. calcar (Linnaeus 1758) KC60 (see below for synonymy)
| |--A. aureus (Jonas 1844) BP79 [=Trochus aureus BP79, Astraea (*Micrastraea) aurea KC60]
| |--A. imperiale H04
| |--A. kesteveni (Iredale 1924) BP79 [=*Bellastraea kesteveni BP79, Astraea (*Bellastraea) kesteveni KC60]
| |--A. nobile Gray 1847 H09
| |--A. petrosum (Martyn 1787) [=Trochus petrosus] H09
| |--‘Trochus’ pileolum Reeve 1842 BP79 (see below for synonymy)
| |--A. rhodostoma (Lamarck 1822) BW09 (see below for synonymy)
| |--‘Trochus’ rotularius Lamarck 1822 BP79 [=Astraea (*Rugastella) rotularia KC60]
| |--‘Trochus’ stella Lamarck 1822 [=*Stella stella] BP79
| `--A. tentoriiforme (Jonas 1845) [=Trochus tentoriiformis] H09
|--Astraea Röding 1798 BR05 (see below for synonymy)
| | i. s.: A. aspinosa Usticke 1971 BC01
| | A. caelata HW78
| | A. longispina LYR78
| | A. pileola Reeve 1842 WG71
| | ‘Imperator’ serratus Carpenter 1864 C64
| | A. tecta IZ77
| | |--A. t. tecta IZ77
| | `--A. t. americana (Gmelin 1791) IZ77
| |--A. (Astraea) KC60
| | |--A. (A.) heliotropium (Martyn 1784) KC60 (see below for synonymy)
| | |--A. (A.) bicarinata (Suter 1917) [=Imperator bicarinata] F27a
| | `--A. (A.) hudsoniana (Johnston 1888) BP79 [=Imperator hudsoniana F27a]
| `--A. (Vitiastraea Ladd 1966) BP79
| `--A. (*V.) holmesi Ladd 1966 BP79
|--Bolma Risso 1826 (see below for synonymy) BP79
| | i. s.: B. belgica Glibert 1952 BP79
| | B. borsoni (Michelotti 1847) BP79
| | B. carinata [=Ormastralium carinatum; incl. O. carinatum var. prohenica Sacco 1896] BP79
| | B. castrocarensis (Foresti 1876) [=Turbo rugosus var. castrocarensis, B. (*Oobolma) castrocarensis] BP79
| | B. fimbriata (Borson 1821) BP79 (see below for synonymy)
| | B. granifer (Martin 1883) [=Turbo (Callopoma) granifer] BP79
| | B. granosa (Borson 1821) BP79
| | B. kendengensis (Altena 1938) [=Astralium (Bolma) kendengensis] BP79
| | B. meynardi (Michelotti 1847) BP79
| | B. muricata (Dujardin 1835) BP79
| | B. proborsoni Sacco 1896 BP79
| | B. speciosa (Michelotti 1847) (see below for synonymy) BP79
| | B. stearnsi (Ladd 1970) [=Astraea (Bolma) stearnsi] BP79
| | B. subspinosa (Rovereto in Sacco 1896) [=Ormastralium subspinosum] BP79
| | B. takitai (Ozaki 1954) [=Pachypoma takitai] BP79
| | B. taurinensis Sacco 1896 BP79
| | B. taurospeciosa (Sacco 1896) [=Ormastralium (Tylastralium) taurospeciosum] BP79
| | ‘Astraea (Incilaster)’ transenna Suter 1917 [=Calcar transenna] F27a
| | B. virgata (Ozaki 1954) [=Astraea virgata] BP79
| |--B. (Bolma) BP79
| `--B. (Senobolma Okutani 1964) BP79
| |--B. (*S.) venusta (Okutani 1964) [=*Senobolma venusta] BP79
| `--B. (S.) exotica (Okutani 1969) [=Senobolma exotica] BP79
`--Turbo Linnaeus 1758 DK10 (see below for synonymy)
| i. s.: T. acutangulus Linnaeus 1758 L58
| T. annulatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
| T. auriscalpium Linnaeus 1758 L58
| ‘Astraea’ brasiliensis Ferriera & da Cunha 1957 BP79
| T. castanea Gmelin 1791 (see below for synonymy) BC01
| T. cepoides F27a
| T. cimex Linnaeus 1758 L58
| T. cochlus Linnaeus 1758 L58
| T. concinnus Philippi 1847 H09
| T. corneus Linnaeus 1758 L58
| T. crenatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
| T. distortus Linnaeus 1758 L58
| T. etheridgei Lycett 1857 F27b
| T. foliaceus Philippi 1846 H09
| T. gemmatus Reeve 1848 H09
| T. grangensis Pritchard 1909 [=T. hamiltonensis Pritchard 1898 non Harris 1897] F27b
| T. haynesi Preston 1914 BW09
| T. imperialis Gmelin 1791 H09
| T. intercostalis Menke 1843 WMJ09
| T. jonathani Dekker, Moolenbeek & Dance 1992 BC01
| T. lacteus Linnaeus 1758 L58
| T. lajonkairii Deshayes 1839 H14
| T. margaritaceus Linnaeus 1758 L58
| T. militaris C60
| T. muricatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
| T. muscorum Linnaeus 1758 L58 [=Bulimus muscorum G40, Jaminia muscorum G40, Odostomia muscorum G40]
| T. neritoides Linnaeus 1758 L58
| T. nivosus Reeve 1848 H09
| T. obtusatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
| T. pagodus Linnaeus 1758 L58
| T. personatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
| T. politus Linnaeus 1758 L58
| T. porphyrites (Martyn 1784) [=Helix porphyrites] H09
| T. postulatus Bartrum 1919 F27a
| T. radiatus Gmelin 1791 BW09
| T. reflexus Linnaeus 1758 L58
| T. replicatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
| T. rubricinctus Mighels 1845 J49
| T. saxosus C60 [=Callopoma saxosum C60; incl. Marmorostoma undulata C64]
| T. sparverius Gmelin 1791 H09
| T. stamineus H15 [=Ninella straminea B97]
| T. stolizkii H79
| T. supragranosus [=Trochus (Gibbula) supragranosus] B79
| T. tectumpersicum Linnaeus 1758 L58
| T. tenisoni Finlay 1927 [=T. etheridgei Tenison-Woods 1877 non Lycett 1857] F27b
| T. tuber G79
| T. tumidulus Reeve 1848 H09
| T. ungulinus Linnaeus 1758 L58
| T. variegatus Linnaeus 1758 L58
|--T. (Turbo) petholatus Linnaeus 1758 KC60 (see below for synonymy)
|--T. (Barbotella Cossmann 1918) KC60
| `--T. (*B.) hoernesi Barbot 1869 KC60
|--T. (Batillus Schumacher 1817) [=Angarina Bayle 1878, Delphinulopsis Wright 1878 non Laube 1868] KC60
| `--T. (*B.) cornutus Gmelin 1791 [=*Angarina cornuta, *Delphinulopsis cornutus] KC60
|--T. (Callopoma Gray 1850) KC60
| |--T. (*C.) fluctuosus (Wood 1828) KC60 [=Callopoma fluctuosum C64]
| |--T. (C.) fokkesii [=Trochus (Turbo) fokkesii] C64
| `--‘Callopoma’ tessellatum C64
|--T. (Carswellena Iredale 1931) KC60
| `--T. (*C.) exquisitus Angas 1877 KC60
|--T. (Dentallopoma Beets 1942) KC60
| `--T. (*D.) denticolumellaris Beets 1942 KC60
|--T. (Dinassovica Iredale 1937) WG71
| |--T. (*D.) verconis (Iredale 1937) [=*Dinassovica verconis] KC60
| `--T. (D.) jourdani Kiener 1839 WG71
|--T. (Euninella Cotton 1939) DK10
| |--T. (*E.) gruneri Philippi 1846 DK10
| `--T. (E.) hamiltonensis Harris 1897 DK10
|--T. (Halopsephus Rehder 1943) KC60
| `--T. (H.) haraldi Robertson 1958 [=*Halopsephus pulcher Rehder 1943 non Turbo pulcher Reeve 1842] KC60
|--T. (Lunatica Röding 1798) [incl. Olearia Klein ex Herrmannsen 1847 non Moench 1802 (ICBN)] KC60
| `--T. (L.) marmoratus Linnaeus 1758 [incl. T. olearius Linnaeus 1758, *Lunatica olearia] KC60
|--T. (Marmarostoma Swainson 1829) WG71 [=Marmorostoma (l. c.) KC60]
| |--T. (*M.) chrysostomus Linnaeus 1758 KC60
| |--T. (M.) albofasciatus Bozzetti 1994 BC01
| |--T. (M.) argyrostomus Linnaeus 1758 WG71
| |--T. (M.) pulcher Reeve 1842 WG71
| `--T. (M.) squamiger Reeve 1843 PP78
|--T. (Modelia Gray 1840) BP79, P61
| `--T. (*M.) granosus Martyn 1784 BP79, P61 (see below for synonymy)
|--T. (Monodon) pharaonis G20
|--T. (Ninella Gray 1850) BP79, KC60
| `--T. (*N.) torquatus Gmelin 1791 BP79, WG71 [=*Ninella torquata WG71; incl. N. whitleyi Iredale 1949 WG71]
|--T. (Sarmaticus Gray 1847) [incl. Cidaris Swainson 1840 non Leske 1778] KC60
| `--T. (*S.) sarmaticus Linnaeus 1758 KC60
|--T. (Sarmaturbo Powell 1938) KC60
| `--T. (*S.) superbus Zittel 1864 KC60
|--T. (Subninella Thiele 1929) BP79, KC60
| `--T. (*S.) undulatus Solander 1786 BP79, WG71 (see below for synonymy)
`--T. (Taeniaturbo Woodring 1928) KC60
`--T. (*T.) canaliculatus Hermann 1781 KC60
Astraea Röding 1798 BR05 [=Canthorbis Swainson 1840 KC60, Imperator Montfort 1810 KC60, Macropelmus Gistel 1848 KC60; Imperatorina, Imperatorinae]
Astraea (Astraea) heliotropium (Martyn 1784) KC60 [=Trochus heliotropium P61, *Imperator heliotropia F27a; incl. Trochus imperialis Gmelin 1791 KC60, *Astraea imperialis P61, *Canthorbis imperialis KC60, *Imperator imperialis BR17, *Macropelmus imperialis KC60, Liotia solitaria Suter 1908 F27a, Angaria solitaria F27a]
Astralium Link 1807 BR05 [incl. Bellastraea Iredale 1924 BP79, Calcar Montfort 1810 KC60, Cyclocantha Swainson 1840 KC60, Distellifer Iredale 1937 BP79, Micrastraea Cotton 1939 BP79, Pagocalcar Iredale 1937 BP79, Rugastella Iredale 1937 BP79, Stella Herrmannsen 1849 non Medik. 1787 (ICBN) KC60]
Astralium calcar (Linnaeus 1758) KC60 [=Turbo calcar KC60, Astraea (Astralium) calcar KC60, Calcar calcar KC60, *Cyclocantha calcar BP79; incl. *Astralium deplanatum Link 1807 BP79, *Calcar sporio Montfort 1810 BP79]
Astralium rhodostoma (Lamarck 1822) BW09 [=Trochus rhodostomus BP79; incl. *Distellifer wallisi Iredale 1937 BP79, Astraea (*Distellifer) wallisi KC60]
Bolma Risso 1826 [=Bolina (l. c.) non Rafinesque 1815; incl. Oobolma Sacco 1896, Ormastralium Sacco 1896, Tylastralium Sacco 1896] BP79
Bolma fimbriata (Borson 1821) BP79 [=Trochus fimbriatus BP79, Astraea (*Ormastralium) fimbriata KC60, *Ormastralium fimbriatum BP79]
Bolma speciosa (Michelotti 1847) [=Turbo speciosa, Ormastralium (Tylastralium) speciosum, Turbo michelotti Cossmann 1918, *Tylastralium michelotti] BP79
*Cookia sulcata (Martyn 1784) BP79 [=Trochus sulcatus BP79, Astraea (*Cookia) sulcata KC60, Lithopoma (*C.) sulcata BP79, Turbo sulcatus P61, *Tubicanthus sulcatus KC60]
Cookia sulcata kielmansegi (Zelebor 1866) [=Risella kielmansegi; incl. Astrea sulcata davisii Stowe 1872, Astralium pyramidale Webster 1905] F27a
Lunella cinerea (Born 1778) [=Turbo (Lunella) cinereus; incl. T. versicolor Gmelin 1791, *Lunella versicolor, *Ocana versicolor] KC60
Lunella smaragda (Gmelin 1791) P61 [=Helix smaragdus F27a, Turbo (Lunella) smaragdus F27a; incl. Turbo (Lunella) radina Webster 1905 F27a]
*Megastraea undosa (Wood 1828) BP79 [=Trochus undosus BP79; incl. T. balaenarum C64, T. gigas C64, T. undatus (n. n.) C64]
‘Trochus’ pileolum Reeve 1842 BP79 [=*Pagocalcar pileolum BP79; incl. T. limbiferus Kiener 1850 BP79, Astraea (Pagocalcar) limbifera KC60]
Turbo Linnaeus 1758 DK10 [=Laeviturbo Cossmann 1918 KC60, Turbonus BR05; incl. Amphiboliturbo Magne 1940 KC60, Neocollonia Kuroda & Habe 1954 KC60]
Turbo castanea Gmelin 1791 [incl. T. castaneus muricatus Usticke 1959 non T. muricatus Linnaeus 1758 L58, T. castaneus versicolor Usticke 1959 non T. versicolor Gmelin 1791] BC01
Turbo (*Modelia) granosus Martyn 1784 BP79, P61 [=*Modelia granosa P61, Trochus granosus F27a; incl. Pseudoliotia imperforata Suter 1908 F27a, Collonista imperforata F27a, Leptothyra imperforata F27a, Liotia (Arene) shandi Suter 1908 F27a]
Turbo (*Subninella) undulatus Solander 1786 BP79, WG71 [=Limax undulatus H09, *Subninella undulata WG71; incl. Turbo simsoni P79]
*Turbo (Turbo) petholatus Linnaeus 1758 KC60 [=*Laeviturbo petholatus KC60; incl. T. petholatus var. humerosus Smith 1907 BC01]
*Type species of generic name indicated
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Last updated: 19 October 2021.
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